Unit 7: Rules of the road and safe driving practices: Driving in the city and driving in the country

Reduce your speed when approaching toll booths, immigration check points, and CHP inspection stations. Signs are usually posted a mile or more in advance to warn you. Be alert for them and prepare to stop. Use lanes designated for your type of vehicle. Lanes are marked for carpools, trucks, and buses. You must correctly judge the stopping distance involved as you approach.

Toll booths and check points

When backing up , you should carefully check for children, pets, and small objects before starting to back up, turn and look over your right shoulder tolook behind you while you back up to make sure you are seeing all of the traffic. Do not rely on your rear view and/or side mirrors to back up. You cannot see a wide enough view of traffic or hazards with your mirrors. Remember to always back up slowly using your brake and clutch to control your speed and avoid accidents. Backing around corners or sharp curves should be avoided unless you have good visibility in all directions. CDH: p. 3207.A.18 (2)If your ability to turn your head and shoulders is restricted: (a) avoid backing up if at all possible, (b) find parking places that do not require backing up, (c) carefully use all your mirrors and get passengers to help with the maneuver.

Backing up

You should reduce your speed rather than "ride the brake." Covering the brake pedal to improve reaction time is recommended when: (a) you are passing parked cars, as they may pull out in front of you or open their door, (b) you see brake lights ahead meaning that traffic is coming to a stop, and (c) you are approaching signal lights-- look for traffic build up at the intersection and for flashing crosswalk lights, because these indicate that the light is about to change.

Breaking, covering vs riding

Freeway carpool lanes: (a) are reserved for cars with two or more occupants, (b) are marked with signs and a diamond symbol in roadway, (c) at on-ramps are marked with the number of occupants required and times of day at which carpooling is required, (d) may require that once in a carpool lane you cannot cross over double lines to exit the carpool lane but must wait until you have a broken line, and (e) include lanes reserved for buses on freeways that are also marked with a diamond symbol.

Carpool lanes

CDH: p. 2307.A.22Urban driving, Uturns07.A.22(1)U-turns are to be made from the leftmost lane at an intersection or divided highway where an opening has been provided. A U turn across a double yellow line is legal unless otherwise prohibited by a sign or other traffic law. VC: 22102 CDH: p. 25 VC: 22102 CDH: p. 25 07.A.22(2) A U turn is legal in a residential district if there is no approaching vehicle within 200 feet unless otherwise prohibited. VC: 22102 CDH: p. 2507.A.22(3) A U-turn is illegal (a) when you cannot clearly see 200 feet in either direction, (b) in front of a fire station, (c) in a business district except at an intersection or through opening in a concrete divider (a business district includes apartments, churches, and schools as well as commercial businesses), (d) when not safe due to traffic conditions, and (e) when there is a NO U TURN sign.

Driving in the city, Uturns

Parked cars adjoining your lane: (a) obscure your view of vehicles and bicycles entering the roadway from driveways and alleys, and (b) pose a hazard due to persons exiting their vehicles on the left side (traffic side) after parking. 07.A.19(2) Detours require that you slow down, follow the speed limits and other directions of signs, and be alert to changing lane conditions and obstructions.

Driving in the city, general issues

Dashed white lines separate lanes of traffic on one-way streets.CDH: 24, 2507.A.20(2)One-way streets are marked with signs and pavement markings. 07.A.20(3) A U-turn is illegal on a one-way street. 07.A.20(4)If you are making a left turn from a two-way street into a oneway street, you must start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road, and you may turn into any lane that is safely open.View Example:Vehicle 3 CDH: p. 2407.A.20(5)If you are making a left turn from a one-way street into a two way street, you must start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road.View Example:Vehicle 4 CDH: p. 2407.A.20(6) If you are making a left turn from a one-way street into a oneway street: (a) the turn must be started from the left-hand portion of the road, and (b) watch for bicycles between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left turn lane for their left turns.View Example:Vehicle 5If you are making a right turn from a one-way street into a one-way street: (a) you must start your turn in the far right lane, (b) you may complete the turn in any lane that is safely open, and (c) sometimes signs or pavement markings will let you turn right from a lane next to the far right lane. When turning right from a one-way street that ends in an intersection that has two-way traffic, the turn can be completed in any lane moving in the appropriate direction for the turn. If there are three lanes moving in the same direction ending at an intersection with traffic moving in both directions, a left turn can be made from the center lane. If you encounter a vehicle driving the wrong direction on a one-way street, pull over and let them pass. View Example:Vehicle 6

