unit 6

Which of the following was the method by which John D. Rockefeller accumulated great wealth?

horizontal integration

Which of the following contributed most directly to changes in the post-Reconstruction South?

the expansion of railroad lines

Which of the following movements can be viewed as an effort to persuade immigrants to Americanize? -the Populist movement -the Civil Rights movement -the prison reform movement -the temperance movement

the temperance movement

"Be it enacted by [Congress] That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has beenÉ located upon any reservation created... [by Congress or by the President] ... [the president may]... allot the lands...:· To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;· TO each single person over 18 years of age, one-eighth of a section... SEC 6... every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who... [resides]... separate and apart from any tribe of Indians and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is ... declared a citizen of the United States... SEC. 10... nothing in this act... [shall limit]... Congress to grant the right of way through any lands granted to an Indian, or a tribe... for the public use... upon making just compensation..."- Dawes Act, 1887 - Which of the following situations most directly resulted from the passage of this act?

A reduction in tribal autonomy

Which of the following is the most likely reason imports from Asia slightly declined from 1900 to 1913 after more than tripling from 1865 to 1900?

A revolution and civil war that started in China in 1911 disrupted the economy of Asia's largest country

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.'"The school of laissez-faire, of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners."-Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 - Which of the following was most closely allied to the sentiments in this excerpt?

American Federation of Labor

"The fate of the brave and gallant Custer has deeply touched the public heart... a monument is proposed ... But a truer monument, more enduring than brass or marble, would be an Indian policy intelligent, moral, and efficient... we make solemn treaties with them as if they were civilized and powerful nations... the infamy of violating treaties... is undeniable , and we are guilty of both the folly and the infamy. We make treaties... and [have] swindlers and knaves execute them... so long as we undertake to support the Indians as paupers ... we shall have the most costly and bloody Indian wars... [We need] the adoption of a system which should be neither puerile nor disgraceful, and which would tend to spare us the constant repetition... [of] the slaughter of Custer and his brave men."Editorial, Harper's Weekly,August 5, 1876 - The idea of supporting the Indians mentioned in the document is a continuity of which earlier policy?

Andrew Jackson's removal policy

Which of the following political movements could be considered a source of principles for the Populist Party?

Antebellum reform movements

Which of the following groups during the period from 1865 to 1895 most actively campaigned to increase the money supply?

Farmers and debtors

Which of the following most likely explains the significant reduction of immigration during the 1870s and 1890s to the United States?

Financial panics and depressions

The Supreme Court ruled that suffrage was not an inherent right of citizenship in which of the following cases?

Minor v. Happersett, 1875

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: H.W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865-1900, published in 2010"During the decades after the Civil War, Morgan and his fellow capitalists effected a stunning transformation in American life. They turned a society rooted in the soil into one based in cities. They lifted the standard of living of ordinary people to a plane associated, not long before in America and for decades after elsewhere, with aristocracy. They drew legions of souls from foreign countries to American shores. They established the basis for the projection of American economic and military power to the farthest corner of the planet... The capitalist revolution was in many ways the best thing ever to befall the ordinary people of America. The country's population grew from 40 million in 1870 to 76 million in 1900, with the two-thirds of that growth derived from natural increase reflecting the healthful, hopeful conditions among those already in America, and the one-third from immigration the belief of the newcomers that they might share the natives' health and hope. Infant mortality declined by a third; life expectancy increased by a seventh (to nearly fifty years for whites; blacks died about a decade sooner). The nation's total output tripled in real terms; average per capita income nearly doubled. The portion of the workforce engaged in agriculture fell by almost half (till scarcely one worker out of three toiled on a farm) but that smaller group, employing machinery like the equipment showcased on the bonanza farms of North Dakota, outproduced their forebears by a substantial margin. Productivity gains among the nonfarm workforce were even more dramatic, as electricity gradually supplanted steam power, freeing tools from their tethering to central plants and allowing a closer fit between workers and their tasks." - Which of the following would most directly contradict Brands' argument in the excerpt?

Panic of 1873

Which of the following actions by the federal government was most influenced by the Populist Party platform?

Passage of the income tax and direct election of senators amendment

Which theory usually associated with immigration did the Dawes Act support?

Pendleton Act of 1881

"The truth is that the newest immigrants came for many of the same reasons as the old. They typically left countries where populations were growing rapidly and where agricultural and industrial revolutions were shaking people loose from old habit of life-conditions almost identical to those in nineteenth century Europe. And they came to America, as previous immigrants had done, in search of jobs and economic opportunity. Some came with skills and even professional degrees, from India or Taiwan or the former Soviet Union, and they found their way into middle-class jobs. But most came with fewer skills and less education, seeking work as janitors, nannies, farm laborers, lawn cutters, or restaurant workers."-The American Pageant, I4e by David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen 'Wadsworth, Cengage Learning © 2010 - Which of the following best describes Kennedy's and Cohen's interpretation of modern immigration?

The modern immigrants were very similar to those of the "old" and "new" immigrants of the late 19th and early 20th century

"The laboring man in this bounteous and hospitable country has no ground for complaint. His vote is potential and he is elevated thereby to the position of man. Elsewhere he is a creature of circumstance, which is char of abject depression. Under the government of this nation, the effort is to elevate the standard of the human race and not to degrade it. In all other nations it is the reverse. What, therefore, has the laborer to complain of in America? By inciting strikes and encouraging discontent, he stands in the way of the elevation of his race and of mankind."--Henry Clews from "The Organizing of Labor into Unions Is Dangerous," North American Review, 1886 - Henry Clews's opinion was most likely a reaction to which of the following?

The results of violent events like the Haymarket Affair

Which of the following best describes the government's response to "monopoly capitalism"?

The passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act

"The laboring man in this bounteous and hospitable country has no ground for complaint. His vote is potential and he is elevated thereby to the position of man. Elsewhere he is a creature of circumstance, which is char of abject depression. Under the government of this nation, the effort is to elevate the standard of the human race and not to degrade it. In all other nations it is the reverse. What, therefore, has the laborer to complain of in America? By inciting strikes and encouraging discontent, he stands in the way of the elevation of his race and of mankind."--Henry Clews from "The Organizing of Labor into Unions Is Dangerous," North American Review, 1886 - Which of the following 20th century events share similar sentiment with the above excerpt?

The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act after WWII

"The United States surely was, in many ways, the Land of Progress. But to that image we should counterpose another-America as the Land of Flight. Millions of persons did not know where they wanted to get to; they only knew that they wanted to escape from their origins. Names were abandoned in favor of more 'American' ones.... The craving to 'get ahead' was manifest in geographical mobility and in lust for wealth as the tool of social mobility. Men who prospered changed their religions: Episcopalianism was the creed of the wealthy. City dwellers scorned their ancestors still on the farm. Second generation Americans felt contempt and shame for the outlandish ways of their parents. The United States became a country of men in flight... without traditions to guide them or visions to serve as beacons, with no havens for rest and no end but the grave, with no goal but wealth, and of wealth there is never enough."Ray Ginger, Age of Excess: the United States from 1877 to 1914, 1965 - The thesis expressed in the above passage indicates which aspect of what has been called the American character?

Upward mobility

Which of the following encouraged the development of "monopoly capitalism"?

Vertical and horizontal integration

Which one of the following objected to Washington's policy of accommodation and vocational education for blacks?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Restrictions against Chinese immigration were finally lifted when China became an ally of the U.S. in which 20th century war?

WWII

"Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Wyoming: Sect 1. That every woman of the age of twenty-one years, residing in this territory, may, at every election to beholden under the laws thereof, cast her vote. And her rights to the elective franchise and to hold office shall be the same under the election laws of the territory, as those of electors. Sect 2. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, December 10, 1869"House of Representatives, Wyoming Territory, "An Act to Grant to the Women of Wyoming Territory the Right of Suffrage and to Hold Office," 1869 - Which of the following is the primary reason why Wyoming voted to allow women to vote before any other state or territory in 1869?

With 6,000 adult males and 1,000 females men hoped women would be more likely to come if they had the right to vote

"The United States surely was, in many ways, the Land of Progress. But to that image we should counterpose another-America as the Land of Flight. Millions of persons did not know where they wanted to get to; they only knew that they wanted to escape from their origins. Names were abandoned in favor of more 'American' ones.... The craving to 'get ahead' was manifest in geographical mobility and in lust for wealth as the tool of social mobility. Men who prospered changed their religions: Episcopalianism was the creed of the wealthy. City dwellers scorned their ancestors still on the farm. Second generation Americans felt contempt and shame for the outlandish ways of their parents. The United States became a country of men in flight... without traditions to guide them or visions to serve as beacons, with no havens for rest and no end but the grave, with no goal but wealth, and of wealth there is never enough."Ray Ginger, Age of Excess: the United States from 1877 to 1914, 1965 - The conclusion reached in the passage describes which aspect of the American character?

Without traditions and visions having money was not satisfying

Which of the following explains why the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded?

Women saw that liquor was consuming their husbands' wages and causing abusive behavior

One of the unintended consequences of the Homestead Act was the?

displacement of the Indians from their ancestral lands

Prior to 1884, the United States government most typically responded to American Indian resistance by?

using the military to enforce federal policy toward American Indians

Which of the following most directly reflects Susan B. Anthony's basis for women's right to vote?

women's rights as citizens according to the Fourteenth Amendment

"In our day the market rate determined the price of labor of all sorts, as well as of goods. The employer paid as little as he could, and the worker got as much. It was not a pretty system ethically, I admit; but it did, at least, furnish us a rough-and-ready formula for settling a question which must be settled then thousand times a day if the world was ever going to get forward. There seemed to be no other practical way of doing it. "Yes," replied Dr. Leete, "it was the only practical way under a system which made the interests of every individual antagonistic to those of every other; but it would have been a pity if humanity could never have devised a better plan, for yours was simply the application to the mutual relations of men of the devil's maxim, 'Your necessity is my opportunity."' -Edward Bellamy from Looking Backward, 2000-1887 - Which of the following were Bellamy and similar commentators criticizing?

Capitalism

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.'"The school of laissez-faire, of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners."-Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 - This excerpt was written to most directly support which of the following?

