Unit 6 - The Age of Jackson, Westward Expansion

Period when business activity slows, prices and wages drop, and unemployment rises. Long term downturn in economic activity characterized by high rate of poverty.

economic depression

an extreme shortage of food

famine

nations overall plan for dealing with other nations, treaties, ambassadors and foreign aidand or a plan developed by the government to influence decisions

federal policy

Buying and selling goods from other countries.

foreign trade

An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference.

free enterprise system

a state that did not allow slavery

free state

marking the beginning of an institution, activity, or period of office

inaugural

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

interchangeable parts

The candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election.

majority

Attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults

mudslinging

to cancel

nullify

(n.) exclusive rights over an invention; copyright; (v.) to arrange or obtain such rights; (adj.) plain, open to view; copyrighted

patent

to change one's place of residence

relocate/relocation

a state that allowed slavery

slave state

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

telegraph

an apparatus, system, or process for communication at a distance by electric transmission over wire.

telegraph line

without a job

unemployment

A person who wanted to end slavery

Abolitionist

1828-1841 period marked by the belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do

Age of Jackson ( Jacksonian Era )

French political writer noted for his analysis of Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society from 1805-1859. He was a French civil servant who traveled and wrote an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson.

Alexis de Tocqueville

7th President of the United States of America. He supported expanding democratic rights. From his first campaign for president in 1824 until his death in 1845, he dominated American politics. Jackson's policies had a significant effect on issues such as voting rights and the ways in which government functions. This period is often known as the Age of Jackson. Some of his most notable domestic affairs were the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears. Along with the Tariff/Nullification crisis, Compromise of 1833 and Bank War.

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Texas was originally part of Mexico. American settlers (led by Stephen Austin) received permission to move there (most settlers were cotton farmers). Mexican leader Santa Anna attacked Americans at the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Americans had decided to revolt and break Texas away from Mexico because the Mexican government was trying to force them to abolish slavery. Texas was not welcomed into the US right away because northern congressmen opposed adding a new slave state to the Union. 1845. The government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation for 12 years and then was annexed by a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

Annexation of Texas 1845

to become part of

Annexed

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Battle of San Jacinto (1836)

February 24- March 6, 1836 *During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed *Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious *"Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight for independence

Battle of the Alamo

A new way to create steel that led to mass production of steel in the late 1800s. Invented by WIlliam Kelly and Henry Bessemer. This allowed steel to be manufactured cheaply by the process of removing impurities from iron to make steel by blasting the melted iron with hot air.

Bessemer Steel Process

money for investment

Capital

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

Caucus

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Cherokee Nation

Chinese immigrants pour in after 1848. By 1880, 200,000 were living in the U.S. They were too industrious, causing hostile treatment from white Americans, later becoming racism from white Americans competing for jobs on the west coast.

Chinese Immigration

the first full-sized commercial steamboat; Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany it was the name of Fulton's steam engine, nicknamed Fulton's Folly.

Clermont

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government. Or a political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.

Common Man

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories. Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War. (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of, Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry, Clay and Stephen A. Douglas.

Compromise of 1850

A struggle between opposing forces

Conflict

A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Cotton Gin

Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850. He was a Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Daniel Webster

A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824. One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights.

Democratic Party

A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

Depression

*Candidates:* John Q. Adams (National Republican) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat) *Results:* Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President *Historical Significance:* Marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy. Also the name attributed to the first presidential race with a "common man" winner. It was known as the rise of the "common man" because the president was not an aristocrat born into wealth, but rather gained his fame from serving his country in the War of 1812. It emphasized small businessmen and farmers as well as the appointment of common men to government positions.

Election of 1828

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Electoral College

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Eli Whitney

A ban on trade

Embargo

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Era of Good Feelings

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Erie Canal

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Factory System

the law of the national government

Federal Law

african american abolitionaist; born into slaavery in maryland; taught himself to read, escaped from slavery in maryland. brilliant thinker and a great speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper, the north star, and wrote an autobiography, narrative of the life of federick douglass

Federick Douglass

Created in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of Treasury, the Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years and was to have $10mil, 1/5 of which was to be owned by the federal government; and or bank set up in 1791 to hold government deposits and to issue paper money to pay government bills. This caused debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the government could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the government did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton.

