Unit 6 Ticket to Three

6.1: Contextualizing Period 6 EQ: What are the most important causes and effects of the Gilded Age (1865-1898)? Helpful Hints: Causes: Lack of intensive policies/laws after the Civil War. Massive technological growth resulting in booming industries Effects: Massive political corruption/scandals (Credit Mobiliere, Whiskey Ring, Tammany Hall) Massive growth of super wealthy (Robber Barons/ Captains of Industry)

Causes: Industrialization and Urbanization: The rapid industrialization of the United States during the Gilded Age, characterized by the growth of factories, railroads, and other industries, fueled urbanization as people migrated to cities in search of employment opportunities. This shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial one transformed the social and economic landscape of the country. Immigration and Labor Force Changes: The Gilded Age saw a massive influx of immigrants, primarily from Europe, who came to the United States in search of better economic opportunities. These immigrants provided a large and cheap labor force for the expanding industries, contributing to the growth of the economy but also leading to labor tensions and conflicts. Technological Advancements: The Gilded Age was a period of rapid technological advancements, including the development of the telegraph, telephone, and electricity, which transformed communication, transportation, and daily life. These technological changes played a significant role in shaping the economy, society, and culture of the time. Rise of Big Business: The Gilded Age witnessed the rise of big business and the growth of corporate power, with the emergence of industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie who amassed great wealth and consolidated control over key industries. This concentration of wealth and power led to economic inequality and social tensions. Effects: Economic Growth and Inequality: The Gilded Age was a period of significant economic growth, with the United States becoming an industrial powerhouse and a global economic leader. However, this growth was accompanied by widespread economic inequality, with a widening gap between the rich and poor, and the exploitation of workers in poor labor conditions. Political Corruption: The Gilded Age was also marked by widespread political corruption, with big business interests exerting significant influence over government and politics. Political machines and patronage were prevalent, and corruption scandals were common at both the local and national levels of government. Labor Unrest and Strikes: The Gilded Age saw numerous labor strikes and labor unrest as workers sought better wages, working conditions, and greater rights in the face of exploitation by big business interests. These labor strikes and protests were met with sometimes violent opposition from government and corporate forces. Social and Cultural Changes: The Gilded Age brought about significant social and cultural changes, including the growth of consumer culture, urbanization, and the emergence of new social classes. It was a time of rapid social change and cultural shifts, including the rise of the women's suffrage movement and the Civil Rights movement for African Americans. Progressive Reforms: The inequality, corruption, and social issues that emerged during the Gilded Age led to a push for progressive reforms, including labor reforms, anti-trust legislation, and efforts to combat political corruption. These reforms aimed to address some of the social and economic challenges of the time and promote greater equality and fairness in society. Imperialism and Expansion: The Gilded Age also saw the United States expanding its influence beyond its borders through imperialism and expansionist policies, including the acquisition of overseas territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This expansionist agenda had significant implications for U.S. foreign policy and global relations.

6.12: Controversies over the Role of Government In The Gilded Age EQ: What are the most important causes and effects which sparked the Progressive Era? Helpful Hints: Causes: Political assassinations (Garfield, McKinley). Effects: New laws (Pendleton Act) and Presidents (Teddy) Roosevelt to reform (change) the system without revolution.