Collective Bargaining

"Between 1850 and 1900 Americans bought one hundred million copies of William Holmes McGuffey 's school readers .... As an apostle of religion, morality, and education, McGuffey wanted to bolster Midwestern civilization against the dangers inherent in new frontiers.... McGuffey worried so much about frontier dangers that he overlooked the revolutionary changes in transportation, manufacturing, and management... taking place.... Moreover, children learned that village and country life surpassed that in cities. As a rule, McGuffey simply ignored urban ways and used them as examples of corruption... McGuffey 's emphasis on rural and village life pleased an agrarian age. His readers thus gained strength... [from] a... culture, uncomplicated by urban and industrial problems. This very strength, however, became a source of weakness as village and farm gave way to city and factory. McGuffey ideals retreated slowly."Lewis Atherton, Main Street on the Middle Border, 1954 - From the above passage the ideas in McGuffey 's Readers could be considered?

Conservative

"Be it enacted... That whoever. ..shall sell. ..or shall offer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish ... or shall have in his possession ...an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception ... On conviction thereof in any court of the United States...he shall be imprisoned at hard labor in the penitentiary for not less than six months nor more than five years for each offense, or fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, with costs of court."Comstock Law, 1873 - The dismantling of the Comstock laws took a long time and the decision in 1965 in Griswoldv. Connecticut enhanced the process by applying which standard to relations between adults?

"Right to privacy"

Under the allotment system the amount of land a head of household would receive was?

160 acres

"Francis Bowen declared that laissez faire means 'things regulate themselves' ...which means, of course, that God regulates them by his general laws.... Whether the economists described the laws of economics in supernaturalistic or naturalistic terms they were agreed that the one great disturbing force...was the legislation of the state.... Belief that self-interest is a universal motive of human action...[was the] basis for the laissez -faire convictions of the political economists.... It was but natural for those economists who tended to identify the laws of nature with the laws of God to attribute to the design of the Lord the benefits deriving from the pursuit of self-interest.... Free competition was a third basis on which economists rested their trust in laissez faire.... A fourth factor that led the political economists to champion the idea of the negative state was their conviction that government is, at best, an inefficient agency."Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General Welfare-State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought 1865-1901, 1964 - The ideas expressed in the above secondary source would be most in accord with which of the following movements in United States History?

80s Neo-Conservatives

"In our day the market rate determined the price of labor of all sorts, as well as of goods. The employer paid as little as he could, and the worker got as much. It was not a pretty system ethically, I admit; but it did, at least, furnish us a rough-and-ready formula for settling a question which must be settled then thousand times a day if the world was ever going to get forward. There seemed to be no other practical way of doing it. "Yes," replied Dr. Leete, "it was the only practical way under a system which made the interests of every individual antagonistic to those of every other; but it would have been a pity if humanity could never have devised a better plan, for yours was simply the application to the mutual relations of men of the devil's maxim, 'Your necessity is my opportunity."' -Edward Bellamy from Looking Backward, 2000-1887 - Which of the following best describes the social conditions in the United States when Bellamy wrote the excerpt?

A great maldistribution of wealth existed in American society

What did Indians that had received the allotment have to do in order to be declared citizens of the United States?

Adopt the habits of civilized life

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State. . . . They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh . . . The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones."-Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889 - Henry Grady's comments best express the viewpoint of which group of people?

Advocates of a New South

Which of the groups from the late 19th century would have supported the Populist Party? -Industrialists -Factory Workers -Agrarian Workers -Middle-Class city inhabitants

Agrarian Workers

Which theory usually associated with immigration did the Dawes Act support?

Assimilation

"Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined.... No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law."N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901) - The passage above was a reaction to which challenge?

Big business and their government allies' inability to create a unified industrial nation

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State. . . . They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh . . . The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones."-Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889 - Which of the following best demonstrates Henry Grady's vision for the South?

Birmingham, Alabama, became one of the nation's leading steel producers

"Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions."Sheldon Hackney, "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," 1972 - Hackney' s interpretation of C. Vann Woodward's book Origins of the New South, is that Woodward is basically negative about every group in the South EXCEPT?

Blacks

"When I first saw Yosemite, and read the notices posted by the State Commissioners, forbidding the cutting or marring the beauty in any way of the trees and shrubs, etc., I said, 'How fine it is that this grand valley has been made a park, for the enjoyment of all the world! Here we shall have a section of the wonderful flora of the mountains of California...' But instead of enjoying special protection it has suffered special destruction, for lack of the extraordinary care that so much trampling travel in it required. Therefore, now, instead of being most preciously cared for as the finest of all the park-gardens, it looks like a frowzy, neglected backwoods pasture. The best meadows are enclosed for hay-fields by unsightly fences, and all the rest of the floor of the valley is given up to the destructive pasturage of horses."John Muir, Speech to the Sierra Club, 1895John Muir, "The National Parks and Forest Reservations," Proceedings of the Meeting of the Sierra Club Held November 23, 1895. Published in Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 7, 1896. - Which of the following most often stood in the way of attempts to achieve the broader goals suggested in the excerpt above?

Corporate interests

"In a 1938 essay, 'The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant," [Marcus] Hansen first presented Hansen's Law: 'What the son wishes to forget the grandson wishes to remember.' This law predicts that ethnicity is preserved among immigrants, weakens among their children, and returns with the grand_ children. Children of immigrants tend to reject the foreign ways of their parents, including their religion, and want to join the American mainstream, but the next generation wants to retain the values of theirancestors."Jane Lang, Neenah Historical Society - Which modem day concept tends to support the position of the grandson over the son according to the principle established by "Hansen's Law"?

Cultural Diversity

The great vogue of the bicycle ...enlarged both the area of nearby travel and the vogue of out-of-door exercise.... Along with the use of the bicycle, open-air sports were coming everywhere into vogue; women for the first time participated in more strenuous activities than the orthodox croquet and archery of older decades. The nineties saw the sudden rise of the 'Gibson girl' as a recognized feminine type; also the entry of women into the field of practical employment.... In the middle nineties the art of after dinner speaking reached its prime... when chairs had been pushed back, napkins tossed besides the coffee cups and cigars lighted up to introduce the real business of the evening, the assemblage awaited the exchange of epigram and persiflage from well known wits at the speakers' table reflected one of the bright spots in New York life."A.D. Noyes, The Market Place, 1938 - Popular song of the 1890s also titled "On a Bicycle Built for Two" that celebrated a new craze is?

Daisy Belle

The nineteenth-century temperance movement laid the foundation for which of the following?

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments

"Be it enacted by [Congress] That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has beenÉ located upon any reservation created... [by Congress or by the President] ... [the president may]... allot the lands...:· To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;· TO each single person over 18 years of age, one-eighth of a section... SEC 6... every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who... [resides]... separate and apart from any tribe of Indians and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is ... declared a citizen of the United States... SEC. 10... nothing in this act... [shall limit]... Congress to grant the right of way through any lands granted to an Indian, or a tribe... for the public use... upon making just compensation..."- Dawes Act, 1887 - The process described in the Dawes Act most directly reflects which of the following continuities in United States history?

Debates about the role of assimilation in national identity

"... the first count in the declaration... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State}... the court... holds as law that said act... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The Court further holds as a matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states'..." Wabash, St.L & P.RY.CO v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed.244) - The reasoning expressed in the Court's decision most directly reflects which of the following continuities in United States history?

Debates over the role of government in regulating the economy

"Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Wyoming: Sect 1. That every woman of the age of twenty-one years, residing in this territory, may, at every election to beholden under the laws thereof, cast her vote. And her rights to the elective franchise and to hold office shall be the same under the election laws of the territory, as those of electors. Sect 2. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, December 10, 1869"House of Representatives, Wyoming Territory, "An Act to Grant to the Women of Wyoming Territory the Right of Suffrage and to Hold Office," 1869 - Wyoming became the first area of the United States to carry out what had been proposed in the?

Declaration of Sentiments

"I stand before you tonight under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any state to deny. . . .Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being per_ sons, then, women are citizens; and no state has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several states is today null and void, precisely as is every one against Negroes." -Susan B. Anthony, "Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the US to Vote?" 1873 - Anthony targeted the states as the parts of government discriminating against women primarily for which of the following reasons?

Except for the 14th and 15th Amendments, the US Constitution left the power to the states to determine who could vote

"Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago?Answer:.. Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now... In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another..."Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. - Which 20th-century presidential administration most supported reforms that addressed the conflicts expressed in the excerpt above?

Franklin Roosevelt

"The laboring man in this bounteous and hospitable country has no ground for complaint. His vote is potential and he is elevated thereby to the position of man. Elsewhere he is a creature of circumstance, which is char of abject depression. Under the government of this nation, the effort is to elevate the standard of the human race and not to degrade it. In all other nations it is the reverse. What, therefore, has the laborer to complain of in America? By inciting strikes and encouraging discontent, he stands in the way of the elevation of his race and of mankind."--Henry Clews from "The Organizing of Labor into Unions Is Dangerous," North American Review, 1886 - Who of the following would most likely support the sentiments of the previous excerpt?

Grover Cleveland

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having-behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the to1ling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."-William Jennings Bryan, "Cross of Gold Speech," 1896 - Which of the following was most likely the result of Bryan's speech?

He united the Populist Party with the Democratic Party to run against the Republicans

Which of the following was an indictment of government policy toward the Native Americans?

Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor

Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined $100 for casting an illegal vote in the presidential election of 1872. She refused to pay the fine. To whom of the following were her actions most similar?

Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following most directly contributed to the encroachment of white settlement on Indians' prime buffalo hunting lands?

Homestead Act of 1862

"Between 1850 and 1900 Americans bought one hundred million copies of William Holmes McGuffey 's school readers .... As an apostle of religion, morality, and education, McGuffey wanted to bolster Midwestern civilization against the dangers inherent in new frontiers.... McGuffey worried so much about frontier dangers that he overlooked the revolutionary changes in transportation, manufacturing, and management... taking place.... Moreover, children learned that village and country life surpassed that in cities. As a rule, McGuffey simply ignored urban ways and used them as examples of corruption... McGuffey 's emphasis on rural and village life pleased an agrarian age. His readers thus gained strength... [from] a... culture, uncomplicated by urban and industrial problems. This very strength, however, became a source of weakness as village and farm gave way to city and factory. McGuffey ideals retreated slowly."Lewis Atherton, Main Street on the Middle Border, 1954 - An education based on McGuffey's Readers would tend to ignore having an understanding of which of the following?

Immigration

Workers participated in the Haymarket strike for which of the following goals?

eight hour work day

"... the first count in the declaration... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State}... the court... holds as law that said act... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The Court further holds as a matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states'..." Wabash, St.L & P.RY.CO v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed.244) - Which action most directly resulted from the decision in the Supreme Court case?

