unit 7 book Qs

Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing? Cognition Concepts Prototypes Convergent thinking Divergent thinking

Cognition

Which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs? Two-word stage Babbling stage One-word stage Telegraphic speech Grammar

telegraphic speech

Which phrase best describes the concept of phonemes?

units of sound in a language

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?

using news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in American business

According to Noam Chomsky, what is the most essential environmental stimulus necessary for language acquisition?

According to Noam Chomsky, what is the most essential environmental stimulus necessary for language acquisition?

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

Which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept?

a golden retriever (dog)

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's component of creativity?

a position of ignorance

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? a. thinking about how the words relate to your own life b. practicing the words for a single extended period c. breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions d. noticing where in a sentence the words appear e. focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

a. thinking about how the words relate to your own life

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem?

algorithm

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon?

availability heuristic

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference? a. You can't recall your locker combo from sixth grade because your current combo interferes b. You can't recall your new cell number because your old one interferes c. You can't recall what you studied in first period because fourth period interferes d. You can't recall who won the state swim meet last year because the winner of this meet interferes

b. You can't recall your new cell number because your old one interferes

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

b. rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory? a. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water b. Robert remembers that correlation does not prove a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized it c. Anna remembers when her father returned home from deployment because it was a very emotional day d. Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than third grade teacher e. Anton remembers a moment from last homecoming because a strobe light seemed to freeze the scene in his mind

c. Anna remembers when her father returned home from deployment because it was a very emotional day

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? a. Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of her life b. William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before surgery c. Louis can remember his past, but cannot form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection d. Maddie can't remember the details of a mugging 6 months ago e. Kalund struggles in school because he misremembers

c. Louis can remember his past, but cannot form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection

"Chair," "freedom," and "ball" are all examples of what?

concept

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence? Confirmation bias Intuition Mental set Availability heuristic Overconfidence

confirmation bias

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? Allowing for incubation Divergent thinking Developing expertise Convergent thinking Experiencing other cultures

convergent thinking

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?

creativity

Which of the following is an example of the primary effect?a. remembering the most important assignment you have to complete b. remembering the skills you learned early in life c. remembering the last thing your english teacher talked about but nothing from an earlier class d. remembering the names of the first two coworkers you met on the first day of your new job e. remembering that your clocks must be moved ahead when daylight savings begins

d. remembering the names of the first two coworkers you met on the first day of your new job

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic?

deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory? a. lasts for about 2 days in most circumstances b. lasts less than half a minute unless you rehearse the info c. is thought to be unlimited d. can handle about a half dozen items for each of the tasks you are working on at any time e. can handle about a half dozen items total

e. can handle about a half dozen items total

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory? a. emotion blocks memory, and it's generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events b. excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered c. stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered d. the effect of emotion on memory depends on the interpretation of the event in the frontal lobes e. emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that makes us emotional

e. emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that makes us emotional

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

e. encoding failure

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory?

e. frontal lobes and hippocampus

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue? a. therapists who use hypnosis are likely to help their patients retrieve repressed memories b. statistics indicate that childhood sexual abuse rarely occurs; therefore, recovered memories of such abuse must be false c. memories are only rarely recovered; once you are unable to retrieve one, you will probably never be able to d. one indicator of whether a recovered memory is true is the patient's emotional response; only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting e. since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable

e. since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called what?

fixation

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern?

framing

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?

framing

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis related to what aspect of the power of language?

how language influences thinking

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of

linguistic determinism

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of

morphemes

Which concept best explains why people often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project?

overconfidence

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?

phonemes

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following? a. recall b. priming c. explicit memory d. the serial position effect e. flashbulb memory

priming

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?

recall

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model?

short term memory