unit 5 aphg study guide

*what is the likely the first animal(s) domesticated?*

dogs and cats

*how did plants and animals diffuse globally through agricultural revolutions*

during each of the revolutions new technology was created that made agriculture more efficient and the domestication of animals and the raising of certain animals and crops in certain areas from learning what climate works best and such.

*discuss one impact that food insecurity has on children*

education, behavior, development issues, social issues

*how does agricultural practices have social consequences*

effects such as changing diets, role of women in agricultural production, economic purpose

*how does agricultural practices have environmental consequences*

effects such as pollution, land cover change, desertification, soil salinization, conservation efforts

*modern villages are most likely arranged in what way*

as grid villages

*describe the negative consequences of the Green Revolution on both human population and the environment*

lead to increased vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages, reduced soil fertility, reduced availability of nutritious food crops for the local population, the displacement of vast numbers of small farmers from their land, rural impoverishment and increased tensions and conflicts. higher inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can lead to reduced organic matter in the soil and groundwater pollution. some countries dont accept genetically modified organisms.

*describe two kinds of information geographers use to map food deserts*

locations of markets and locations of houses/people

*other than a food desert identify one contributing factor of food insecurity*

low income / picking and choosing

*what are some examples of intensive farming practices*

market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock agriculture

*identify and explain one impact of living in a food desert*

not good nutrition/ + obesity/ diabetes. not good nutrients like eating unhealthy food leads to obesity and obesity leads to diabetes and that leads to more health problems (etc.)

*in regards to large terrestrial herbivores, how many of the 148 species have been domesticated? why haven't more been domesticated?*

only 14; they have failed because of problems with the breed of animals diet, growth rate, breeding, disposition, or social structure.

*what two aspects are the concentric ring model based upon*

perishability of products and cost of transportation

*what are the main elements of food distribution networks affected by*

political relationships, infrastructure, patterns of world trade.

*what are some examples of primary economic activities?*

ranching, hunting and gathering, mining, fishing, quarrying, forestry, and agriculture

*what is the prevailing survey system in the US*

rectangular survey system/township and range system

*nomadic subsistence farmers practice what form of agriculture*

shifting cultivation

*what are some extensive farming practices*

shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching

*what are the three main areas of primarily subsistence agriculture?*

south and middle america, africa, and south and southeast asia

*how can landscape be altered due to agricultural practices*

such as slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism

*What is agriculture?*

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

*what marks the beginning of the First agricultural revolution*

the development of plant domestication from root crops and seed crops

*functional differentiation in villages is similar to what in cities*

the functional zonation

*what is the cadastral system*

the method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined

*what are some examples of secondary economic activities?*

toys, ships, chemicals, buildings, processed foods

*what is mixed crop/livestock systems and how is it an intensive farming practice*

when crops and livestock are grown and raised on the same land; clustering livestock and crops onto the same general plot of land is considered to be this kind of practice.

*A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States?* *A* Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. *B* Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. *C* Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. *D * Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. *E* Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.

*A* Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.

*Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?* *A* Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. *B* Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. *C* Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. *D* According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. *E* According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.

*B* Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

*Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown?* *A* Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. *B* Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. *C* Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. *D* Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. *E* Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

*E* Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

*Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture?* A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. B Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. C Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. D Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. E Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.

A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

*The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries?* A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources B Excess production of grain products for which there is no market C Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages D Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures E Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility

A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

*Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire?* A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. B Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. C Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. D Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. E Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.

A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

*Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa?* A Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.

B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

*Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges?* A Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.

B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

*Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions?* A The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. C The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. D The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. E The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.

B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

*Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures?* A Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. B Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer. D Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. E It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.

C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer.

*Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America?* A Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.

C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

*More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources?* A Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. B Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. D Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. E Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.

C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

*In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain?* A United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. B Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. D The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. E Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.

C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

*Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries?* A Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. B The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries. E The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.

D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

*Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?* A The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.

D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

*Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice?* A Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

*Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries?* A Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. B Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

*Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits?* A Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. B Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. C Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. D Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

*Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

*what are some examples of tertiary economic activities?*

bankers, teachers, clerks, lawyers, nurses, secretaries, doctors, sales people

*what did advances in the second agricultural revolution lead to*

better diets, longer life expediencies, more people available for work in factories

*what are the major centers of domestication of plants and animals*

fertile crescent, indus river valley, nile river, yellow river, southeast asia, central america

*what is the relationship of the second agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution*

for the industrial revolution to take root the second agricultural revolution had to occur. like the industrial revolution the second agricultural revolution was composed on a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses

*how did colonization have an impact on subsistence farmers*

forced/demanded farmers to pay some taxes and, forced subsistence farmers to begin selling some of their produce to raise the necessary cash

*what does GE stand for*

genetically engineered

*what does GMO stand for*

genetically modified organism

*what has been the impact of the Green Revolution on gender in LDCs*

has altered the relationships between men and women. in many ldcs agricultural work is much carried out by women and it has left them less time for other activities crucial for household matinance

*identify characteristics of the green revolution*

high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming

*identify some characteristics of the green revolution*

high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming

*whose concentric ring model is a basis for the understanding of the spatial layout of agriculture*

johann heinrich von thunen

*identify and explain two reasons that food deserts exist in urban areas within developed countries*

lack of transportation resulting in people not being about to get to markets in an area easily. low income areas, markets cant compete with others because of low income

*where has the third agricultural revolution had the most limited impact*

much of Africa (sub Saharan Africa) where agriculture is based on different crops and where lower soil fertility makes agriculture less attractive to foreign investment

*what was the agricultural impact of the exploration and colonization of the new world on European agriculture*

new crops came into Europe that were well suited for the climate and soils in western Europe, bringing in new lands into cultivation, farmers increased the size of their farms, brought more people over to the new world

*what is plantation agriculture and what makes it a practice of intensive farming*

production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corperation and organized to produce a cash crop. even though it is on a large amount of land, crops are tightly packed to get the most produce out of each harvest as possible for best profit. also cause a large scale production for bigger ones.

*describe the positive consequences of the Green revolution on both human population and the environment*

technology manipulated seed varieties increased crop yields. now most famines result from political instability rather than failure in production. these drastic increases in production stemmed not only from new seed varieties but also from use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation in some places, and significant capital improvements

*explain the advances of the second agricultural revolution* (new tech and increased food production, etc.)

the seed drill helped to avoid wasting seeds and to easily plant in rows, making it easier to distinguish weeds and crop. advances in livestock breeding, developed new breeds that have either strong milk production or good for beef. new fertilizers. railroad helped move agriculture into new regions. internal combustible engine made possible the mechanization of machinery and the invention of tractors, combines, and a magnitude of large farming equipment. new banking and lending practices helped farmers afford new equipment.

*what is market gardening and what makes it a practice of intensive farming*

the small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, sold directly to local consumers; because it is produced on a smaller scale it would be over smaller amounts of land but since cash crops are being grown still grows large enough amount to make a good profit from it so can be more tightly packed farming

*commercial agriculture can trace its roots to what time period and events*

the vast colonial empires established by the european powers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

*how did plants and animals diffuse globally through the columbian exchange*

this included the exchange of plants and animals between the old and new world and animals and seeds originally from the new world were taken back to the old world and people began to learn how to grow the crops and raise the livestock in environments and climates there

*what are some arguments against the Green revolution*

uncertainty of health risks and environmental factors like reduced genetic diversity, vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages, reduced soil fertility, etc