Increased demand for federal legislation

"... the first count in the declaration... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State}... the court... holds as law that said act... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The Court further holds as a matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states'..." Wabash, St.L & P.RY.CO v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed.244) - Which change in American society most directly led to the situation described in the Supreme Court case?

Increases in immigration and industrialization

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having-behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the to1ling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."-William Jennings Bryan, "Cross of Gold Speech," 1896 - Which of the following least represents the argument over bimetallism as expressed in Jennings's speech?

Industrialists favored the silver standard because it allowed them to grow their businesses by putting more money in their pockets

Which of the following most accurately reflects the effects of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

It banned Chinese laborers' immigration to the U.S. and prohibited Chinese who were legally in the nation from attaining citizenship

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship... The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us today measures the change which has come with civilization. This change, however, is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is well, nay, essential for the progress of the race, that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than that none should be so. Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor... Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is friction between the employer and the employed, between capital and labor, between rich and poor... This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." - The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following views of economic inequality?

It is a sign of progress and beneficial for the advancement of civilization

Which of the following most clearly describes the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?

It terminated tribal ownership of most reservation land, allocated some parcels to individual Indians, and opened the remainder to white settlement

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: The Secret Oath of the American Protective Association, 1893"I do most solemnly promise and swear that I will always, to the utmost of my ability... wage a continuous warfare against ignorance and fanaticism; that I will use my utmost power to strike the shackles and chains of blind obedience to the Roman Catholic Church from the hampered and bound consciences of a priest-ridden and church-oppressed people... that I will not employ a Roman Catholic in any capacity, if I can procure the services of a Protestant. I furthermore promise and swear that I will not aid in building or maintaining, by my resources, any Roman Catholic church or institution of their sect or creed whatsoever, but will do all in my power to retard and break down the power of the Pope, in this country or any other;... nor will I enter into any agreement with a Roman Catholic to strike or create a disturbance whereby the Catholic employees may undermine and substitute their Protestant co-workers. I furthermore promise and swear that I will not countenance the nomination, in any caucus or convention, of a Roman Catholic for any office in the gift of the American people, and that I will not vote for, or counsel others to vote for, any Roman Catholic, but will vote only for a Protestant, so far as may lie in my power (should there be two Roman Catholics in opposite tickets, I will erase the name on the ticket I vote); that I will at all times endeavor to place the political positions of this government in the hands of Protestants, to the entire exclusion of the Roman Catholic Church, of the members thereof, and the mandate of the Pope." - According to the excerpt, which of the following would be one of the effects of the American Protective Association's oath?

It would undercut trade unionism, because Protestant laborers felt they had more in common with Protestant employers than with Catholic co-workers

"As the tensions of the time steadily mounted, and the demands of laissez-faire right-wing conservatives grew more insistent upon judicial intervention, ... The pressures of the 1890's, however, weakened the position of the moderates ....[as] conservative fears approached near panic, a major sector of the moderates broke from the center position ... coalesced with the right wing in the burgeoning neo-Federalism, and sealed the triumph of the new judicialism ...neo-Federalism of the 1890's opened the door to what was to prove in succeeding decades a full proliferation of judicial obstructionism. The Supreme Court of the United States became, instead of an instrument of constitutional democracy, an impediment to constitutional democracy. Exaggerating its powers beyond proportion in the period 1890-1937, confusingits proper role in the American scheme of government, the Court for a long while seriously weakened its real value."Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887-1895, 1960 - The judicialism of neo-Federalism that the passage refers to is a reference to the Supreme Court decisions of the early 19th century of?

John Marshall

"Herbert has finished his course at the academy, and is about to enter the manufactory as an office clerk. Mr. Cameron means to promote him as he merits, and I should not be at all surprised if our young friend eventually became junior partner. He and his mother have bought the house into which they moved, and have done not a little to convert it into a tasteful home. The invention has proved all that Mr. Cameron hoped for it. It has been widely introduced, and Herbert realizes as much from his own half as Mr. Cameron agreed to pay for that which he purchased. So his father's invention has proved to be Herbert Carter's most valuable legacy."-From Herbert Carter's Legacy by Horatio Alger, 1875 - Which of the following groups would most strongly disagree with the previous excerpt?

Labor Union members

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor- a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of there fellow- citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 - Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported?

Laissez-faire economics

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.ÉTo those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know."Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225 - Which 20th-century development regarding African Americans best parallels the quote above?

Mass mobilization of troops and expanded workforce participation during World War II provided opportunities for minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions

"My Dear Nephew,"Never allow yourself to lose sight of that fact that politics, and not poker, is our great American game. If this could be beaten into the heads of some presumably well-meaning but glaringly unpractical people, we should hear less idiotic talk about reform in connection with politics. Nobody ever dreams of organizing a reform movement in poker. . . ."Mr. Lincoln, a very estimable and justly popular, but in some respects an impracticable man, formulated widely different error regard to politics. He held that ours is a government of the people, by the people, for the people. I maintain, on the contrary, that it is government of politicians, by politicians, for politicians. If your political career is to be a success, you must understand and respect this distinction with a difference."-William McElroy, journalist, "An Old War Horse to a Young Politician" published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly, 1880 - McElroy's letter uses humor to make a point. Which of the following statements reflects McElroy's true criticism?

Politics was primarily about holding office for personal gain

"As the tensions of the time steadily mounted, and the demands of laissez-faire right-wing conservatives grew more insistent upon judicial intervention, ... The pressures of the 1890's, however, weakened the position of the moderates ....[as] conservative fears approached near panic, a major sector of the moderates broke from the center position ... coalesced with the right wing in the burgeoning neo-Federalism, and sealed the triumph of the new judicialism ...neo-Federalism of the 1890's opened the door to what was to prove in succeeding decades a full proliferation of judicial obstructionism. The Supreme Court of the United States became, instead of an instrument of constitutional democracy, an impediment to constitutional democracy. Exaggerating its powers beyond proportion in the period 1890-1937, confusingits proper role in the American scheme of government, the Court for a long while seriously weakened its real value."Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887-1895, 1960 - The era of judicial, neo-Federalism ultimately ended in 1933 when which program became the prevailing political philosophy that brought about a change in the Supreme Court?

New Deal

Late 19th century economist tended to accept the tenant that?

the laws of nature and the laws of God operated together

"... the first count in the declaration... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State}... the court... holds as law that said act... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The Court further holds as a matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states'..." Wabash, St.L & P.RY.CO v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed.244) - Which of the following actions in the second half of the 20th century most closely parallels the reasoning of the Supreme Court's ruling in this case?

Passage of a national highway sped limit to deal with the energy crisis of the 1970s

"Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago?Answer:.. Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now... In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another..."Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. - Which of the following groups was most sympathetic to the concerns expressed in the testimony above?

Populists

"Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined.... No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law."N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901) - Popular sentiment during which 20th-century period most closely aligned with the point of view in the excerpt above?

Post-World War I conservatism

"When I first saw Yosemite, and read the notices posted by the State Commissioners, forbidding the cutting or marring the beauty in any way of the trees and shrubs, etc., I said, 'How fine it is that this grand valley has been made a park, for the enjoyment of all the world! Here we shall have a section of the wonderful flora of the mountains of California...' But instead of enjoying special protection it has suffered special destruction, for lack of the extraordinary care that so much trampling travel in it required. Therefore, now, instead of being most preciously cared for as the finest of all the park-gardens, it looks like a frowzy, neglected backwoods pasture. The best meadows are enclosed for hay-fields by unsightly fences, and all the rest of the floor of the valley is given up to the destructive pasturage of horses."John Muir, Speech to the Sierra Club, 1895John Muir, "The National Parks and Forest Reservations," Proceedings of the Meeting of the Sierra Club Held November 23, 1895. Published in Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 7, 1896. - The point of view expressed in the passage above is most consistent with the sentiments of which of the following groups?

Preservationists

Voters demanded patronage reform in politics after?

President James Garfield was assassinated

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: George Engel, Address by a Condemned Haymarket Anarchist, 1886"Of what does my crime consist? That I have labored to bring about a system of society by which it is impossible for one to hoard millions, through the improvements in machinery, while the great masses sink to degradation and misery. As water and air are free to all, so should the inventions of scientific men be applied for the benefit of all. The statute laws we have are in opposition to the laws of nature, in that they rob the great masses of their rights 'to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' I am too much a man of feeling not to battle against the societary conditions of today. Every considerate person must combat a system which makes it possible for the individual to rake and hoard millions in a few years, while, on the other side, thousands become tramps and beggars. Is it to be wondered at that under such circumstances men arise, who strive and struggle to create other conditions, where the humane humanity shall take precedence of all other considerations. This is the aim of Socialism, and to this I joyfully subscribe... Can any one feel any respect for a government that accords rights only to the privileged classes, and none to the workers? We have seen but recently how the coal barons combined to form a conspiracy to raise the price of coal, while at the same time reducing the already low wages of their men. Are they accused of conspiracy on that account? But when working men dare ask an increase in their wages, the militia and the police are sent out to shoot them down." - According to Engel, which of the following was the solution to the problem of inequality of wealth in America?

Private ownership of factories and businesses should be abolished in favor of ownership by all

"Between 1850 and 1900 Americans bought one hundred million copies of William Holmes McGuffey 's school readers .... As an apostle of religion, morality, and education, McGuffey wanted to bolster Midwestern civilization against the dangers inherent in new frontiers.... McGuffey worried so much about frontier dangers that he overlooked the revolutionary changes in transportation, manufacturing, and management... taking place.... Moreover, children learned that village and country life surpassed that in cities. As a rule, McGuffey simply ignored urban ways and used them as examples of corruption... McGuffey 's emphasis on rural and village life pleased an agrarian age. His readers thus gained strength... [from] a... culture, uncomplicated by urban and industrial problems. This very strength, however, became a source of weakness as village and farm gave way to city and factory. McGuffey ideals retreated slowly."Lewis Atherton, Main Street on the Middle Border, 1954 - An education based on McGuffey's Readers dominated for half a century until is was supplanted by the educational ideas of?

Progressives

"My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a new park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft. Or supposin' it's a new bridge they're goin' to build. I get tipped off and I buy as much property as I can that has to be taken for approaches. I sell at my own price later on and drop some more money in the bank. Wouldn't you?... It's honest graft, and I'm lookin' for it every day in the year."William Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, Delivered by Ex-Senator George Washington Plunkitt, The Tammany Philosopher from His Rostrum_ the New York County Court House Bootblack Stand, 1905 - The type of activity that Plunkitt openly called "honest graft" was challenged by which reform movement in the early 20th century?

