Unit 5: Agriculture Rural Land Use Lecture Notes & Vocabulary
Tertiary Economic activites
the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods. EX. tertiary jobs include construction, trade, finance, real estate, private services, government, and transportation
Secondary Economic activites
the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. Grows quickly as societies industrialize >>refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools and automobiles.
Quinary Economic activites
Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as 'gold collar' professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants <<which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.>>
Overfishing
Removing more fish from the oceans than can be naturally produced
Seed Agriculture
Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. >> most farmers today practice this type of agriculture.
Subsistence Agriculture
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade or sell.
Commericial Agriculture in Developed Countries
*6 main types*: -mixed crop and livestock farming:Ohio to Dakotas,centered on Iowa;much of Europe from France to Russia crops:corn and soybeans in U.S. 80% of product fed to pigs and cattle -dairy farming:NE,US,SE Canda,NW Europe -milk is the main production Most important type of commercial agriculture in the first ring outside the large cities because of transportation factors -commercial gardening and fruit farming:•Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S. Commonly referred to as truck farming from the Middle English word, truck, meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities." crops:apples,asparagus,cherries,lettuce,mushrooms and potatoes where:U.S. Southeast,New England,Near cities around the world -grain farming: Where:worldwide, but U.S. and Russia predominant Crops:wheat -winter wheats:Kansas,colorado,oklahoma Spring wheat:akotas,montana,sountern canda -mediterranean agriculture: Where:areas surrounding the mediterranean , California , Oregon ,Chile,South Africa ,Australia:climate has dry season.landscape is mountainous crops:olives,grapes,nuts,fruits and vegetables ;winter wheat -California: high quality land is being lost to suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation -livestock ranching: Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain and Portugal. History: initially open range, now sedentary with transportation changes.
Video #2: The Blue Danube ?
*Danube River*:worlds most romantic and historic river;it did run behind the iron curtain now it runs in front of it *History*:people around throughout the European Union would solve their economic issues and get into the European union .decades behind the rest of the world and want to get in line with Western Europe -Danube is important for transportation from eastern Europe to western Europe;longest river ;Vinneese didn't want Danube around because it could bring diseases , pollution,etc.:it wouldn't be able to handle it -European union wanted to deepen the river by 2.5 meters -Bavariah only has 1/3 of the water
Intensive Farming vs Extensive Farming Characteristics
*Intensive*-grown closer together, more productive with each unit of land;this can be farming or raising livestock *Extensive*-more space because these are more spread out
Shifting Cultivation
*Slash and burn*-farmers clearing the land for planting by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris *Fallow land*-farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years ,until soil and nutrients are depleted and then leave it fallow(nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover;Farmers return to a fallow site as few as 6 years later or as many as 20 years later. *Swidden*-cleared area *Types of crops*-upland rice (S.E. Asia), maize and manioc (S. America), millet and sorghum (Africa) -This form of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of the world's LAND area *% of people*-0.2% *Declining because*-Ranching and logging being more profitable. Commercial Ag. Being more profitable Growing population and less land in a specific area/region of the world. Government policies and regulations Technological advancements
Cereal Grain
*cereal*-a grass that yields grain for food *grain*-seed of cereal grass *3 leading cereal grains*-Rice:East,South,and Southeast Asia ;Maize:leading crop in the world (mainly in sub-Saharan Africa)
Primary Source of Protein
-*Developed countries*: beef,pork,and poultry -*Developing countries*:cereal grains
Two Issues that Innfluence the Choice of Crops Grown in Developing Countries
-Subsistence farmers must feed an increasing number of people because of rapid population growth in developing countries -Subsistence farmers must grow food for export instead of for direct consumption due to the adoption of the international trade approach to development
Video #1: Introduction to Agriculture and Rural Land Use
