unit 7 AP human geo note cards
Asia cities
Tend to be port cities because the importance of manufacturing goods and exporting them Centered around ports. A distinct Governmental zone for bureaucratic, diplomats, and generals in high class residential area (caused by communism).A western zone full of diplomats and business officials from the west brought in by the importance of industrial trade and production. Lots of people clustered in small area. Squatter settlements: extremely low class, segregated away from higher class areas.. Sea limites people's ability to live near the city Where: these cities are found in Asia and as stated above these cities are often ports and therefore located by the sea. Why: This model gives us a general idea of how communism, industrialization, outsourcing of industry, western bussiness have all effected the physical layout of asian cities.
central place theory MACRO
definition:around every small city is a area which people live and ryle on the city for services, after a center distance from the small city or "villages" you will find different village which people rely upon There are also "Town" medium sized cities which are spaced out in an organizational pattern with each hexagon relying on a medium city. These are farther apart. Within the area of medium cities or" towns" are villages. Then there are big cities which are spaced apart even farther from one another. Inside these hexagons are located both towns and villages The size of the hexagons corresponds with gravity model. As a person moves from a city or farther outside its hexagon they feel less of the gravitational pull of that city. If a person is in the hexagon of a small village there will be more gravitational flow then with a larger city farther away. People only leave their hexagon if their current hexagon can't provide a service they want For the most part people don't leave their where: This theory is universal and applies to everywhere why: This is important in understanding the placement of services and cities in relation to other bussiness and cities.
Blockbusting (doesn't happen much anymore)
Definition: Real estate method in which you scare a group (race/ethnicity) into selling a house for cheap based on info that another group (race/ethnicity) was moving into neighborhood Where: In many cities around the U.S. during the segregation era Why: This shows us how racial prejudice shaped the layout and ethnic distribution within urban areas
Middle east (International Model)
Definition: Tend to center around area of religious importance (mosque, Hagia Sophia) which acts as the beating heart of the city. Few parks or quart yards. More private architure: fewer windows and more walled off areas. A distinct market area placed outside with local craftsman and food Where: These cities are found in the middle east Why: This model gives us insight into how the importance of religion in the middle east has physically effected the layouts of their cities. This model also gives us insight into the culture of the cities in the middle east and the culture in general.
Galatic City Model (north american model)
Definition: The central business district lost importance leading to the decrease of population. The movement of people led to the business and headquarters moving to. These cities are post Suburbanization. Where: Baltimore, MD, St.louis, MO Why: this model is important in understanding the layout of post suburbanization cities and how suburbanization can drastically affect a cities layout
Suburbanization
Definition: The movement of people for urban areas to suburban areas Where: this is happening in developed countries like the U.S. It also affects cities St.louis. Why: suburbanization is an important trend in understanding the movement of people in modern day LDCs like India, China, South east asia, and other emerging industrial powers as well as understanding the past of urban development in MDCs.
Urbanization
Definition: The movement of people from the countryside to urban areas. Often coincides with industrialization. Where: This happened during the industrial revolution in the U.S. and is currently happening in many industrializing countries like india and China Why:Urbanization is an important trend in understanding the movement of people in the modern MDCs far easier.
New Urbanism
Definition: a rural or suburban area which appears to be a city Where: New town, MO (located in st.louis area) Why: This is a style brought on in an attempt to recreate the feel of urban living and advantages of urban living while trying to maintain the benefits of suburban living. Also hippies
Greenbelts
Definition: an area which geographically separates the urban area from the suburban area, preventing urban sprawl. A conscious pattern which appears. Usually full of parks, protected habitats, ect. Where: These can be found in the area between suburbs and Urban areas in many places Why: These exist in an attempt to stop urban sprawl. This concept also allows us to understand the transition area between urban and suburban areas better.
Dependent cities
Definition: cites which rely on people coming to them for a specific purpose such as Tourism, retirement, manufacturing, industrial, mining. Usually the people who do come don't stay Where: Orlando florida, and Los vegas Nevada Why: these cities are on the bottom of the hierarchy of cities, but still can be important points in understanding the movement of people between cities and understanding how a city might have declined.
Red lining
Definition: Illegal practice in which banks refuse to issue loans to individuals living in particular areas (usually of low economic standing). Not as prominent anymore Where: in many cities in the U.S. Why: This gives us a idea of how some economically disadvantaged areas stagnated in development and also shows us how ethnic discrimination and bias effects the layout of urban areas
Hierarchy of Cities (World, Regional, Functional, and Dependent)
Definition: Hierarchy of world cities is a model for classifying different kinds of cities by the amount and type of power importance they hold Where: This model is universal and can be applied to all cities Why:hierarchy of cities model is useful in specifically clarifying the importance and function of a city compared to other cities.