Progressivism

"Retreat to the wilderness was a middle class response to urban pressures .... Sigrud Olson... professional guide...catering to vacation executives, [said] ' have seen them come from the cities..., worried and sick at heart... change under the stimulus of wilderness living... into happy, carefree, joyous men....' Wild nature was a nuisance to the man on the land unless he profited by it. But those who dealt in symbols and myths found the wilderness a major force in shaping the American character.... But the taste for the primitive was a sophisticated appetite. Overindulged it led to spiritual indigestion ... any protracted, genuine association with nature means a reversion to a state of brutal savagery... the average American knew pure solitude and virgin wilderness intimately in volumes of wilderness adventure [writers].... Arm_ chair adventures into primeval solitude were far less arduous than those of reality."Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America, 1969 - The "back to nature" movement in the late 19th century inspired an important aspect of which reform movement?

Progressivism

Eventually political bosses like Tweed would be overthrown by the reform movement of?

Progressivism

Which of the following movements that the "Good Government" groups were a part of, directly reflect a subsequent historical continuity in United States history? -Socialism -Trade unionism -Progressivism -Social Darwinism

Progressivism

"The [Cheyenne River] agent reports the Indians as remarkably peaceable and quiet, and their sanitary condition good. The number of acres of land under cultivation in 1882 was 400. . . . In 1882-83, the Indians cut 900 tons of hay. . . . There were about seventy-five log houses at the agency, built by Indian labor. The agency farm consists of 150 acres. The Protestant Episcopal and Congregational denominations have missions at the agency. . . . A regular school is maintained at the agency, and the Episcopal Church supports another about three miles north. Both are reported in a flourishing condition, and the pupils, about sixty in number, as making commendable progress." Report on Indian Agencies, South Dakota, 1884 - Which of the following groups would have been most likely to see the developments described in the report as desirable?

Reformers who advocated for assimilation

"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent... The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind... The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor... The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good."Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. - Which 20th-century president's policies were most consistent with the sentiments expressed in "The Gospel of Wealth"?

Ronald Reagan

"Be it enacted by [Congress] That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has beenÉ located upon any reservation created... [by Congress or by the President] ... [the president may]... allot the lands...:· To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;· TO each single person over 18 years of age, one-eighth of a section... SEC 6... every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who... [resides]... separate and apart from any tribe of Indians and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is ... declared a citizen of the United States... SEC. 10... nothing in this act... [shall limit]... Congress to grant the right of way through any lands granted to an Indian, or a tribe... for the public use... upon making just compensation..."- Dawes Act, 1887 - The actions expressed in the excerpts of the Dawes Act most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

Separation of powers as contained in the U.S. Constitution

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party? -Sharecroppers -Industrialists -Immigrants -Bankers

Sharecroppers

Which of the following legislation did the U.S government eventually use to bring suit against the Standard Oil Company?

Sherman Antitrust Act

"Francis Bowen declared that laissez faire means 'things regulate themselves' ...which means, of course, that God regulates them by his general laws.... Whether the economists described the laws of economics in supernaturalistic or naturalistic terms they were agreed that the one great disturbing force...was the legislation of the state.... Belief that self-interest is a universal motive of human action...[was the] basis for the laissez -faire convictions of the political economists.... It was but natural for those economists who tended to identify the laws of nature with the laws of God to attribute to the design of the Lord the benefits deriving from the pursuit of self-interest.... Free competition was a third basis on which economists rested their trust in laissez faire.... A fourth factor that led the political economists to champion the idea of the negative state was their conviction that government is, at best, an inefficient agency."Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General Welfare-State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought 1865-1901, 1964 - Which of the following late 19th ideas or movements was an extension of the ideas expressed in the selection from Fine's book?

Social Darwinism

"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent... The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind... The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor... The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good."Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. - The view of the poor in the quote above is most consistent with the ideology of?

Social Darwinism

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895"To those of my race... I would say: "Cast down your bucket where you are"... Cast it down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions... Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labour... To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, "Cast down your bucket where you are." Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know... Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, built your railroads and cities... you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, lawabiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen... In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized." - Which of the following most directly reflects the "Atlanta Compromise" offered by Washington in his speech?

Southern blacks would accept social inequality in exchange for the opportunity to develop economically

"THE PLATFORM OF DEMANDS. [of the Farmers' Alliance]...First... The abolition of National banks;... that the government shall establish sub-treasuries...Second... that Congress shall pass such laws...[to] prevent the dealing in futures on all agricultural and mechanical productions...Third... demand the free coinage of silver...Fourth... the passage of the laws prohibiting alien ownership of land...Fifth... 'equal rights to all and special privileges to none,' that our national legislation... not build up one industry at the expense of anotherÉ remove existing heavy tariff;... a just and equitable system of graduated tax on incomesSixth... State and National government control and supervision of the means of public communication and transportation... [or] government ownership of suchSeventh... an amendment... providing the [direct] election of United States Senators..."-Cleveland & Stevenson: Their Lives & Record, edited by Thomas Campbell-Copeland, 1892 - The reasoning expressed in the passage most directly reflects which of the following?

Support for the Missouri Compromise

Which of the following was a labor movement leader whose philosophy contrasted with the strategy of Samuel Gompers?

Terence V. Powderly

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views of the American Protective Association? -Knights of Labor -Ancient Order of Hibernians -Knights of Equity -The American Party

The American Party

The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends?

The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy

Which 20th-century group or program initially shifted reform efforts for urban poverty from local communities and cities to the federal government?

The New Deal

The Populists' ideas about the problems the United States faced were most similar to those of which of the following American political groups?

The New Dealers

"THE PLATFORM OF DEMANDS. [of the Farmers' Alliance]...First... The abolition of National banks;... that the government shall establish sub-treasuries...Second... that Congress shall pass such laws...[to] prevent the dealing in futures on all agricultural and mechanical productions...Third... demand the free coinage of silver...Fourth... the passage of the laws prohibiting alien ownership of land...Fifth... 'equal rights to all and special privileges to none,' that our national legislation... not build up one industry at the expense of anotherÉ remove existing heavy tariff;... a just and equitable system of graduated tax on incomesSixth... State and National government control and supervision of the means of public communication and transportation... [or] government ownership of suchSeventh... an amendment... providing the [direct] election of United States Senators..."-Cleveland & Stevenson: Their Lives & Record, edited by Thomas Campbell-Copeland, 1892 - Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the demands in the previous passage?

The People's (Populist) Party

"Herbert has finished his course at the academy, and is about to enter the manufactory as an office clerk. Mr. Cameron means to promote him as he merits, and I should not be at all surprised if our young friend eventually became junior partner. He and his mother have bought the house into which they moved, and have done not a little to convert it into a tasteful home. The invention has proved all that Mr. Cameron hoped for it. It has been widely introduced, and Herbert realizes as much from his own half as Mr. Cameron agreed to pay for that which he purchased. So his father's invention has proved to be Herbert Carter's most valuable legacy."-From Herbert Carter's Legacy by Horatio Alger, 1875 - Which of the following historical ideals explains the core of the passage and others like it?

The Puritan work ethic

"I stand before you tonight under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any state to deny. . . .Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being per_ sons, then, women are citizens; and no state has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several states is today null and void, precisely as is every one against Negroes." -Susan B. Anthony, "Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the US to Vote?" 1873 - Susan B. Anthony's arguments for women's suffrage can best be understood in the context of?

The Reconstruction Amendments

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them."-Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1934, published in 1991 - Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women's activism during which of the following earlier periods?

The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

"New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help. When it is known that the help is worthily wanted; nowhere are such armies of devoted workers, nowhere such abundance of means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to supply it. Its poverty, its slums, and its suffering are the result of unprecedented growth with the consequent disorder and crowding, and the common penalty of metropolitan greatness... The Day Nurseries, the numberless Kindergartens and charitable schools in the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousands and one charities that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor with sweetening touch..."Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890). - Which 19th-century reform movement was most closely associated with the activities described above?

The Social Gospel

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Henry W. Grady, The New South, 1887"Not alone in cotton, but in iron, does the South excel...' An Englishman of the highest character predicted that the Atlantic will be whitened within our lives with sails carrying American iron and coal to England. 'When he made that prediction the English miners were exhausting the coal... Having ores and coal... in such richness... that iron can be made and manufacturing done cheaper than elsewhere on this continent, is to now command, and at last control, the world's market for iron. The South now sells iron, through Pittsburg, in New York. She has driven Scotch iron first from the interior, and finally from American ports. Within our lives she will cross the Atlantic, and fulfill the Englishman's prophecy. In 1880 the South made 212,000 tons of iron. In 1887, 845,000 tons. She is now actually building, or has finished this year, furnaces that will produce more than her entire product of last year. Birmingham alone will produce more iron in 1889 than the entire South produced in 1887. Our coal supply is exhaustless, Texas alone having 6000 square miles... agriculture alone—no matter how rich or varied its resources—cannot establish or maintain a people's prosperity. There is a lesson in this that Texas may learn with profit. No commonwealth ever came to greatness by producing raw material. Less can this be possible in the future than in the past... It goes to carry the commerce and uphold the industry of distant lands, of which the men who produce it get but dim report. Hardly more is the South profited when, stripping the harvest of her cotton fields... she sends her raw material to augment the wealth and power of distant communities." - Which of the following best describes Grady's vision of the New South?

The South would develop an industrial economy

"The truth is that the newest immigrants came for many of the same reasons as the old. They typically left countries where populations were growing rapidly and where agricultural and industrial revolutions were shaking people loose from old habit of life-conditions almost identical to those in nineteenth century Europe. And they came to America, as previous immigrants had done, in search of jobs and economic opportunity. Some came with skills and even professional degrees, from India or Taiwan or the former Soviet Union, and they found their way into middle-class jobs. But most came with fewer skills and less education, seeking work as janitors, nannies, farm laborers, lawn cutters, or restaurant workers."-The American Pageant, I4e by David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen 'Wadsworth, Cengage Learning © 2010 - Reactions in the 21st century to the events described in the excerpt are similar to which of the following?