-over 40% of the land use is for agriculture and it is rising -different crops come up in different parts of the world. Before agriculture there were Hunters and Gatherers -where people lived is a big part of their crops and agriculture -seed plants: produces seed and plants seeds to produce more -root plants: plants have roots in the ground and take cutting from previous crops to produce more -Hearths for seed plants: Ethiopia , Western India and Norther China Non would of happen without the 1st agricultural revolution: -Gender differences ,-power over territory, -Govt. system , Economic system Maize Culture:History of corn ;lived in present day Utah ,New Mexico ,Arizona and Colorado -Involvement in the revolution of Agriculture: -coorparations got involved in the revolution of agriculture. sales men would go out and talk about different crops and cows that can produce more milk or beef -Governments then got involved and set up research type of camps to study the act of agriculture -2nd revolution: fertilization,industrial revolution ,selective breeding and Mechanization -3rd revolution: green revolution,1960's -Agribussiness: plant,processing and selling of food products to consumers
Challenges for farmers in MDC's
-overproduction in commercial farming -demand is stagnant in developed countries because of low population growth •Farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply. •The government pays farms when certain commodity prices are low. •The government buys surplus production and sells or donates it to foreign governments
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. IN mid-1700s
Wet Rice Not Dominant
-used where summer precipitation levels are too low and winters are too harsh -wheat and barley -most other characteristics are same as wet rice dominant
King Corn (Video) -Government involvement and farmer's profits -the link between govenment subsides , agriculture industry ,food industry ,and American diet. -How do our U.S. farm subsidies affect LDC farmers who live halfway around the world?
1)Farmer profits still extremely low, even with government subsidies 2)Agribusiness is behind it 3)Those farmers aren't competing with subsidizes crops
-Where did agriculture originate? -Why do people consume different foods? -Where is agriculture distributed? -Why do farmers face economic difficulties?
1)It is not recorded because it was before recorded history;started decades ago but they believe Hunters and Gatherers started it 2)Consumption of food varies around the world, both in total amount and source of nutrients, for two reasons. -Level of development -Physical conditions 3)Agriculture is distributed among 11 agricultural region,5 in developing contries and 6 in developed countries &
Guns,Germs,and Steel -How Did we progress from hunting and gathering to agriculture of today? -How did having a stable source of food affect these ancient societies? -What role did geographic luck play in societal advancement?
1)Technological advancements, industrialization, mechanization, urbanization 2)Allowed for specialization 3)Europeans able to produce high yields and Domestication of plants and animals
Food Prices
4 factors: -poor weather -higher demand -smaller growth in productivity -use of crops as biofuels instead of food
% of people in LDC's that are farmers
44% Most of them grow just enough food for themselves and not much more. In contrast, just 2% of the US population are farmers. High technology allows us to farm more food with less people
Whittlesey's 11 main Agricultural Regions
5 present in developing countries: 1)pastoral nomadism 2)shifting cultivation 3)intensive subsistence,wet rice dominant 4)intensive subsistence,crops other than rice dominant 5)plantation 6 present in developed countries: 1)mixed crop and livestock 2)dairying 3)grain 4)ranching 5)mediterranean 6)commercial gardening
% of people in MDC's that are farmers
97%
Dairy Farming
A form of commercial livestock production where cattle is used for the processing of milk and other dairy products. Prevalent in Northern Europe and in the Northern United States. Are usually around big urban areas
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Intensive Subsistence
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. type of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of the world's people, bc of lack of income
Fertile Cresent
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates >>an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Elevator
A rear horizontal stabilizer that controls up and down or pitching motion of the aircraft nose.
Primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth
NAFTA 1994
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. 1994
Pastoral Nomadism
A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments
Grain Farming
A type of commercial agriculture, is considered extensive and mechanized, that produces mainly wheat. The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as, barley, and millet. >>Winter wheat: the crop in planted in the autumn Survives the winter Ripens in following summer.
Nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
Westward Migration on Argriculture
After the War of 1812, the sharply rising prices of agricultural commodities pulled settlers westward to find more arable land and become farmers.