concentric zone model (north american model)
Definition: Centric zone model was Developed by E.W. burgess. This model is outdated. This model Contains 5 rings. The Central business district, the Zone of transition, zone 3: people who don't own private transportation. Mid to low class, Zone 4: mid to high class people with access to private transportation, and zone Zone 5 Where: this model of urban development/layout is found in north america. One example of this type of city is Houston, TX. Why: while this model is outdated it reflects a more basic version of more up to date models and acts as a stepping stone to the more complex models
Regional cities (hierarchy of cities)
Definition: A category in the hierarchy of cities model. Regional cities are city which hold great importance to the surrounding region, but not on a global level. They are often Headquarters of large corporations, developed banking, and concentration of business services Where: st.louis, denver, Dalis, Kansa Why: Regional cities are important in understanding the local area around them they are also a important distinction from world cities since while they are still important cities which can have a great effect on the area around them they are not as important and they can't affect the economy on a global scale
Megacities
Definition: A city with more than ten million inhabitants. Where: New york, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, São Paulo, Mexico city, Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing, Dhaka, and Osaka. Why: Do to the decline of the primary sector and the rapid industrialization of many asain countries and LDCs in general there has been a massive boom in megacities. This is a important new trend in the movement of people which poses many unique challenges for the future, but also could solve many problems.
Functional cities
Definition: A functional city is a category in the hierarchy of cities model. These cities are specialized producer center; government; education Where: these cities can be College towns, military bases, ect. One specific example is Columbia, MO which would not exist if not for the college Why: this category of city acts as a place for cities which lack the diverse economy of regional or world cities. They can have an effect on the surrounding region's industry since the city itself is focused on a single industry.
Squatter Settlements
Definition: A group of people illegally living on the outskirts of a major city not paying taxes or simply not being able to pay taxes for the land they live on. They usually consist of shacks and shanty towns made from found materials. Where: In industrializing LDCs like China and India around large cities Why: This is important in understanding how mass immigration into cities has overwhelmed the economy and ability of the city to house its citizens. It also shows us how the urbanization of LDCs can affect a cities physical layout.
Borchert's model of urban growth
Definition: A model of urban growth overtime. A stage can't be skipped. stages must happen in order. Not a very popular model. Kinda outdated the model is made of 5 stages: Stage 1 sail-wagon epoch (1790-1830) Vast majority of people live in rural areas Very Spread out population Cities are small town with a limited number services Low urban area population with Primary sector jobs Cities do not interact with each other Stage 2 iron horse epoch (1830-1870) Steam boat and trains allow for quicker transportation and trade Cities are larger Transition of primary to secondary sector jobs 3 steel rail epoch (1870-1820) Improved transportation More growth of cities Urbanization and industrialization Greater range of movement with trains Example: current state of Dhaka Cities interact with each other more 4 out-air amenity epoch (1920-1970) Suburbanization Even great range of movement with transportation Transition from mass transportation to private transportation 5 high technology epoch (1970 to present) Outdated Hyperloop systems (pneumatic tube trains), space travel The world becomes very interconnected from city to city People can travel from city to city in a matter of minutes Lots of cars Kinda outdated Where: this model is universal Why: This can be a useful model in understanding the formation and growth of urban development throughout history and in the modern world.
World Cities
Definition: Centers for the international flow of information, capital, and business services. The happening within these highly important cities can affect places hundreds of miles away Where: world cities can be found in MDCs. Some cities which qualify as world cities are New York, London, Tokyo, Los Angeles, San francisco Why: World cities are an important part of the modern global economy and the state of each one can affect many other places in the world. They a important distinction in understanding the world cities hierarchy
gravity model
Definition: invented by No one person. Cities as masses the bigger the city the more mass. The large masses(cities) will have the most gravitational pulls (migration, economic, culture, ect.). Smaller masses(cities) have weaker pulls. The shorter the distance between two objects,and the greater mass of either (or both) objects, the greater the gravitational pull between the objects. Shorter distance between objects (cities) will cause less gravitational strength, but more gravitational flow (more interaction and movement between cities the closer they are to each other). Model demonstrates the distribution and interaction amongst cities. All cities are competing and exerting gravitational on you. In summary the larger the mass the greater the gravitational pulls. the shorter the distance the greater the gravitational flow. If a gravitational pull is strong enough it can overpower the gravitational pull of other places. Where: this model is universal but some examples of these principles in effect areWhen considering what places you go to eat you almost immediately gravitate towards the closer restaurants. NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago have far stronger gravitational pulls, but the amount of gravitational flow would be higher between Amsterdam and Brussels due to proximity. Trends often start in high gravity areas like New York and then spread from there to other cities. If the same trend started in low gravity areas it would not spread . Sports teams in places like Brazil, New york, and Chelsea, England are flowed internationally because they have such strong pull Why: This is a very important model in understanding central place theory. Which is even more complicated.