The call for immigration restriction in the 1920s

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.'"The school of laissez-faire, of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners."-Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 - According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

The concentration of corporate wealth and power

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: H.W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865-1900, published in 2010"During the decades after the Civil War, Morgan and his fellow capitalists effected a stunning transformation in American life. They turned a society rooted in the soil into one based in cities. They lifted the standard of living of ordinary people to a plane associated, not long before in America and for decades after elsewhere, with aristocracy. They drew legions of souls from foreign countries to American shores. They established the basis for the projection of American economic and military power to the farthest corner of the planet... The capitalist revolution was in many ways the best thing ever to befall the ordinary people of America. The country's population grew from 40 million in 1870 to 76 million in 1900, with the two-thirds of that growth derived from natural increase reflecting the healthful, hopeful conditions among those already in America, and the one-third from immigration the belief of the newcomers that they might share the natives' health and hope. Infant mortality declined by a third; life expectancy increased by a seventh (to nearly fifty years for whites; blacks died about a decade sooner). The nation's total output tripled in real terms; average per capita income nearly doubled. The portion of the workforce engaged in agriculture fell by almost half (till scarcely one worker out of three toiled on a farm) but that smaller group, employing machinery like the equipment showcased on the bonanza farms of North Dakota, outproduced their forebears by a substantial margin. Productivity gains among the nonfarm workforce were even more dramatic, as electricity gradually supplanted steam power, freeing tools from their tethering to central plants and allowing a closer fit between workers and their tasks." - Which of the following best reflects historian H.W. Brands' thesis regarding post-Civil War America?

The consolidation of businesses into monopoly corporations made possible the technological advancements that improved Americans' quality of life

"FINANCE.-We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private, and that without the use of banking corporations; a just, equitable, and efficient means of distribution direct to the people, at a tax not to exceed 2 , per cent, per annum . ..,1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. 2. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 3. We demand a graduated income tax . . .TRANSPORTATION- Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people. The telegraph and telephone, like the post-office system, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned and operated by the government É"-Populist Party Platform, 1892 - Which of the following ideas of the 20th century most closely resembles the sentiment expressed in the excerpt?

The creation of federal regulations over the banking industry during the New Deal

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them."-Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1934, published in 1991 - Which of the following was the most direct effect of the trend described in the excerpt?

The development of the Progressive movement to address social problems associated with industrial society

"Despite the public hostility, the frequent strikes, the business failures, and the long depression, the magicians of money were still managing to make it. Without always consciously setting out to do so, they were creating the foundation of monopoly capitalism. Economic indicators were good.Throughout the Gilded Age, high savings rate (18-20 percent) meant much investment capital was available. A positive balance of trade, with exports exceeding imports, emerged in 1876-80,--the first time this had ever happened for five years in a row."-From Rebirth of a Nation: The Making of Modem America, 1877-1920 by Jackson Lears, 2009 (pg. 88) - Which of the following events would support the main argument made by historian Jackson Lears?

The development of the steel industry by Andrew Carnegie made America one of the largest exporters of steel in the world

Which statement best describes the level of tariffs in the United States in the 19th century?

The election of Lincoln ushered in a period of high tariffs

The Haymarket bombing was a pivotal moment in U.S. labor history for which of the following reasons?

The execution of some men who never threw the bomb radicalized many workers

Which of the following contributed the most to the Indians losing their foothold on the Great Plains?

The extermination of the buffalo and the invention of barbed wire

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: The People's Party Platform, 1892"We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform... They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver, and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires... We declare... Wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. 'If any will not work, neither shall he eat.' The interests of rural and civic labor are the same; their enemies are identical... We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only... We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people... We demand a graduated income tax... we favor... the election of senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people... we oppose any subsidy or national aid to any private corporation for any purpose." - Which of the following explains the Populist (People's) Party demand for unlimited coinage of silver?

The gold standard created a tight money supply and made it more difficult for farmers to pay debts or sell products

"The truth is that the newest immigrants came for many of the same reasons as the old. They typically left countries where populations were growing rapidly and where agricultural and industrial revolutions were shaking people loose from old habit of life-conditions almost identical to those in nineteenth century Europe. And they came to America, as previous immigrants had done, in search of jobs and economic opportunity. Some came with skills and even professional degrees, from India or Taiwan or the former Soviet Union, and they found their way into middle-class jobs. But most came with fewer skills and less education, seeking work as janitors, nannies, farm laborers, lawn cutters, or restaurant workers."-The American Pageant, I4e by David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen 'Wadsworth, Cengage Learning © 2010 - Which of the following historical periods of immigration is most similar to the passage in the previous excerpt?

The immigration of Irish fleeing the potato famine in the 1830s and 1840s

"FINANCE.-We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private, and that without the use of banking corporations; a just, equitable, and efficient means of distribution direct to the people, at a tax not to exceed 2 , per cent, per annum . ..,1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. 2. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 3. We demand a graduated income tax . . .TRANSPORTATION- Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people. The telegraph and telephone, like the post-office system, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned and operated by the government É"-Populist Party Platform, 1892 - The excerpt from the Populist Party platform of 1892 reflects which of the following realities in the late 19th century?

The rapid growth of big business went unregulated

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Josiah Strong, from Our Country I, 1885"Consider briefly the moral and political influence of immigration... The typical immigrant is a European peasant, whose horizon has been narrow, or false, and whose ideas of life are low. Not a few belong to the pauper and criminal classes... immigration not only furnishes the greater portion of our criminals, it is also seriously affecting the morals of the native population... by far the most effective instrumentality for debauching popular morals is the liquor traffic, and this is chiefly carried on by foreigners. In 1880, of the 'Traders and dealers in liquors and wines,' (I suppose this means wholesale dealers) sixty-three per cent were foreign-born, and of the brewers and maltsters seventy-five per cent, while a large proportion of the remainder were of foreign parentage. Of saloon-keepers about sixty per cent were foreign-born... We can only glance at the political aspects of immigration. As we have already seen, it is immigration which has fed the liquor power; and there is a liquor vote... Immigration tends strongly to the cities, and gives to them their political complexion. And there is no more serious menace to our civilization than our rabble-ruled cities... It is as unfortunate as it is natural, that foreigners in this country should cherish their own language and peculiar customs, and carry their nationality, as a distinct factor, into our politics. Immigration has created the 'German vote' and the 'Irish vote,' for which politicians bid, and which have already been decisive of state elections, and might easily determine national. A mass of men but little acquainted with our institutions, who will act in concert and who are controlled largely by their appetites and prejudices, constitute a very paradise for demagogues... We may well ask... whether this in-sweeping immigration is to foreignize us, or we are to Americanize it." - Which of the following best reflects Josiah Strong's fear regarding immigrants' influence on American morals?

Their manufacture and sale of alcohol would lead others to dissipation

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Chinese Six Companies to President Grant, 1876"We understand that it has always been the settled policy of your honorable Government to welcome emigration to your shores from all countries, without... hindrance. The Chinese are not the only people who have crossed the ocean to seek a residence in this land... American steamers, subsidized by your honorable Government, have visited the ports of China, and invited our people to come to this country to find employment and improve their condition. Our people have been coming to this country for the last twenty-five years, but up to the present time there are only 150,000 Chinese in all these United States, 60,000 of whom are in California, and 30,000 in the city of San Francisco. Our people in this country, for the most part, have been peaceable, law-abiding, and industrious. They performed the largest part of the unskilled labor in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad, and also of all other railroads on this coast. They have found useful and remunerative employment in all the manufacturing establishments of this coast, in agricultural pursuits, and in family service. While benefiting themselves with the honest reward of their daily toil, they have given satisfaction to their employers and have left all the results of their industry to enrich the State. They have not displaced white laborers from these positions, but have simply multiplied the industrial enterprises of the country... It is charged against us that we eat rice, fish, and vegetables. It is true that our diet is slightly different from the people of this honorable country; our tastes in these matters are not exactly alike, and cannot be forced. But is that a sin on our part of sufficient gravity to be brought before the President and Congress of the United States?" - According to this excerpt, which of the following is the main objection that white Americans had to the Chinese?

They increased the competition for jobs

"Retreat to the wilderness was a middle class response to urban pressures .... Sigrud Olson... professional guide...catering to vacation executives, [said] ' have seen them come from the cities..., worried and sick at heart... change under the stimulus of wilderness living... into happy, carefree, joyous men....' Wild nature was a nuisance to the man on the land unless he profited by it. But those who dealt in symbols and myths found the wilderness a major force in shaping the American character.... But the taste for the primitive was a sophisticated appetite. Overindulged it led to spiritual indigestion ... any protracted, genuine association with nature means a reversion to a state of brutal savagery... the average American knew pure solitude and virgin wilderness intimately in volumes of wilderness adventure [writers].... Arm_ chair adventures into primeval solitude were far less arduous than those of reality."Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America, 1969 - The patron saint of the agrarianism of the "Arcadian Myth" was which historic political figure?

Thomas Jefferson

"Herbert has finished his course at the academy, and is about to enter the manufactory as an office clerk. Mr. Cameron means to promote him as he merits, and I should not be at all surprised if our young friend eventually became junior partner. He and his mother have bought the house into which they moved, and have done not a little to convert it into a tasteful home. The invention has proved all that Mr. Cameron hoped for it. It has been widely introduced, and Herbert realizes as much from his own half as Mr. Cameron agreed to pay for that which he purchased. So his father's invention has proved to be Herbert Carter's most valuable legacy."-From Herbert Carter's Legacy by Horatio Alger, 1875 - Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the excerpt?

Through hard work, anyone could be successful

The Dawes Severalty Act took land away from which of the following?

Tribal Nations

"If Paul Bunyan possesses only a slight and insubstantial basis in folk tradition, he has achieved a considerable impact on American thought.... the legend bursts from print into a variety of art forms and pageants, sculpture, ballet, musical suite, lyric opera, folk drama, radio play, oil painting, lithography, wood carving, and even a glass mosaic mural celebrate the giant lumberjack and his blue ox [Babe].... Actually the nation's newspapers, rather than the lumberjacks of the northwoods have nourished Old Paul in the hearts of his countrymen.... He is the pseudo folk hero of twentieth- century mass culture... pressed into service by writers, journalists, and promoters to exemplify 'the American spirit.' Twentieth- century America, ripe and self-confident and saving the world for democracy, thirsted for a New World Thor, or Hercules... to symbolize her might. And so Paul Bunyan..."Richard Dorson, American Folklore, 1959 - His popularity soared along with American confidence as a result of?

U.S. participation in World War I

"The fate of the brave and gallant Custer has deeply touched the public heart... a monument is proposed ... But a truer monument, more enduring than brass or marble, would be an Indian policy intelligent, moral, and efficient... we make solemn treaties with them as if they were civilized and powerful nations... the infamy of violating treaties... is undeniable , and we are guilty of both the folly and the infamy. We make treaties... and [have] swindlers and knaves execute them... so long as we undertake to support the Indians as paupers ... we shall have the most costly and bloody Indian wars... [We need] the adoption of a system which should be neither puerile nor disgraceful, and which would tend to spare us the constant repetition... [of] the slaughter of Custer and his brave men."Editorial, Harper's Weekly,August 5, 1876 - In the immediate aftermath of what has been called "Custer's last stand?"