Driving in the city, oneway streets

When parking downhill, you must turn the vehicle wheels into curb or toward side of road, set the parking brake, and leave the vehicle in reverse gear or "Park" or "Reverse." CDH: p. 26 07.A.23(02) When parking uphill, you must turn the wheels away from the curb and allow vehicle to settle back against curb, set the parking brake, and leave in "park" if an automatic transmission. CDH: p. 26 07.A.23(03)When parking on a hill with no curb, park with the wheels turned toward the shoulder, so vehicle will turn away from center of road, set the parking brake, and leave in "park" or reverse gear.View Example CDH: p. 26 07.A.23(04)A white painted curb means you may stop only long enough to pick up or drop off passengers or mail (usually at airport passenger terminals). CDH: p. 26 07.A.23(05)A green painted curb means that you may park for a limited time; the time is usually shown on a sign or is painted on the curb. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(06)A yellow painted curb means you may stop only long enough to load or unload passengers or freight, and no longer than is posted on the sign or painted on the curb; drivers of commercial vehicles are usually required to stay with their vehicles. CDH: p. 2707.A.23(07) A red painted curb means no stopping, standing, or parking (except buses). A blue painted curb means parking is for disabled persons with specially marked license plates or placards. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(09)To park in a disabled parking space, you must have a placard or specially marked license plates. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(10) Illegal parking in a disabled space may result in suspension or revocation of your license, and a fine. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(11) A vehicle entitled to park in a disabled space may park for unlimited time unless otherwise posted. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(12) You must not allow others to use your disabled placard unless you are with them. You shall not park, stop, or leave your car standing: (a) in an intersection, (b) on a marked or unmarked crosswalk, (d) within 15 feet of a fire hydrant, (e) within 15 feet of fire station driveway, (f) within 3 feet of a sidewalk ramp for disabled persons, (g) on a freeway unless due to an emergency, required to do so by a police officer, or is specifically permitted, (h) in front of a driveway, (i) at a red curb, (j) in tunnel or bridge, (k) where signs say "no parking," (l) in a parking space for disabled persons (without special placard or license plates), (m) in an area next to a disabled parking space painted with a crosshatched pattern regardless of color, (n) on the wrong side of the street, (o) on a sidewalk, (p) in a traffic lane. CDH: p. 27 07.A.23(14)It is illegal to double park. Double parking is parking your car in a traffic lane next to a legally park vehicle. If you find it necessary to stop on a highway, you must pull your vehicle over to the side of the road and off the roadway leaving enough space for passage of other vehicles and a clear view of your vehicle for 200 feet in each direction. Local authorities may remove a vehicle that has been parked or abandoned: (a) to enforce parking regulations, (b) to direct traffic, (c) when it is obstructing traffic, (d) when it obstructs or interferes with public works. The owner must be notified as soon as practical if the vehicle is moved to a location that is not readily visible from the previous location, or if it was placed in storage. CDH: p. 28 07.A.23(15) You must use your turn signal when pulling next to and away from a curb. 07.A.23(16)You must never leave your car with the engine running or without setting the parking brake. CDH: p. 28 07.A.23(17) When parked and leaving your vehicle, do not open your door on the traffic side unless you have determined it is safe to do so which includes looking for oncoming vehicle, bicycles, and motorcycles; leave the door open no longer than necessary to exit the vehicle. Vehicles may be towed away if parked illegally and you will be responsible for towing and storage charges. 07.A.23(19)You must park within 18 inches of the curb and if there is no curb, you must be parked parallel to the side of the road.