Capital Intensive Agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output. Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods-a process requiring very little human labor.
Commercial Agriculture Econnomy
All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling, not necessarily for local consumption. Example of a country with this type of economy is the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Australia
Service Industry
Any kind of economic activity that produces a service rather than a product
Farm Crisis
During war, higher demand farmers bought land. Then demand goes down, overproduction, no money to pay off loans. Dust Bowl.
Seed Agriculture Hearths
Ethiopia, Western India, North Eastern China
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Farmers work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land. Most of the work is done by hand or with animals rather than machines. Virtually all available land is used for production. Parcels of land are much smaller than elsewhere in world *Regions of the world*-Feeds most of the ¾ of the world's people who live in developing countries. *Agricultural density-high *Wet Rice*-the process where rice is planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth *Double cropping*-This form of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of the world's PEOPLE grown on flat, or terraced land
Drug Crops
Grown for export in developing countries -high demand in MDC's=High price -Proximity to MDC's -crops include:cocaine,Heroin and Marijuana
Mechanization
In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England
Quatenary Economic activites
It includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management, and administration and processing and disseminating information. It is often seen as a subset of the tertiary sector
Staple Grains
Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.
20th Century American Agriculture
More technology and crops were available. Examples: Machines, Fertilization, Biotechnology, genetically altered crops, etc.
Enclosure
One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.
SW Asia and Animal Hearths
Southwest Asia(domesticated animals)-cattle,goats,pigs,sheep and dogs Central Asia(early domesticated animals)-horses;help spread the Indo-European Language South America-llama,Alpaca
4 Crop Hearths
Southwest Asia-barley,wheat,lentil,and olive;defused west to Europe and Central Asia East Asia-rice and millet Sub-Saharan Africa-sorqhum,coffee,yams,millet and rice defused north and south Latin America-beans,cotton,potato, and most importantly maize(corn); defused north and south
Early European Settlement
St. Augustine, Florida, founded in 1565, was repeatedly attacked and burned, but was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the continental United States
Subsistence Agriculture vs. Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture: the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family;practiced primarily in developing countries; 44% Commercial Agriculture: the production of food primarily for sale off the farm;primarily in developed countries;Features that distinguish itself from subsistence agriculture include: lower percentage of farmers in labor force, highly mechanized, and larger farm size;Only 2% of workers are farmers in the US. We are able to create enough food for the country as well as other countries with just that 2% of people
Irrigation
Supplying land with water through a network of canals
Patriarchal System
System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government.
Commercial Agriculture
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. Example: There are 7 types of commercial agriculture: Mixed crop and livestock farming, Dairy farming, Grain farming, Livestock ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial gardening and fruit farming and Plantation farming.
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Began in the late 15th and 16th centuries, when products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Vegetative Planting
The first plants domesticated in Southeast Asia included roots such as the Taro and Yam, and Tree Crops such as the Banana and Palm. Other early hearths were in West Africa and South America
Vegetative Planting Hearths
The first plants domesticated in Southeast Asia included roots such as the Taro and Yam, and Tree Crops such as the Banana and Palm. Other early hearths were in West Africa and South America
Second Agriculture Revolution
The introduction of technology to agriculture resulted in increased yields for commercial sale. the Second Agriculture Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. >>Happened before Industrial revolution.
Transhumance
The movements of livestock The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.Ex:Different crops take different nutrients from the soil, but commercial farmers make more intensive use of their soil that shifting agriculturalists do, with the latter leaving fields fallow for long intervals.