U.S. troops flooded the West crushing the Indian populations

"In our day the market rate determined the price of labor of all sorts, as well as of goods. The employer paid as little as he could, and the worker got as much. It was not a pretty system ethically, I admit; but it did, at least, furnish us a rough-and-ready formula for settling a question which must be settled then thousand times a day if the world was ever going to get forward. There seemed to be no other practical way of doing it. "Yes," replied Dr. Leete, "it was the only practical way under a system which made the interests of every individual antagonistic to those of every other; but it would have been a pity if humanity could never have devised a better plan, for yours was simply the application to the mutual relations of men of the devil's maxim, 'Your necessity is my opportunity."' -Edward Bellamy from Looking Backward, 2000-1887 - Which of the following groups from the antebellum era most closely resembles the ideas expressed by Edward Bellamy's excerpt?

Utopian communities

"Be it enacted... That whoever. ..shall sell. ..or shall offer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish ... or shall have in his possession ...an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception ... On conviction thereof in any court of the United States...he shall be imprisoned at hard labor in the penitentiary for not less than six months nor more than five years for each offense, or fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, with costs of court."Comstock Law, 1873 - The law in the passage above as it was enforced was primarily used to stop what practice that is now legal?

birth control

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Leonora M. Barry, Report to the Knights of Labor, 1887"...was sent to Paterson to look into the condition of the women and children employed in the linen-thread works of that city. There are some fourteen or fifteen hundred persons employed in this industry, who were at that time out of employment for this reason: Children who work at what is called doffing were receiving $2.70 per week, and asked for an increase of 5 cents per day. They were refused, and they struck, whereupon all the other employees were locked out. This was what some of the toadying press called 'Paterson's peculiar strike', or 'unexplainable phenomena'. The abuse, injustice and suffering which the women of this industry endure from the tyranny, cruelty and slave-driving propensities of the employers is something terrible to be allowed existence in free America. In one branch of this industry women are compelled to stand on the stone floor in water the year round, most of the time barefoot... A constant supply of recruits is always on hand to take the places of any who dare rebel against the iron-clad authority of those in charge. The law is evaded in this matter; but the passage-tickets on the Inman Steamship Line, that are advanced at from $5 to $7 more than they actually cost to the friends of those employed here or in the factory of this firm in Belfast, Ireland, and which are paid for after they commence work for the firm on this side of the ocean in $1 installments, at their semi-monthly payments, furnish good ground for a test case in the near future. Add to this the most meager wages, crowded, badly ventilated rooms, want of proper sanitary conditions, and many other cruelties, and a fair-minded public can form some solution of this unexplainable 'phenomena'." - According to the excerpt, immigrant women workers tolerated horrible working conditions because?

a constant supply of recruits from Ireland were ready to take their places

Which of the following best characterizes the American Federation of Labor?

a federation of smaller elite craft unions

"Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions."Sheldon Hackney, "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," 1972 - The document above is an interpretation (Hackney's), of the interpretation (Woodward's), in Origins of the New South that is?

a story of decay, decline, suffering, betrayal

"An act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations ...... where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use,... the President of the United States be... authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes .... to allot the lands in said reservations in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as fo1lows:To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;To each single person over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section;To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; and, To each other single person under eighteen ... one-sixteenth of a section; . . .SEC. 5.... [Secretary of Interior] shall . . . declare that the United States does and will hold the land thus allotted, for the period of twenty-five years, in trust for the sole use and benefit of the Indian to whom such allotment shall have been made, . . . and that at the expiration of said period the United States will convey the same by patent to said Indian, or his heirs ... free of all charge or encumbrance whatsoever: . . .SEC. 6. ... said allottees, ... shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory . . . . And every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whomallotments sha1l have been made ... and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States...Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 - The condition of the land that the President could make available for allotment had to be?

advantageous for agricultural and grazing

The Knights of Labor welcomed into their labor union which of the following? -blacks and whites -unskilled and skilled workers -male and female workers -all of the above

all of the above

The Homestead Act was based on principles established by Thomas Jefferson which advocated?

an agrarian economy of yeoman farmers tilling their own land

The Gilded Age was, an economic period known for?

an era when big business controlled almost every aspect of government and the American economy

"Labor organizations are to-day the greatest menace to this Government that exists inside or outside the pale of our national domain. Their influence for disruption and disorganization of society is far more dangerous to the perpetuation of our Government in its purity and power than would be the hostile array on our borders of the army of the entire world combined.... No one questions the right of labor to organize for any legitimate purpose, but when labor organizations degenerate into agencies of evil, inculcating theories dangerous to society and claiming rights and powers destructive to government, there should be no hesitancy in any quarter to check these evil tendencies even if the organizations themselves have to be placed under the ban of law."N. F. Thompson, Testimony before the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, 1900Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901) - Critics of the arguments expressed in the excerpt above?

challenged the dominant corporate ethic in the United States

"If Paul Bunyan possesses only a slight and insubstantial basis in folk tradition, he has achieved a considerable impact on American thought.... the legend bursts from print into a variety of art forms and pageants, sculpture, ballet, musical suite, lyric opera, folk drama, radio play, oil painting, lithography, wood carving, and even a glass mosaic mural celebrate the giant lumberjack and his blue ox [Babe].... Actually the nation's newspapers, rather than the lumberjacks of the northwoods have nourished Old Paul in the hearts of his countrymen.... He is the pseudo folk hero of twentieth- century mass culture... pressed into service by writers, journalists, and promoters to exemplify 'the American spirit.' Twentieth- century America, ripe and self-confident and saving the world for democracy, thirsted for a New World Thor, or Hercules... to symbolize her might. And so Paul Bunyan..."Richard Dorson, American Folklore, 1959 - American hero's that represent the spirit of the Paul Bunyan superlatives in the 21st century come primarily from?

comic books and movies

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor- a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of there fellow- citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 - The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the?

consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.ÉTo those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know."Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225 - The speech above attempts to?

convince blacks to make the best of their prescribed place in society

The 1891 Immigration Act...

created a federal office to supervise the admission or rejection of immigrants at U.S. ports of entry

"If Paul Bunyan possesses only a slight and insubstantial basis in folk tradition, he has achieved a considerable impact on American thought.... the legend bursts from print into a variety of art forms and pageants, sculpture, ballet, musical suite, lyric opera, folk drama, radio play, oil painting, lithography, wood carving, and even a glass mosaic mural celebrate the giant lumberjack and his blue ox [Babe].... Actually the nation's newspapers, rather than the lumberjacks of the northwoods have nourished Old Paul in the hearts of his countrymen.... He is the pseudo folk hero of twentieth- century mass culture... pressed into service by writers, journalists, and promoters to exemplify 'the American spirit.' Twentieth- century America, ripe and self-confident and saving the world for democracy, thirsted for a New World Thor, or Hercules... to symbolize her might. And so Paul Bunyan..."Richard Dorson, American Folklore, 1959 - As a figure of folklore Dorson sees Paul Bunyan as being?

created by publicists of the 20th century to satisfy the mass culture

"any person ... who has never borne arms against the United States Government... shall,... be entitled to enter one quarter section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands,... at the time the application is made, be subject to preemption at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, or eighty acres or less of such unappropriated lands, at two dollars and fifty cents per acre... that the person having filed such affidavit shall have actually changed his or her residence, or abandoned the said land for more than six months at any time, then and in that event the land so entered shall revert to the government. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That no individual shall be permitted to acquire title to more than one quarter section under the provisions of this act;..."Homestead Act, May 20, 1862 - Much of the land that was sold by the government?

embodied the Republican Party's philosophy of free soil, free labor, and free men

"The President of the United StatesÉhereby is authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof... is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes... to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of family, one-quarter of a section;To each single person over eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section;To each single orphan child under eighteen years of age, one eighth of a section...Every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made... who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted that habits of civilized life, is hereby declared a citizen of the United States."The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 United States, Statutes at Large, 24:388 ff. - The primary goal of the government policy cited above was to?

end tribal identities

"The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power. . . .But in the view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, no dominant, ruling class of citizens. Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens."In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The hum_ blest is the peer of the most powerful. The laws regard man as man and take no account of his surroundings or his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. It is therefore to be regretted that this high tribunal, the final expositor of the fundamental law of the land, has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a state to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their civil right solely upon the basis of race." -Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, dissenting opinion Plessy v. Ferguson - Harlan's opinion goes against the majority on the Supreme Court that?

facilities could be segregated by race if they were "seperate but equal"

The trusts of the Gilded Age gained their power through all of the following methods except? -fairness and equality in the eyes of the government and the courts -eliminating competition through buying them out or bankrupting them -horizontal or vertical integration of competition -infiltration of government to receive favorable treatment for their business

fairness and equality in the eyes of the government and the courts

Which of the following groups would be most directly affected by a railroad monopoly's ability to charge any freight rate? -Eastern European immigrants -farmers -bankers -Native Americans

farmers

The great vogue of the bicycle ...enlarged both the area of nearby travel and the vogue of out-of-door exercise.... Along with the use of the bicycle, open-air sports were coming everywhere into vogue; women for the first time participated in more strenuous activities than the orthodox croquet and archery of older decades. The nineties saw the sudden rise of the 'Gibson girl' as a recognized feminine type; also the entry of women into the field of practical employment.... In the middle nineties the art of after dinner speaking reached its prime... when chairs had been pushed back, napkins tossed besides the coffee cups and cigars lighted up to introduce the real business of the evening, the assemblage awaited the exchange of epigram and persiflage from well known wits at the speakers' table reflected one of the bright spots in New York life."A.D. Noyes, The Market Place, 1938 - The "Gibson Girl," so prominent in the 1890s was followed by which female icon of the 1920s"?