Driving in the city, parking

If you lose power or have an equipment failure on a freeway: (a) do not stop in traffic, instead pull to the shoulder and completely off the pavement if it can be done safely, (b) do not use the shoulder next to the center divider if at all possible, (c) warn others that you are having difficulties by using your brake lights and turn indicators, (c) safely position your vehicle on the right shoulder as far away from traffic as possible, making sure that your vehicle is visible for at least 200 feet in either direction and vehicles have enough space to pass, (d) use your hazard lights, flares, and reflectors when parked on the shoulder to warn approaching traffic, and (e) have your vehicle towed off the freeway before attempting repairs. 07.B.14(2) If your vehicle is parked, stopped, or left standing on a freeway for more than four hours, it may be removed by law enforcement or you may be issued a citation.

Freeway breakdowns

Being aware of signs warning of merging traffic. Even though you may have the right-of-way, accidents are avoided by adjusting your speed and/or changing lanes so as to open a gap for merging vehicles.

Freeway, allowing others to safely merge

When you plan to exit a freeway, you should scan well ahead of time for signs indicating which lane to use when exiting a freeway so as to avoid last minute, sudden lane changes. If you miss your exit, continue on to the next exit. Do not pull to the shoulder and attempt to back up or turn if you miss your exit. You should never attempt to back up on the freeway, this is extremely dangerous. CDH: 3007.B.07(2) Know your freeway exit a give yourself plenty of time to get over. Signal your intention to exit for approximately 5 seconds. CDH 42Be sure you are at the proper speed for leaving traffic - not too slow or too fast (so that you won't lose control). Cross merge lanes allow traffic entering and exiting the freeway to use the same lane. Be especially alert when using these types of ramps and give the merging traffic room to safely enter or exit.

Freeway, anticipating exit

Freeway entrances are identified with signs. In most cases, once an on-ramp is entered you must proceed onto the freeway. Do not stop in the acceleration lane unless due to traffic congestion. Traffic will not expect you to stop and you could cause an accident. On-ramps may have special posted speed limits these are usually cautionary but should be obeyed since they are there for a reason, i.e. extreme curve. You must be alert to sudden stops by traffic already on the freeway and be prepared to slow down as you merge. 07.B.02(2) Enter the freeway at approximately the same speed as traffic making sure you have enough room to merge safely (Remember the maximum speed allowed is 65 mph on most freeways). You must signal as you start to merge into traffic and should continue to signal until you are fully merged. Leave a 4 second gap between you and the car in front. That will give you and the car behind you a 2 second following distance. Do not try to squeeze into a gap that is too small. Leave yourself a big enough space cushion. Watch for vehicles around you. Use your mirrors and turn signals. Turn you head to look quickly to the side before changing lanes. If you need to cross several lanes, take them one at a time. Do not stop to wait until lanes are clear this could cause an accident.

Freeway, entering using acceleration lines

Freeway exit lanes provide you: (a) a lane to safely reduce speed, (b) space to yield to other drivers, and (c) space and time to adjust your speed to posted speed limits and sharp curves on the exit ramp.

Freeway, exit lanes

The right-hand lane(s) on a freeway is (are) for slower moving traffic and leftmost lane(s) is (are) for faster traffic. Move to a slower lane if a vehicle is following closely behind you, even if you are obeying the speed limit. Left lanes should be used for passing slower moving vehicles. If you are driving a bus, towing a trailer or another vehicle, or driving a large truck, you must use the right lane or a lane specifically marked for slower-moving vehicles. When approaching an interchange, you should anticipate and move well in advance into the lane you will need to take. Avoid using lanes that are inappropriate for your speed. You can be cited for unnecessary lane changes and weaving in and out of traffic lanes.