First Bank of the United States

boat with a flat bottom used for transporting heavy loads on inland waterways

Flatboats

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. More specifically, this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

Fugitive Slave Law

this agreement stated that the U.S. government had to pay Mexico $10 million and Mexico had to give the U.S. southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico

Gasden Purchase

Germans came to America and were seen as mostly skilled craftsmen and settled in tightly knit communities. Germans were the second largest group of immigrants. Some came to u.s. for political reasons. some fled after the failed revolution in 1848. others came for religious freedom but, most came here for economic opportunity.

German Immigration

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Gold Rush of 1849

In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life.

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Harriet Tubman

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states; and or A northern American politician who developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a War Hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed.

Henry Clay

This act allowed and encouraged westward settlement by giving the heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law.

Homestead Act (1862)

435 members of the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

House of Representatives

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Impressment

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

Indian Removal Act of 1830

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s and a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. This transformed the United States from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

Industrial Revolution

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme; and or the idea that the common people should control the government.

Jacksonian Democracy

The years of Andrew Jackson's Presidency. One of the most colorful periods in the history of American politics, this era was a time during which sectional differences (states' rights, protective tariffs, and national bank) disrupted America's spirit of unity.

Jacksonian Era

president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union.

James K. Polk

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis (1830s-40s). Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

John C. Calhoun

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. He felt that if something was worthy of causing the union to be dissolved, slavery was that issue. He proposed a constitutional amendment that no one could be born into slavery if born after 1845.

John Quincy Adams

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States; President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

John Tyler (1841-1845)

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Andrew Jackson acted like a tyrant bc he used his veto 12 times and he increased the authority of the president

King Jackson Cartoon

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Lancaster Turnpike

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent; and or A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Manifest Destiny

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government. Chief justice John Marshall (Supreme Court) ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldn't interfere. One side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly

Mechanical Reaper

Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War; more specifically in 1848 land was awarded to the U.S. as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Mexican Cession

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. This was an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

Missouri Compromise

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers; and or A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. More specifically it declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Mormons

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

National Road

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Nativism

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon. In other words an argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government.

Nullification Crisis

Andrew Jackson's nickname

Old Hickory

In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute between the U.S. and Britain was settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty. The British gained sole possession of the land north of the 49th parallel and all of Vancouver Island, with the United States receiving the territory south of that line.

Oregon Territory

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Sam Houston

invented the telegraph

Samuel Morse

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Santa Anna

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business; Congress had established the bank giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks.

Second Bank of the United States

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Sectionalism

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.; and or the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Spoils System

the law of the states and their localities

State Law

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Steam Engine

A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods

Steamboat

Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.

Steel Plow

He established the first colony of Americans in Texas, which eventually attracted 2,000 people.

Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836)

the right to vote

Suffrage

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Tenth Amendment

In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute between the U.S. and Britain was settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty. The British gained sole possession of the land north of the 49th parallel and all of Vancouver Island, with the United States receiving the territory south of that line.

Territory of Oregon

(1836) Texan gov. declared independence from Mexico; American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); Texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups; fear of sectional controversy

Texas Revolution (1836)

The forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe to the Western United States; resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees. Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. It connected the west and east coasts of the continental US.

Transcontinental Railroad

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

toll roads built by private companies

Turnpikes

A war fought over the annexation of Texas and a border dispute. Mexico thought the border of Texas was at the Nueces River and the U.S. thought the border of Texas was at the Rio Grande. Resulted in an American Victory and established the Rio Grande border with Mexico with the signing of Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

U.S. -Mexican War

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Underground Railroad

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Urbanization

result of an expanded electorate; also a result of a growing interest in politics and a strengthening of party organization and party loyalty and or old people vote in large numbers, young people vote in low numbers

Voter Participation

territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Or A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad. It lasted from 1850-1890

Westward Expansion

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. They favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress.

Whig Party

He was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

William Henry Harrison (1841)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson. The Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, not the states, could make laws governing the Cherokees. Though the Cherokees won the case Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying "John Marshall has made his decision...Now let him enforce it."

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

agrarian

(v.) To add to, attach: to incorporate;(n.) An attachment or addition

annex

declare invalid

annul

The transfer of land from one country to another

cession

roads made of sawed-off logs, laid side by side

corduroy roads

(agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops

cultivation