Multiple-Nuclei Model (North American model)
Definition: multiple Nuclei cities contain 9 sections(see attached image) , they tend to be newer cites. They have a large, spread out population which form multiple central business districts in the same Metropolitan area. They have no historic area so it's laid out in a more modern way. developed by Harris and Ullman Where: Phoenix Arizona, Dallas Texas, Los angeles Why: This model shows us how developing later on in developed countries affected the physical layout of cities.
sector model (North American Model)
Definition: sector model was developed by homer Hoyt. This model is very popular. Wedge or pieces branching off from the central district. This model has 5 zones (see attached image each section is self exsplanitory) . Each zone has a section which is near or against the central business district Where: St.louis MO and Chicago,IL Why: This model is useful in discerning the physical layouts of many modern cities. allowing for great insite when studing the placement of services and other factors within a city.
Rank-Size Rule
Definition: the rank-size rule says that the nth largest city within a country/region will be 1/n the size of the largest city. This is a naturally occurring pattern. More common in MDCs with federal governments Where: they occur more often in MDCs because most MDCs have federal governments like the U.S., Canada, Australia, India, ect. Why: rank size rule is a simple method for understanding the distribution of population between cities in a country. And could be used to estimate the size of cities within a country with incomplete information.
Europe cities (International Model)
Definition:A distinguished divide between the historic and the modern part of the cities. Tend to have laws which state to buildings can be taller than a historically accurate building Where: some examples include Rome, Berlin, London, and France. Why: this gives us a basic model to use when talking about European cities with limited information allowing. This also helps give us a basic outline to U.S. when understanding the differing levels of development within a European city.
Primate City
Definition:A single city dominates the social, political, and economic services in one country. Services are more centralized. This is a Naturally occurring pattern. Primate cities are USUALLY capital cities. In order to qualify as a primate city state a country's largest city = significantly more than 2x greater than 2nd largest city. This type is more typical in LDCs and MDCs that follow unitary forms of government. Where: Mexico city (Mexico), London (England), Paris (France), Moscow (Russia), Cairo (Egypt), and Dhaka (Bangladesh) Why: primate cities are important when trying to understand the distrubution of population and services in primate city countrys and understanding how having a unitary government effects urban development and cities within unitary countries.
Africa cities (International Model)
Definition:Large colonial European influence Central business district broke into three pieces Colonial CBD: area built by European powers with european feel. Traditional CBD: area built by African residents marketing toward local cultures. Market zone: the type of goods biased towards Europe or Africa is based on how close you are to either other zone. Sprawling lower economic area spreading out from the lower economic zone Where: These cities can be found in Africa specificly in countries colonized by European powers (which is alot of them) Why: This model helps us to understand the effects European colonialism and imperalism had on the layouts and development of African cities.
Latin America cities (International Model)
Definition:The spine is a very wide boulevard or road, multiple lines wide, wide sidewalks, tree lines down the middle, lots of shopping and services. Connects to CBD and mall. Mall: middle to upper class market. High concentration of services. Alternate CBD. Elite residential section adjacent to the spine. Squatter settlements: Large geographic area of low economic standing far larger in comparison to the elite residential area. Industrial jobs located next to squatter settlements. Has its own low quality designated market Large amounts of economic segregation. these cities have a Small middle class Where: These types of cities are found in latin america. one specific city would be Rio Why: This model gives us a basic outline of the layout the average latin american city from this we can exstrapilate more detailed information.
Gentrification (opposite of blockbusting)
Definition:Wealthier residents moving into urban areas (gated communities) causing property values to skyrocket. This leads to the poor existing people to be driven out of the area . Where: Examples of all of these can be found in downtown st.louis Why: this shows us how the movement of wealthy people around urban areas physically changes the layout and ethnic distribution of the cities
central place theory MICRO
definiton: Every person lives in a infinite number of progressively smaller hexagons with each individual service having its own hexagon Overall everyone's individual Hexagons are shrinking because of services like amazon, grubhub, carvana, social media, streaming services, grocery home delivery Companies do this because they want you to buy as much as possible you are more likely to buy something the closer it is to you. Companies specifically place their business according to place theory in a hexagonal pattern to maximise the convents for the consumer. In less populated areas companies increase the size of their pentagons. Companies decrease the size of their pentagons to compete with the convenience of other companiesCentral place - market center for exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Every human subconsciously already knows the size of the hexagon for the companies they visit. Central places at both a macro and micro level compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services. The competition is what creates regular pattern (according to central place theory) The closer one is to the periphery of a central place, the greater the chance one will choose to obtain services from another central placeGeographers use "range" and "threshold" of a service to determine market area (range + threshold = market area) (size of hexagon) Range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service (McD = 3 miles; steak n' shake = 5 miles; busch stadium= 90 miles) Walgreens (small range Airport (large range) Time takes precedence over distance This does not mean people are not willing to go father this is just the statistical average) Optimal location: the ideal position of a business based on statistics and algorithms Threshold: The minimum number of people needed to support a service. Median threshold of schnucks is approx. 35,000 people. Threshold data is often narrowed down and affected by the specific demographic the business targets. An area may have the threshold population needed, but do to the demographics in that area stops a business from building there. where: this applies to everyhuman and bussiness why: central place theory on the Micro level allows you to understand the distributions of services and how this relates to the movement of people throughout a urban enviroment.