flapper

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Secretary of Interior's Congressional Report on Indian Affairs, 1887"The Government has entered upon the great work of educating and citizenizing the Indians and establishing them upon homesteads. The adults are expected to assume the role of citizens... Only through the medium of the English tongue can they acquire a knowledge of the Constitution of the country and their rights and duties thereunder... It is also believed that teaching an Indian youth in his own barbarous dialect is a positive detriment to him. The first step to be taken toward civilization, toward teaching the Indians the mischief and folly of continuing in their barbarous practices, is to teach them the English language... But it has been suggested that this order, being mandatory, gives a cruel blow to the sacred rights of the Indians. Is it cruelty to the Indian to force him to give up his scalping-knife and tomahawk? Is it cruelty to force him to abandon the vicious and barbarous sun dance, where he lacerates his flesh, and dances and tortures himself even unto death? Is it cruelty to the Indian to force him to have his daughters educated and married under the laws of the land, instead of selling them at a tender age for a stipulated price into concubinage to gratify the brutal lusts of ignorance and barbarism? Having been governed in my action solely by what I believed to be the real interests of the Indians, I have been gratified to receive from eminent educators and missionaries the strongest assurance of their hearty and full concurrence in the propriety and necessity of the order." - According to the excerpt, the purpose of the Dawes Act, which assigned 160-acre homesteads to individual Indians, was to?

force Indians to farm and assimilate into American citizenship

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895"To those of my race... I would say: "Cast down your bucket where you are"... Cast it down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions... Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labour... To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, "Cast down your bucket where you are." Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know... Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, built your railroads and cities... you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, lawabiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen... In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized." - Washington portrays African-Americans as excellent workers by contrasting them with?

foreign immigrants who participate in strikes

All of the economists who supported laissez faire agreed that?

government was inefficient and a disturbing force when it passed laws

"In a 1938 essay, 'The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant," [Marcus] Hansen first presented Hansen's Law: 'What the son wishes to forget the grandson wishes to remember.' This law predicts that ethnicity is preserved among immigrants, weakens among their children, and returns with the grand_ children. Children of immigrants tend to reject the foreign ways of their parents, including their religion, and want to join the American mainstream, but the next generation wants to retain the values of theirancestors."Jane Lang, Neenah Historical Society - A fundamental reason why Hansen's Jaw operates is because?

grandchildren are secure in their Americanism while the children of immigrants are not

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them."-Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1934, published in 1991 - Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to help?

immigrants adapt to American customs and language

A decline in the amount of money in circulation in proportion to the population would most likely result in a(n)?

increase in interest rates and decline in prices

"My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a new park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft. Or supposin' it's a new bridge they're goin' to build. I get tipped off and I buy as much property as I can that has to be taken for approaches. I sell at my own price later on and drop some more money in the bank. Wouldn't you?... It's honest graft, and I'm lookin' for it every day in the year."William Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, Delivered by Ex-Senator George Washington Plunkitt, The Tammany Philosopher from His Rostrum_ the New York County Court House Bootblack Stand, 1905 - Plunkitt's "honest graft" is illegal today and is called?

influence peddling or insider trading

"Retreat to the wilderness was a middle class response to urban pressures .... Sigrud Olson... professional guide...catering to vacation executives, [said] ' have seen them come from the cities..., worried and sick at heart... change under the stimulus of wilderness living... into happy, carefree, joyous men....' Wild nature was a nuisance to the man on the land unless he profited by it. But those who dealt in symbols and myths found the wilderness a major force in shaping the American character.... But the taste for the primitive was a sophisticated appetite. Overindulged it led to spiritual indigestion ... any protracted, genuine association with nature means a reversion to a state of brutal savagery... the average American knew pure solitude and virgin wilderness intimately in volumes of wilderness adventure [writers].... Arm_ chair adventures into primeval solitude were far less arduous than those of reality."Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America, 1969 - According to the passage above those who valued the wilderness?

knew it more by reading about it than actually experiencing it

"Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago?Answer:.. Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now... In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another..."Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. - The quote above illustrates growing unrest between?

labor and management

Western states, such as Wyoming, were the first to grant U.S. women the right to vote despite the strong opposition of?

liquor interests

Much of the urban reform described above was carried out by?

middle-class women challenging their prescribed "place"

"Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago?Answer:.. Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now... In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another..."Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. - The changes described in the excerpt above most clearly demonstrate an evolution in?

national identity

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.ÉTo those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know."Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225 - The author of the quote above was most likely motivated by the?

opportunities in the "New South"

The decline in the % of imports from South America between 1865-1900 could be attributed to?

political instability in South American countries

During the late 19th century, western Native American life was most affected by?

post-Civil War migrations of whites

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Samuel Gompers, The American Labor Movement: Its Makeup, Achievements and Aspirations, 1914"We feel that it is the duty of every wage-worker to belong to the union of his trade or calling; that it is the duty of the local union of a trade or calling to belong to the national or international union of that trade or calling; and that it is equally the moral duty of every national or international organization of bona fide workingmen to belong to the A. F. of L. But coercive methods are never employed... In improving conditions from day to day the organized labor movement has no 'fixed program' for human progress. If you start out with a program everything must conform to it. With theorists, if facts do not conform to their theories, then so much the worse for the facts. Their declarations of theories and actions refuse to be hampered by facts. We do not set any particular standard, but work for the best possible conditions immediately obtainable for the workers. When they are obtained then we strive for better.It does not require any elaborate social philosophy or great discernment to know that a wage of $3 a day and a workday of eight hours in sanitary workshops are better than $2.50 a day and a workday of twelve hours under perilous conditions... The Socialist party has for its purpose the abolition of the present system of wages. Many employers agree with that purpose—the abolition of wages. But the A. F. of L. goes beyond the system which those dreamers have conceived... We decline to commit our labor movement to any species of speculative philosophy.' - The excerpt regarding the American Federation of Labor most clearly reflects which of the following goals?

practical and attainable improvements in workers' conditions

Another aspect of the New South ideology was?

racial segregation

The Interstate Commerce Act, one of the first anti-trust legislations, had the effect of?

regulating trusts' abilities to control commerce and rates across state lines

"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity today, it is probable that nine hundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent... The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, by which men are helped in body and mind... The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor... The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, save by using it year by year for the general good."Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: Century, 1901), 16-19. - Late 19th-century critics of the ideology expressed in the quote above would most likely argue that?

societal good could be advanced through the Social Gospel

"Be it enacted... That whoever. ..shall sell. ..or shall offer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish ... or shall have in his possession ...an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception ... On conviction thereof in any court of the United States...he shall be imprisoned at hard labor in the penitentiary for not less than six months nor more than five years for each offense, or fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, with costs of court."Comstock Law, 1873 - The sweep of the Comstock Law was so broad and during the height of its power?

some anatomy books could not be mailed to medical students

Which of the following principles did the Knights of Labor not support?

ten-hour workday

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision laid the foundation for which of the following?

the "separate but equal" doctrine

The argument against the Plessy v. Ferguson decision by the Supreme Court in 1896 was based on which of the following?

the 14th Amendment

Historically, struggles between American Indian tribes and the federal government have stemmed from?

the Constitution's failure to precisely define the relationship between American Indian tribes and the national government

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Benjamin Harrison, Report on Wounded Knee Massacre and the Decrease in Indian Land Acreage, 1891"That these Indians had some just complaints, especially in the matter of the reduction of the appropriation for rations and in the delays attending the enactment of laws to enable the Department to perform the engagements entered into with them, is probably true; but the Sioux tribes are naturally warlike and turbulent, and their warriors were excited by their medicine men and chiefs, who preached the coming of an Indian messiah who was to give them power to destroy their enemies. In view of the alarm that prevailed among the white settlers near the reservation and of the fatal consequences that would have resulted from an Indian incursion, I placed at the disposal of General Miles... all such forces as we thought by him to be required. He is entitled to the credit of having given thorough protection to the settlers and of bringing the hostiles into subjection with the least possible loss of lifeÉabout 23,000,000 acres have been separated from Indian reservations and added to the public domain for the use of those who desired to secure free homes under our beneficent laws. It is difficult to estimate the increase of wealth which will result from the conversion of these waste lands into farms, but it is more difficult to estimate the betterment which will result to the families that have found renewed hope and courage in the ownership of a home and the assurance of a comfortable subsistence under free and healthful conditions. It is also gratifying to be able to feel, as we may, that this work has proceeded upon lines of justice toward the Indian, and that he may now, if he will, secure to himself the good influences of a settled habitation, the fruits of industry, and the security of citizenship." - The excerpt's reference to 'an Indian messiah' most directly reflects which of the following developments?

the Ghost Dance movement

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Chief Red Cloud, Speech after Wounded Knee, 1890"The men who counted (census) told all around that we were feasting and wasting food... How could we waste what we did not have?... Our rations were again reduced. You who eat three times a day and see your children well and happy around you cannot understand what a starving Indian feels! We were faint with hunger and maddened by despair. We held our dying children and felt their little bodies tremble as their soul went out and left only a dead weight in our hands. ... There was no hope on earth. God seemed to have forgotten. Some one had been talking of the Son of God and said He had come. The people did not know; they did not care; they snatched at hope; they screamed like crazy people to Him for mercy they caught at the promise they heard He had made. The white men were frightened and called for soldiers. We begged for life and the white men thought we wanted theirs; we heard the soldiers were coming. We did not fear. We hoped we could tell them our suffering and could get help. The white men told us the soldiers meant to kill us; we did not believe it but some were frightened and ran away to the Bad Lands. The soldiers came. They said: 'don't be afraid—we come to make peace, not war.' It was true; they brought us food. But the hunger-crazed who had taken fright at the soldiers' coming and went to the Bad Lands could not be induced to return to the horrors of reservation life. They were called Hostiles and the Government sent the army to force them back to their reservation prison." - In the excerpt, Chief Red Cloud gives a Native American perspective on which of the following?

the Ghost Dance movement

Which of the following refers to the accumulation and lavish spending of wealth by some American capitalists in the post-Civil War era?

the Gilded Age

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship... The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us today measures the change which has come with civilization. This change, however, is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is well, nay, essential for the progress of the race, that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than that none should be so. Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor... Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is friction between the employer and the employed, between capital and labor, between rich and poor... This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." - Carnegie's doctrine that the wealthy have a responsibility to make philanthropic contributions to improve society is known as?

the Gospel of Wealth

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State. . . . They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh . . . The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones."-Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889 - The key idea in the excerpt is that Grady believes?

the South needed to industrialize

"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimated the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.ÉTo those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight million of Negroes whose habits you know."Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1885 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1900), 218-225 - A decade after the speech above, segregation polices were reinforced by?

the Supreme Court

The availability of land like that provided in the Homestead Act gave rise to?

the Turner thesis that free or cheap land existed as a "safety valve" for people to escape from the East to the democracy of the West

Which of the following most directly contributed to the forming of the American Protective Association?

the arrival of many European Catholic immigrants and fears about their strong loyalty to the papacy