Causes: Industrialization and urbanization: The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the United States during the late 19th century led to significant social and economic changes. While it brought about economic growth and technological advancements, it also resulted in widespread poverty, exploitation of workers, unsafe working conditions, and environmental degradation. These issues led to calls for reforms to address the negative impacts of industrialization and urbanization. Political corruption: Corruption was rampant in the political system during the Gilded Age, with politicians and government officials often being implicated in scandals involving bribery, kickbacks, and other corrupt practices. This eroded public trust in the government and led to a demand for political reforms to reduce corruption and promote transparency and accountability in government. Social injustices: Various social injustices emerged during the Gilded Age, including labor exploitation, child labor, poor working conditions, lack of workplace safety regulations, and discrimination against women, African Americans, immigrants, and other marginalized groups. These social injustices fueled the desire for reforms to improve working and living conditions, protect workers' rights, and promote social equality and justice. Growth of civil society organizations: There was a significant growth of civil society organizations during the Progressive Era, such as labor unions, women's suffrage movements, temperance movements, and social reform organizations. These organizations played a crucial role in advocating for reforms and building public support for progressive causes. Effects: Progressive reforms: The Progressive Era saw the implementation of various reforms aimed at addressing the issues and injustices of the time. These reforms included labor laws to protect workers' rights, regulation of big businesses to prevent anti-competitive practices, consumer protection laws, workplace safety regulations, and environmental conservation measures. Notable examples of progressive reforms include the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, and the establishment of the National Park System. Expansion of government powers: The Progressive Era saw an expansion of the role of government in regulating economic and social affairs. The federal government took on a more active role in regulating businesses, protecting consumers, and addressing social issues. State and local governments also implemented various reforms to address specific issues at the regional level. Political reforms: The Progressive Era witnessed several political reforms aimed at increasing transparency, accountability, and democracy in government. These reforms included direct election of senators through the 17th Amendment, women's suffrage with the 19th Amendment, and reforms in campaign financing, such as the Tillman Act of 1907, which prohibited corporate contributions to federal campaigns. Social and cultural changes: The Progressive Era brought about significant social and cultural changes, including shifts in societal attitudes towards social justice, labor rights, women's rights, and civil rights. The era also saw the emergence of muckraking journalism, which exposed social and political issues to the public, raising awareness and building support for reforms. Legacy of progressivism: The Progressive Era had a lasting impact on American society and government. Many of the reforms implemented during this era laid the groundwork for future reforms and shaped the role of government in addressing social, economic, and political issues. The legacy of progressivism can still be seen in various aspects of modern American society, such as labor laws, consumer protection regulations, and environmental conservation efforts.

6.4: The "New" South: EQ: What are the most important causes and effects behind the "New South" MYTH? Helpful Hints: Causes: The need to fool the North into thinking Reconstruction worked (Compromise of 1877 ended it). Effects: By emphasizing new industries in the South (steel, timber industries), Northerners overlook oppressive systems like sharecropping and segregation (Plessy v. Ferguson) because they can make money with these new industries.

Causes: Industrialization: The "New South" was driven by the emergence of industrialization in the late 19th century, with the expansion of manufacturing, railroads, and other industries in the South. This was facilitated by increased investment, technological advancements, and the availability of labor, including the use of convict labor and sharecropping systems. Economic Diversification: Prior to the Civil War, the southern economy was primarily based on agriculture, particularly cotton plantation agriculture. However, after the war, there was a push for economic diversification in the South, with efforts to develop industries such as textiles, iron, and steel, and expand trade with other regions and countries. Urbanization: The growth of cities and urban centers in the South was another important factor behind the "New South." Urbanization brought about changes in social structures, cultural practices, and economic opportunities, as well as increased migration from rural areas to cities. Southern Business Elites: The rise of a new class of southern business elites, often referred to as the "New South bourgeoisie," played a significant role in promoting the "New South" agenda. These business leaders advocated for economic development, modernization, and investment in infrastructure, and sought to attract Northern capital and industries to the South. Effects: Economic Growth: The "New South" era witnessed economic growth in the southern states, driven by industrialization, economic diversification, and urbanization. The growth of industries, trade, and urban centers brought about new economic opportunities, job creation, and increased prosperity for some segments of the population. Social Changes: The "New South" era also brought about social changes, including shifts in social structures, cultural practices, and attitudes towards race and labor. Urbanization and industrialization led to changes in the way of life for many Southerners, with increased urban-rural migration, changes in family structures, and the rise of a wage labor system. Racial Segregation: Despite the economic changes, the "New South" era also witnessed the rise of racial segregation and discrimination in the South, with the enactment of Jim Crow laws and the establishment of a system of racial segregation that persisted for decades. This had significant social, economic, and political implications for African Americans, who faced systemic discrimination and limited opportunities. Political Realignment: The "New South" era also saw a shift in political alignment in the South. Traditionally, the South had been a stronghold of the Democratic Party, but during this period, there was a realignment of political loyalties, with some southern states shifting towards the Republican Party, particularly among white elites who supported the economic and industrial development agenda of the "New South." Legacy of Inequality: The effects of the "New South" era are complex, with both positive and negative outcomes. While there were economic growth and modernization, there were also significant inequalities, particularly along racial lines. The legacy of racial discrimination, segregation, and economic disparities persisted for decades and continues to impact the South to this day.

6:13: Politics in the Gilded Age: EQ: What are the most important causes and effects of Party Patronage: Causes: Spoils System (going back to Jackson) Effects: Bribing voters, scandals, assassinations (Garfield/McKinley)

Causes: Political loyalty and support: Party patronage was often used as a means to reward and incentivize political loyalty and support. Political parties would use government positions, contracts, and favors as a way to maintain and expand their power base by distributing benefits to their loyal supporters. Electoral considerations: Party patronage was seen as a way to build and maintain a strong party organization, as government positions and favors could be used as a means to mobilize voters, especially in closely contested elections. The promise of patronage could be used to garner support from party members and gain an advantage in electoral campaigns. Tradition and historical practices: The spoils system was a long-standing tradition in American politics, dating back to the early days of the republic. It was often seen as a normal practice and accepted as a way of rewarding political allies and building party loyalty. Effects: Corruption and cronyism: One of the significant effects of party patronage was the potential for corruption and cronyism. Government positions and favors could be awarded based on political loyalty rather than merit or qualifications, leading to the appointment of unqualified or incompetent individuals to important government roles. This could result in mismanagement, inefficiency, and abuse of power. Lack of meritocracy: Party patronage often prioritizes political loyalty over merit and qualifications, which can lead to a lack of meritocracy in government appointments. This can undermine the effectiveness and efficiency of government institutions, as individuals may be appointed to positions for which they are not adequately qualified. Instability and turnover: The spoils system often resulted in frequent turnover in government positions, as incoming administrations would replace existing officeholders with their own loyal supporters. This could lead to instability and inconsistency in government policies and practices, as well as disruption of government services. Partisan polarization: Party patronage can contribute to partisan polarization, as it reinforces the divide between political parties and creates a system where party loyalty and affiliation are prioritized over the broader interests of the public. This can exacerbate political polarization and hinder cooperation and compromise in government. Reform efforts: The negative effects of party patronage have led to various reform efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating the practice. For example, the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883 established a merit-based system for government employment, which aimed to reduce political patronage and promote a more professional and qualified civil service.

6.7:Labor in the Gilded Age: EQ: What are the most important causes and effects of the formation of labor unions? Helpful Hints: Causes: Wage Slavery (working extremely long hours for little pay) causes collective bargaining. Effects: Business owners crack down on Unions through blacklists, yellow dog contracts and calling in the state militia to break up strikes (Homestead Strike).

Causes: Poor working conditions: Workers often formed labor unions in response to poor working conditions, including long working hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, lack of job security, and inadequate benefits. Exploitation by employers: Labor unions were often formed as a response to the perceived exploitation of workers by employers, such as unfair labor practices, discrimination, and arbitrary treatment by management. Desire for collective bargaining: Workers sought to join labor unions to have collective bargaining power, which allowed them to negotiate with employers on wages, working conditions, benefits, and other employment terms and conditions. Social and economic inequality: Labor unions have historically been motivated by a desire to address social and economic inequality, advocating for fair distribution of wealth, social justice, and improved living standards for workers. Solidarity and camaraderie: Labor unions provided workers with a sense of solidarity and camaraderie, as they joined together to protect their common interests and advocate for their rights as a group. Effects: Improved working conditions: Labor unions have often been successful in achieving better working conditions for workers, including shorter working hours, higher wages, safer working conditions, improved benefits, and job security. Collective bargaining: Labor unions have played a crucial role in negotiating employment contracts and advocating for the interests of workers in collective bargaining with employers, helping to level the power imbalance between workers and employers. Legal protections: The formation of labor unions has led to the enactment of labor laws and regulations that protect the rights of workers, such as the right to organize, engage in collective bargaining, and strike. Social and political changes: Labor unions have contributed to broader social and political changes, such as advocating for workers' rights, promoting social justice, and influencing public policy on labor and employment issues. Impact on industry and economy: Labor unions have had an impact on industries and economies by shaping labor market dynamics, influencing wages and working conditions, and advocating for policies that benefit workers, which can affect productivity, profitability, and overall economic well-being. Improved livelihoods: Labor unions have helped to improve the livelihoods of workers by securing higher wages, better working conditions, and improved benefits, which can lead to higher standards of living and economic security for workers and their families. Challenges and conflicts: The formation of labor unions has sometimes led to conflicts with employers, including strikes, lockouts, and labor disputes, which can have economic, social, and political implications, and may result in both positive and negative outcomes depending on the circumstances.

6.5: Technological Innovation: EQ: What are the most important causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution? Helpful Hints: Causes: New Continental Economy (resources in East, West, South) connected to new technologies in North. Effects: Creation of Big Industries (railroad) where smaller industries (timber, steel, oil) join resources to prop up a bigger industry.

Causes: Technological Innovations: The development of new technologies and inventions played a critical role in driving the Second Industrial Revolution. Innovations such as the steam engine, telegraph, Bessemer process for steel production, and electrical power revolutionized industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and communication, leading to increased productivity and efficiency. Expansion of Transportation and Communication Networks: The expansion of transportation and communication networks, such as railroads, telegraph lines, and steamships, facilitated the movement of goods, capital, and information at an unprecedented scale. This created new opportunities for trade, commerce, and economic growth, and spurred industrial development. Access to Natural Resources: The availability of abundant natural resources, such as coal, iron, and oil, provided the raw materials necessary for industrial production. Access to these resources, often through colonization and imperialism, played a significant role in driving the Second Industrial Revolution. Growth of Capitalism and Entrepreneurship: The rise of capitalism, with its emphasis on private property, free markets, and profit-seeking, provided the economic framework and incentives for industrialization. Entrepreneurs and investors took risks and invested in new technologies and industries, driving economic growth and industrial development. Effects: Economic Growth and Urbanization: The Second Industrial Revolution led to unprecedented economic growth, as industries expanded, productivity increased, and new markets emerged. This resulted in urbanization, with people moving from rural areas to cities to seek employment in factories and other industrial establishments. Transformation of Industries and Workforce: The Second Industrial Revolution transformed industries and the workforce. Manufacturing shifted from small-scale, labor-intensive production to large-scale, mechanized production, leading to the growth of factories and mass production. The workforce shifted from predominantly agricultural to industrial, with an increasing reliance on wage labor. Globalization of Trade and Commerce: The Second Industrial Revolution accelerated the globalization of trade and commerce, as transportation and communication networks expanded, enabling the movement of goods and capital across borders. This led to the growth of international trade, colonization and imperialism, and the emergence of global economic interdependencies. Technological Advancements and Innovation: The Second Industrial Revolution was marked by significant technological advancements and innovation, with new inventions and technologies transforming various aspects of society and daily life. These innovations included the telegraph, telephone, electric power, internal combustion engine, and many others, which revolutionized communication, transportation, and daily living. Social and Political Changes: The Second Industrial Revolution brought about significant social and political changes. It led to the growth of the working class, with the rise of labor movements and calls for workers' rights and better working conditions. It also brought about changes in social structures, with the emergence of new social classes and changing roles for women and children in the workforce. Environmental and Health Impacts: The Second Industrial Revolution also had significant environmental and health impacts. The rapid industrialization and urbanization resulted in environmental degradation, pollution, and public health concerns, including issues related to air and water pollution, working conditions in factories, and urban overcrowding.

6.10: Formation of the Middle Class: EQ: What are the most important causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution on the Middle Class? Helpful Hints: Causes: Better accessibility to higher education (Morrill Act) and new positions in management (white collar jobs) result in higher paying jobs. Effects: Middle class forms with disposable income (ability to pay money for fun things like sports games and movies) and the ability to buy status symbols for conspicuous consumption.

Causes: Technological advancements: The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by significant technological advancements, including the development of new machinery, tools, and technologies that revolutionized production processes in industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and communication. These advancements led to increased efficiency, productivity, and economic growth, which in turn created new opportunities for the middle class. Urbanization and industrialization: The growth of urban areas and the expansion of industrialization during the Second Industrial Revolution led to the concentration of industries and factories in cities, creating new employment opportunities for the middle class. Many middle-class individuals found work in industries such as manufacturing, finance, trade, and transportation that emerged during this period. Expansion of consumer culture: The Second Industrial Revolution also led to the expansion of consumer culture, with the availability of new consumer goods and products that were mass-produced and made affordable by the advancements in manufacturing and transportation. This led to increased consumption and consumerism, and the middle class played a significant role as consumers of these goods, driving demand for products and services. Effects: Social mobility: The Second Industrial Revolution created opportunities for social mobility, as the middle class expanded and individuals had more opportunities to move up the social ladder. The availability of new jobs, increased wages, and access to consumer goods allowed some members of the middle class to improve their economic and social status. Standard of living: The Second Industrial Revolution led to improvements in the standard of living for many middle-class individuals. Increased productivity and the availability of new consumer goods and services, along with rising wages, allowed some members of the middle class to enjoy a higher standard of living, with access to better housing, education, healthcare, and other amenities. Changing work patterns: The Second Industrial Revolution also brought changes to work patterns for the middle class. The rise of factories and industries led to the transformation of work from small-scale artisanal production to large-scale industrial production, with more standardized and specialized roles. This changed the nature of work for many middle-class individuals, leading to the growth of white-collar jobs in areas such as finance, management, and administration. Impact on family life: The Second Industrial Revolution also had an impact on family life in the middle class. As work patterns changed, with longer work hours and the growth of factory jobs, the traditional family structure and roles evolved. Women and children, who were often part of the middle-class families, were increasingly drawn into the workforce as wage earners, leading to changes in gender roles, family dynamics, and social norms. Rise of the middle class as a political force: The expansion of the middle class during the Second Industrial Revolution also led to the rise of the middle class as a significant political force. The middle class became increasingly influential in advocating for their interests, including labor reforms, consumer protection, and social reforms. This led to the growth of middle-class activism and political movements aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the middle class.

6:11: Reform in the Gilded Age: EQ: What are the most important continuities and changes regarding attempts to reform the federal government during the Gilded Age? Helpful Hints: Changes: New laws (Sherman Antitrust Act) and new parties (Populist Party) form to bring about change in business. Continuities: Laissez-faire capitalism remains mostly in place limiting impact of laws. Traditional two party system (Dems/GOP) remains intact.

Continuities: Corruption and political patronage: One continuity during the Gilded Age was the issue of corruption and political patronage in the federal government. Many politicians and government officials were implicated in scandals involving bribery, kickbacks, and other corrupt practices. This led to calls for reform to address political corruption and reduce the influence of money in politics. Limited government intervention: Another continuity was the prevailing philosophy of limited government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age. There was a general belief in laissez-faire capitalism, where the government had a limited role in regulating businesses and industries. This approach favored minimal government interference in economic affairs and was resistant to government intervention in areas such as labor relations, consumer protection, and environmental regulation. Changes: Progressive Era reforms: One of the key changes during the Gilded Age was the emergence of the Progressive Movement, which called for various reforms to address social, economic, and political issues. Progressives sought to regulate big businesses, improve working conditions, protect consumers, and reduce corruption in government. They advocated for government intervention in the economy and the implementation of policies to address perceived inequalities and injustices. Expansion of federal government powers: During the Gilded Age, there was a gradual expansion of federal government powers in some areas. This included the passage of laws such as the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which aimed to regulate railroads and address anti-competitive practices by big businesses. Additionally, the federal government played a role in land management and conservation with the establishment of national parks and forests. Labor and social reforms: The Gilded Age saw the rise of labor movements and social reform movements advocating for workers' rights, such as the eight-hour workday, safer working conditions, and the right to organize labor unions. These efforts led to the passage of labor laws, such as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which protected workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively. There were also calls for social reforms, including child labor laws, women's suffrage, and prohibition. Civil service reforms: Another important change during the Gilded Age was the implementation of civil service reforms. Civil service reform aimed to professionalize the federal government workforce, reduce corruption, and eliminate the spoils system, which was the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was a significant federal reform that established a merit-based system for hiring and promoting government employees based on their qualifications and performance. Shifts in political ideologies: The Gilded Age saw shifts in political ideologies and the emergence of new political parties. The Republican Party, traditionally associated with limited government intervention, split into factions, with some Republicans advocating for progressive reforms, while others maintained a more laissez-faire approach. The Democratic Party also went through changes, with some Democrats supporting populist and progressive reforms.

6.8: Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age: EQ: What are the most important continuities and changes regarding immigration to the United States? Helpful Hints: Continuities: Push-Pull Theory remains constant --things that encourage people to leave their country to come to opportunities in US Changes: The groups of people changes (Old Immigrants v. New Immigrants)

Continuities: Diversity of immigrant populations: Throughout U.S. history, immigrants have come from diverse regions of the world, including Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and other parts of the world, contributing to the cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity of the United States. Economic opportunities: One of the key continuities in U.S. immigration history has been the pursuit of economic opportunities. Many immigrants have come to the United States in search of better economic prospects, including job opportunities, entrepreneurial endeavors, and the hope for a better quality of life for themselves and their families. Desire for freedom and opportunity: Immigrants to the United States have often been motivated by a desire for freedom, including political freedom, religious freedom, and the opportunity to escape persecution, discrimination, or other hardships in their home countries. Adaptation and assimilation: Immigrants to the United States have historically gone through a process of adaptation and assimilation, including learning the English language, adopting American customs and practices, and integrating into American society, while also maintaining their cultural heritage. Changes: Immigration policies and regulations: U.S. immigration policies and regulations have changed over time, with shifts in immigration quotas, restrictions, and eligibility criteria. These changes have been influenced by factors such as economic needs, geopolitical considerations, social and cultural factors, and national security concerns. Demographics of immigrants: The demographics of immigrants to the United States have changed over time. In the past, immigration was largely dominated by immigrants from Europe, but in recent years, there has been an increasing diversity of immigrant populations from Asia, Latin America, Africa, and other regions of the world. Immigration patterns and trends: The patterns and trends of immigration to the United States have changed over time. For example, there have been periods of increased immigration and periods of decreased immigration, depending on factors such as economic conditions, U.S. government policies, and global events. Integration challenges and debates: The challenges and debates surrounding the integration of immigrants into U.S. society have evolved over time. This includes issues related to language, cultural assimilation, social integration, education, employment, and access to social services, which have been influenced by changing attitudes, perceptions, and policies towards immigrants. Impact on economy and society: The impact of immigration on the U.S. economy and society has changed over time, depending on factors such as the size and composition of immigrant populations, their contributions to the labor force, and their impact on social, cultural, and political dynamics. Legal and policy debates: There have been changes in legal and policy debates regarding immigration to the United States, including discussions on immigration reform, border security, citizenship, deportation, and other immigration-related issues that have shaped the immigration landscape and policy outcomes. Social and cultural dynamics: The social and cultural dynamics of immigration, including issues related to diversity, multiculturalism, identity, and social integration, have changed over time, reflecting the evolving nature of immigration to the United States.

6:9: Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age EQ: What are the most important continuities and changes regarding the attitude of immigrants moving to the U.S.? Helpful Hints: Continuities: Nativism (preference to U.S. born Americans) is constant. Attempts to keep WASP culture as the dominant one. Changes: Laws developed to limit "unfit" immigrants into U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act Quota Acts

Continuities: Pursuit of the American Dream: One continuity in the attitude of immigrants moving to the U.S. is the pursuit of the American Dream, which often includes the desire for better economic opportunities, freedom, and a better quality of life for themselves and their families. Hope for a better future: Immigrants have historically come to the U.S. with the hope for a better future, seeking to improve their lives, escape persecution or discrimination, and provide better opportunities for their families. Cultural pride and heritage: Many immigrants continue to maintain pride in their cultural heritage, language, and traditions, and seek to preserve their cultural identity while also adapting to the American society. Resilience and determination: Immigrants often display resilience and determination in the face of challenges and hardships, including the process of immigration, adapting to a new country, and overcoming language and cultural barriers. Changes: Shifts in countries of origin: The countries of origin for immigrants to the U.S. have changed over time. In the past, many immigrants came from Europe, but in recent years, there has been a shift towards immigrants coming from Asia, Latin America, Africa, and other regions of the world, leading to changes in cultural, linguistic, and ethnic diversity among immigrant populations. Changing motivations and expectations: The motivations and expectations of immigrants moving to the U.S. have also evolved over time. While economic opportunities continue to be a driving factor, other factors such as family reunification, education, and career advancement have gained prominence in recent years. Evolving attitudes towards assimilation and integration: Attitudes towards assimilation and integration into American society have changed over time. In the past, there may have been more emphasis on assimilation and adopting American customs and practices, while in recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the value of multiculturalism and preserving cultural heritage, leading to changes in attitudes towards assimilation and integration. Shifting social and political climate: The social and political climate in the U.S. has evolved, and immigrants may face different attitudes, perceptions, and policies depending on the time period and context. Factors such as changing immigration policies, debates on immigration reform, and social attitudes towards immigrants can impact the attitude of immigrants moving to the U.S. Technological advancements and globalization: Technological advancements and globalization have made it easier for immigrants to maintain connections with their home countries, preserve their cultural heritage, and navigate the challenges of living in a new country. This has led to changes in the attitude of immigrants towards their home country, their adopted country, and their sense of identity.

6.2: Westward Expansion: Economic Development EQ: What role did economics play in the causes and effects of Westward Expansion? Helpful Hints: Causes: How does the Homestead Act encourage westward expansion? Technological/business advancements (railroads) Mineral Rushes (Nevada, Colorado, Montana) Effects: Conflicts with indigenous. How did Farmers in the West bind together against Big Ag Businesses?

Economic Opportunities: Economic opportunities, such as the availability of fertile land for agriculture, access to natural resources such as gold, silver, and timber, and the potential for new markets and trade routes, were major drivers of westward expansion. The promise of economic prosperity through land ownership, resource extraction, and trade motivated many Americans to move westward in search of better economic opportunities. Economic Interests of Businesses and Industries: Businesses and industries, such as agriculture, mining, logging, and transportation, played a significant role in westward expansion. For example, the expansion of agriculture and the desire for more land for farming led to the settlement of the Great Plains and the development of large-scale farming operations. Similarly, the discovery of gold and other valuable minerals in the West prompted a rush of miners and prospectors to seek their fortunes in the new territories. Government Policies and Economic Incentives: The U.S. government played a crucial role in promoting westward expansion through policies and incentives that aimed to encourage settlement and economic development in the West. For instance, the Homestead Act of 1862 provided land to settlers at low costs or for free, incentivizing migration to the West. The construction of transcontinental railroads, subsidized by the government, also facilitated the movement of people, goods, and capital to the West, opening up new economic opportunities. Economic Impacts on Native Americans: The economic interests of settlers and businesses often clashed with the economic practices and livelihoods of Native American tribes, leading to conflicts over land, resources, and trade. The expansion of American agriculture, mining, and other economic activities in the West often resulted in the displacement, marginalization, and economic dislocation of Native American communities. Economic Effects on Environment: Westward expansion had significant economic effects on the environment, including overuse and depletion of natural resources, deforestation, and environmental degradation. Economic activities such as mining, logging, and large-scale agriculture often had adverse environmental impacts, altering ecosystems, and disrupting traditional economic practices of Indigenous peoples. Economic Impacts on Western Communities: Westward expansion also had diverse economic impacts on the communities that were established in the West, including the growth of towns and cities, the development of new industries and economies, and the transformation of social and cultural practices. Economic factors shaped the growth and development of western communities, as well as the opportunities and challenges they faced.

6.3: Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development: EQ: What are the most important comparisons between conflicts with indigenous during the Plains Wars (late-1800s) and the Colonial Period (1607-1754)? Similarities: Wars were fought over land use caused by expanding Europeans into Indigenous lands. Indigenous eventually pushed off lands. Differences: After Plains Wars, indigenous put on reservations through Dawes Act to "civilize" them.