Agribusiness
The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products
Neolithic Revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution. the ability to settle was based almost entirely on successful cultivation of crops and domestication of animals
1st Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Occurred around the year 8000 B.C. Around the same time population started to increase rapidly. Possibly because humans were growing plants and raising animals which were larger and more stable sources of food causing more people to survive. Could have originated for two reasons: 1. Environmental factors 2. Cultural factors
Shifting Cultivation
The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production (by burning them down) until their fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned, and farmers move on to new sites. referred as "Slash and Burn" "Swidden
Labor Intensive Agricultural
Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful
Loss of Farmland Due to Expanding Suburbs
US is losing about 1.2 million farm land because houses and schools etc. are being built over farmland to create a more urban setting
Animal Domestication
When animals are tamed and used for food and profit. the first domesticated animals were probably dogs, pigs, and chickens.
Crop
any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
Sustainable Agriculture (Organic Farming)
agricultural practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality 3 principal practices distinguish sustainable picture from conventional agriculture: -sensitive land management -limited use of chemicals -better integration of crops and livestock
3rd Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
allowed agricultural productivity to outpace poplation growth -*Green revolution*:"Father of Green Revolution"-Borlog.occurred manly in India and Mexico to help stop Famine -focused to help countries to feed their population-uses of GMO and fertilizers -*Gene revolution*:giving hormones and antibiotics to animals.
Agricultural Hearths
areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates. EX.For example, the people settling along the major rivers in China did not learn to farm because they were in contact with the people in the Indus River area. Instead, people in both areas probably figured out the advantages of settled life on their own, and both served as agricultural hearths. >>Fertile Crescent, China around the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, and Mesoamerica. >>Southeast Asia, West Africa, West South AMerica
Mixed Crops
both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year, these farmers do crop rotation to take advantage of the land year round
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre. >>use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity
Ceral Grains
corn, wheat, rice, and other grasses
Industry
economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
von Thunen's Model
explains and predicts agricultural land use. more INTENSIVE land uses closer to the market place. more EXTENSIVE land farther from the market place. Inner ring is (City), 2nd (Intensive Agriculture), 3rd (Forest resources), 4th (Grain Farming), 5th (Livestock farming
Hunters and Gatherers
hunters gained skills in capturing and killing animals, and gatherer learned which plants and fruits were edible and nutritious
Pastoral Nomadism
is a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. Animals:camel,goats,sheep,cattle Transhumance: seasonal migration from highlands to lowlands -decreasing because of modern technology
Undernourishment
is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity -850 million people in the world are undernourished
Plantation
large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops; tropical and subtropical regions; cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco
Genetically Modified (GM) crops and characteristics
more for developed countries ,but really just the Us .Many countries will not accept our livestock -Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistance, increased productivity, or nutritional value allowing growers greater control, predictability, and efficiency
Subsistence Agriculture Economy
non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture. Most basic form of Economy
Desertification
other land degradation that makes land resemble a desert-like state caused by humans
Hunter/Gatherer
people move around and follow their food source; men hunted and fished and women collected berries, nuts and roots
2nd Agricultural Revolution
period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones
Food Security
physical, social and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle
Wet or Low Land Rice
planted on dry land in a nursery and then moves as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. >> in East and South Asia
Dietary Energy Consumption
the amount of food that an individual consumes
Intertillage
the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes,rakes and other manual equipment
Aquaculture/Aquafarming
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions,whereas fishing is the capture of wild fish and other seafood -human consumption of fish and seas has increased from 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 110 million metric tons in 2010 -Global fish production has increased from approximately 36 to 145 millionn metric ton
Agriculture
the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
Agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
Agribusiness
the industrialization of agriculture •Modern commercial farming is very dependent on inputs of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides. •Oil is required to make fertilizer and pesticides. •It takes 10 calories of energy to create 1 calorie of food in modern agriculture. •Small farmer can't buy needed equipment and supplies. •Fewer than 2% of U.S. population works in agriculture •Land is harder to come by due to urban sprawl
Primary Economic activities
the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. The primary sector-Agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, and mining >> largest in low-income, pre-industrial nations
4 strategies being employed to distribute food to everyone in the world
•Increasing exports from countries with surpluses •Expanding the land area used for agriculture •Expanding fishing •Increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture