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: The People's Party Platform, 1892"We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform... They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver, and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires... We declare... Wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. 'If any will not work, neither shall he eat.' The interests of rural and civic labor are the same; their enemies are identical... We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only... We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people... We demand a graduated income tax... we favor... the election of senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people... we oppose any subsidy or national aid to any private corporation for any purpose." - Which of the following precipitated the end of the Populist (People's) Party?

the co-opting of the free silver issue by Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan

Which of the following contributed most directly to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

the depression of the 1870s

One direct effect of the Wounded Knee Massacre was?

the end of armed Indian resistance in the West

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Chief Red Cloud, Speech after Wounded Knee, 1890"The men who counted (census) told all around that we were feasting and wasting food... How could we waste what we did not have?... Our rations were again reduced. You who eat three times a day and see your children well and happy around you cannot understand what a starving Indian feels! We were faint with hunger and maddened by despair. We held our dying children and felt their little bodies tremble as their soul went out and left only a dead weight in our hands. ... There was no hope on earth. God seemed to have forgotten. Some one had been talking of the Son of God and said He had come. The people did not know; they did not care; they snatched at hope; they screamed like crazy people to Him for mercy they caught at the promise they heard He had made. The white men were frightened and called for soldiers. We begged for life and the white men thought we wanted theirs; we heard the soldiers were coming. We did not fear. We hoped we could tell them our suffering and could get help. The white men told us the soldiers meant to kill us; we did not believe it but some were frightened and ran away to the Bad Lands. The soldiers came. They said: 'don't be afraid—we come to make peace, not war.' It was true; they brought us food. But the hunger-crazed who had taken fright at the soldiers' coming and went to the Bad Lands could not be induced to return to the horrors of reservation life. They were called Hostiles and the Government sent the army to force them back to their reservation prison." - The excerpt most directly reflects which one of the following ideas?

the misunderstanding resulting from the clash of cultures

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: The People's Party Platform, 1892"We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform... They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver, and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires... We declare... Wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. 'If any will not work, neither shall he eat.' The interests of rural and civic labor are the same; their enemies are identical... We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only... We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people... We demand a graduated income tax... we favor... the election of senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people... we oppose any subsidy or national aid to any private corporation for any purpose." - Which of the following contributed most directly to the Populist (People's) Party demand for the direct election of senators?

the perception that big business was corrupting government and the desire for greater democracy

"FINANCE.-We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private, and that without the use of banking corporations; a just, equitable, and efficient means of distribution direct to the people, at a tax not to exceed 2 , per cent, per annum . ..,1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. 2. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 3. We demand a graduated income tax . . .TRANSPORTATION- Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people. The telegraph and telephone, like the post-office system, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned and operated by the government É"-Populist Party Platform, 1892 - A major reason for demands made by the Populist Movement was?

the railroads and other agriculture_ oriented businesses took advantage of the farmer

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship... The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us today measures the change which has come with civilization. This change, however, is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is well, nay, essential for the progress of the race, that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than that none should be so. Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor... Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is friction between the employer and the employed, between capital and labor, between rich and poor... This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." - Which of the following most directly contradicts Andrew Carnegie's proposed "ties of brotherhood" between rich and poor?

the response to the Homestead Strike at Carnegie's plant

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: H.W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865-1900, published in 2010"During the decades after the Civil War, Morgan and his fellow capitalists effected a stunning transformation in American life. They turned a society rooted in the soil into one based in cities. They lifted the standard of living of ordinary people to a plane associated, not long before in America and for decades after elsewhere, with aristocracy. They drew legions of souls from foreign countries to American shores. They established the basis for the projection of American economic and military power to the farthest corner of the planet... The capitalist revolution was in many ways the best thing ever to befall the ordinary people of America. The country's population grew from 40 million in 1870 to 76 million in 1900, with the two-thirds of that growth derived from natural increase reflecting the healthful, hopeful conditions among those already in America, and the one-third from immigration the belief of the newcomers that they might share the natives' health and hope. Infant mortality declined by a third; life expectancy increased by a seventh (to nearly fifty years for whites; blacks died about a decade sooner). The nation's total output tripled in real terms; average per capita income nearly doubled. The portion of the workforce engaged in agriculture fell by almost half (till scarcely one worker out of three toiled on a farm) but that smaller group, employing machinery like the equipment showcased on the bonanza farms of North Dakota, outproduced their forebears by a substantial margin. Productivity gains among the nonfarm workforce were even more dramatic, as electricity gradually supplanted steam power, freeing tools from their tethering to central plants and allowing a closer fit between workers and their tasks." - Which of the following would most directly support Brands' argument in the excerpt?

the rise of an American middle class

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Josiah Strong, from Our Country I, 1885"Consider briefly the moral and political influence of immigration... The typical immigrant is a European peasant, whose horizon has been narrow, or false, and whose ideas of life are low. Not a few belong to the pauper and criminal classes... immigration not only furnishes the greater portion of our criminals, it is also seriously affecting the morals of the native population... by far the most effective instrumentality for debauching popular morals is the liquor traffic, and this is chiefly carried on by foreigners. In 1880, of the 'Traders and dealers in liquors and wines,' (I suppose this means wholesale dealers) sixty-three per cent were foreign-born, and of the brewers and maltsters seventy-five per cent, while a large proportion of the remainder were of foreign parentage. Of saloon-keepers about sixty per cent were foreign-born... We can only glance at the political aspects of immigration. As we have already seen, it is immigration which has fed the liquor power; and there is a liquor vote... Immigration tends strongly to the cities, and gives to them their political complexion. And there is no more serious menace to our civilization than our rabble-ruled cities... It is as unfortunate as it is natural, that foreigners in this country should cherish their own language and peculiar customs, and carry their nationality, as a distinct factor, into our politics. Immigration has created the 'German vote' and the 'Irish vote,' for which politicians bid, and which have already been decisive of state elections, and might easily determine national. A mass of men but little acquainted with our institutions, who will act in concert and who are controlled largely by their appetites and prejudices, constitute a very paradise for demagogues... We may well ask... whether this in-sweeping immigration is to foreignize us, or we are to Americanize it." - According to the excerpt, the greatest danger that immigrants pose to the democratic process in the U.S. is?

their tendency to be manipulated by a politician appealing to their prejudices

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Secretary of Interior's Congressional Report on Indian Affairs, 1887"The Government has entered upon the great work of educating and citizenizing the Indians and establishing them upon homesteads. The adults are expected to assume the role of citizens... Only through the medium of the English tongue can they acquire a knowledge of the Constitution of the country and their rights and duties thereunder... It is also believed that teaching an Indian youth in his own barbarous dialect is a positive detriment to him. The first step to be taken toward civilization, toward teaching the Indians the mischief and folly of continuing in their barbarous practices, is to teach them the English language... But it has been suggested that this order, being mandatory, gives a cruel blow to the sacred rights of the Indians. Is it cruelty to the Indian to force him to give up his scalping-knife and tomahawk? Is it cruelty to force him to abandon the vicious and barbarous sun dance, where he lacerates his flesh, and dances and tortures himself even unto death? Is it cruelty to the Indian to force him to have his daughters educated and married under the laws of the land, instead of selling them at a tender age for a stipulated price into concubinage to gratify the brutal lusts of ignorance and barbarism? Having been governed in my action solely by what I believed to be the real interests of the Indians, I have been gratified to receive from eminent educators and missionaries the strongest assurance of their hearty and full concurrence in the propriety and necessity of the order." - Which of the following most directly reflects the Secretary of Interior's goals for teaching the English language to Indians?

to undercut tribal culture and civilize them

"As the tensions of the time steadily mounted, and the demands of laissez-faire right-wing conservatives grew more insistent upon judicial intervention, ... The pressures of the 1890's, however, weakened the position of the moderates ....[as] conservative fears approached near panic, a major sector of the moderates broke from the center position ... coalesced with the right wing in the burgeoning neo-Federalism, and sealed the triumph of the new judicialism ...neo-Federalism of the 1890's opened the door to what was to prove in succeeding decades a full proliferation of judicial obstructionism. The Supreme Court of the United States became, instead of an instrument of constitutional democracy, an impediment to constitutional democracy. Exaggerating its powers beyond proportion in the period 1890-1937, confusingits proper role in the American scheme of government, the Court for a long while seriously weakened its real value."Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887-1895, 1960 - One reason why the Supreme Court intervened in the 1890s to start the process of judicial obstructionism was because it?

wanted to blunt the impulses of reform movements like Populism and Progressivism

"Question: Is there any difference between the conditions under which machinery is made now and those which existed ten years ago?Answer:.. Well, the trade has been subdivided and those subdivisions have been again subdivided, so a man never learns the machinist trade now... In fact, through this system of work, 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 to 400 men to do fifteen years ago. By the use of machinery and the subdivisions of the trade they so simplify the work that it is made a great deal easier and put together a great deal faster. There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another..."Testimony of machinist John Morrison to a U.S. Senate committee, 1883Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the Relations between Labor and Capital, 48th Cong. (1885), 755-59. - Large-scale production assisted by the strategies outlined in the quote above?

were supported by financial and management structures

"Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions."Sheldon Hackney, "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," 1972 - According to Hackney, in Origins of the New South, the rising middle class reformers?

were timid and self interested even as reformers

The great vogue of the bicycle ...enlarged both the area of nearby travel and the vogue of out-of-door exercise.... Along with the use of the bicycle, open-air sports were coming everywhere into vogue; women for the first time participated in more strenuous activities than the orthodox croquet and archery of older decades. The nineties saw the sudden rise of the 'Gibson girl' as a recognized feminine type; also the entry of women into the field of practical employment.... In the middle nineties the art of after dinner speaking reached its prime... when chairs had been pushed back, napkins tossed besides the coffee cups and cigars lighted up to introduce the real business of the evening, the assemblage awaited the exchange of epigram and persiflage from well known wits at the speakers' table reflected one of the bright spots in New York life."A.D. Noyes, The Market Place, 1938 - The verbal exchange of epigram and persiflage by the after dinner speakers is a reference to the highly sought after skill possessed by the speakers of?

wit and banter

"The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power. . . .But in the view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, no dominant, ruling class of citizens. Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens."In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The hum_ blest is the peer of the most powerful. The laws regard man as man and take no account of his surroundings or his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. It is therefore to be regretted that this high tribunal, the final expositor of the fundamental law of the land, has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a state to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their civil right solely upon the basis of race." -Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, dissenting opinion Plessy v. Ferguson - Harlan's opinion was consistent with the beliefs expressed by the?

writer W.E.B. Du Bois

One purpose of the Dawes Act was to make Indians into which historic individuals that Jefferson exalted as being the backbone of American society?

yeoman farmers