Similarities: Land Disputes: Both the Plains Wars and the Colonial Period involved conflicts over land. In both cases, European settlers sought to expand their territories and establish permanent settlements on lands that were traditionally inhabited by Native American tribes. This led to tensions, disputes, and conflicts over land ownership, use, and access. Cultural Clashes: Both periods witnessed clashes between different cultural practices, beliefs, and values of European colonists and Native American tribes. Differences in language, religion, social customs, and economic practices often led to misunderstandings, conflicts, and violence between the two groups. Military Force and Violence: Both the Plains Wars and the Colonial Period involved the use of military force and violence. European colonists and later the U.S. government used military power to assert control, subdue Native American resistance, and protect their interests in the disputed lands. Native American tribes, on the other hand, often resorted to armed resistance to defend their lands, cultures, and ways of life. Differences: Scale and Intensity: The scale and intensity of conflicts were different in the Plains Wars and the Colonial Period. The Plains Wars were a series of conflicts that occurred in the late-1800s between the U.S. government and various Native American tribes in the Great Plains region, involving relatively small-scale battles and skirmishes. In contrast, the Colonial Period involved prolonged and widespread conflicts between European colonists and Native American tribes across a larger geographical area, spanning over several decades. Technological Disparity: The Colonial Period saw a significant technological disparity between European colonists and Native American tribes. European colonists had superior military technology, including firearms, which gave them a significant advantage in conflicts with Native American tribes. In contrast, during the Plains Wars, Native American tribes had access to firearms and other modern weapons, which leveled the playing field to some extent and made the conflicts more intense and protracted. Colonization vs. Westward Expansion: The Colonial Period was marked by the establishment of European colonies in the New World, while the Plains Wars were part of the westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century. The motivations, dynamics, and context of these two periods were different, with European colonization driven by economic, religious, and political interests, while westward expansion was fueled by the desire for land, resources, and economic opportunities. Treaty-making vs. Conquest: In the Colonial Period, European colonists often engaged in treaty-making with Native American tribes to establish peaceful relations, secure land rights, and establish trade agreements. However, during the Plains Wars, the U.S. government often resorted to conquest and the use of military force to acquire Native American lands, rather than engaging in formal treaty-making processes. Political Context: The political context of the Colonial Period and the Plains Wars was also different. During the Colonial Period, European colonies were often under the authority of European powers and operated under colonial governance systems. In contrast, during the Plains Wars, the conflicts were between Native American tribes and the U.S. government, which had established a federal system of governance after gaining independence from European powers.

6.6: The Rise of Industrial Capitalism: EQ: What are the most important similarities and differences between Robber Barons and Captains of Industry? Helpful Hints: Similarities: Both terms describe the same kind of person (a super wealthy person at the top of an industry) Differences: Robber Baron is an insult and emphasizes unfair business practices (making millions while workers get paid a dollar for 18 hour work day/Social Darwinism) Captain of Industry is a compliment and emphasizes the good contributions these people make (Gospel of Wealth, donations of libraries, colleges, music halls).

Similarities: Wealth and Power: Both Robber Barons and Captains of Industry were wealthy and powerful individuals who played a significant role in shaping the industrial and economic landscape of the United States during their time. Industrial Dominance: Both Robber Barons and Captains of Industry were associated with the rapid industrialization and consolidation of industries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They often controlled and dominated key industries such as oil, steel, finance, and transportation, among others. Entrepreneurial Spirit: Both Robber Barons and Captains of Industry were known for their entrepreneurial spirit, taking risks, and innovating in their respective industries. They were often credited with building and expanding large business empires through their entrepreneurial skills and strategies. Differences: Connotation: The terms "Robber Barons" and "Captains of Industry" have different connotations. "Robber Barons" typically has a negative connotation, implying that these industrialists engaged in unethical or exploitative business practices, monopolistic behaviors, and amassed wealth at the expense of the working class and society. On the other hand, "Captains of Industry" has a more positive connotation, suggesting that these industrialists were visionary leaders who drove innovation, economic growth, and societal progress. Business Practices: Robber Barons were often accused of engaging in anti-competitive practices, such as monopolistic behavior, unfair labor practices, exploitation of workers, and corrupt business practices. In contrast, Captains of Industry were often seen as philanthropic and socially responsible, using their wealth to invest in charitable causes, education, and public infrastructure. Impact on Society: Robber Barons were often criticized for their concentration of wealth and power, which led to growing wealth inequality, exploitation of workers, and social unrest. Captains of Industry, on the other hand, were often credited with contributing to economic growth, technological advancement, and the development of modern industries that helped create jobs, raise living standards, and improve societal well-being. Perception of Government: Robber Barons were often seen as having undue influence over government and engaging in corrupt practices to gain advantages, such as lobbying for favorable legislation and avoiding regulation. Captains of Industry, on the other hand, were often seen as working in cooperation with the government to promote economic development, infrastructure projects, and public welfare.