Freeway, lane choice

Remember: traffic on the freeway has the right-of-way. It is dangerous to suddenly slow or stop in an acceleration lane or on-ramp, and merge into traffic at a speed that is too slow or fast for the flow of traffic.

Freeway, mistakes made in using acceleration lanes.

When entering a freeway without an acceleration lane, you must check for yield or merge signs before entering, and you may need to slow in order to give you sufficient time to judge the best place to merge. It may be necessary to stop in these instances in order to merge safely.

Freeway, no acceleration lanes

You must guard against unconsciously going too fast by checking your speedometer regularly since other traffic may be speeding and you may not realize how fast you are actually driving. It is easy to become transfixed or drowsy when driving on freeways. Always be alert to your surroundings. Falling asleep at the wheel is a major cause of fatal accidents. Do not drive if you are feeling tired or sleepy or have taken medication that makes you drowsy.

Freeway, perceptual problems on

If you must enter a freeway lane from the shoulder: (a) signal, (b) accelerate as much as safely possible on the shoulder itself, and (c) enter traffic only when there is an adequate gap. 07.B.15(2)You must yield to traffic as you reenter a highway after being parked.

Freeway, reentering freeway from shoulder

To safely drive on freeways: (a) you must have the skill to steer around, without suddenly slowing, objects which are blocking your lane, (b) you should flash your brake lights to warn other drivers behind you about hazards ahead, and (c) you must reduce speed in construction zones.

Freeway, roadway hazards

On freeways and other roads where speed is high, a 5-second gap between vehicles is appropriate. Allow extra room between your vehicle and the one ahead if you are being tailgated. Avoid driving alongside of other vehicles or in their blind spot. The driver next to you may suddenly change lanes into you. Do not assume other drivers are driving defensively. 07.B.11(2) It is against the law to follow at a distance which is too close given the traffic and road conditions; you can be cited for tailgating.

Freeway, safe distances between vehicles

There are maximum speeds set for safety. The "basic speed law" in California states that you must never drive faster than is safe for the existing weather and highway conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. CVC: 2235007.B.10(2)The maximum speed in California is 65 MPH except: (a) for some types of trucks, school buses, farm labor vehicles, when towing a trailer, camper, or other vehicle, and some other types of vehicles, the speed limit is 55 MPH, and (b) the speed limit may be 70 MPH on freeways in certain rural, low density traffic areas, but only if posted. VC: 22349CDH: 1807.B.10(3) You must adjust speed to weather conditions. For example, you should driver slower in the fog because the distance you can see ahead is reduced, and slower in the rain or snow because it takes longer to stop your vehicle. CDH: 33, 3407.B.10(4) All posted speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. You must adjust your speed of travel to roadway, traffic, and weather conditions. CDH: p. 1807.B.10(5) It is illegal to block normal and reasonable movement of traffic by going too slow. CDH: p. 1807.B.10(6)You should not drive in the fast lane if you are driving slowly relative to other vehicles. You could be cited for speeding when going the speed limit, or even under the speed limit, if your speed is still deemed to be too fast for the road, weather, or traffic conditions. This is part of the "basic speed law".

Freeway, speed limits

Timed entrance lights provide a gap between vehicles which reduces the likelihood of sudden stops and congestion. Some of these lights will only allow 1 car per lane to go at a time, others will allow 2 per lane. Double merge lanes allow traffic on high volume on-ramps to create gaps which allow vehicles to merge safely and may also include lanes marked for carpools. Carpool lanes will not have a meter light.

Freeways, special controls and marking

There are areas or sites which are difficult to see from a distance on the open road, which pose hazards, theyinclude: (a) unmarked field and farm driveways and entrances, (b) livestock crossing areas, (c) roads thatsuddenly become rough or change surface, (d) soft and unmarked shoulders, (e) roadside stands and gas stations, (f) farm vehicles on the roadway, and (g) maintenanceactivities such as mowing shoulders and center dividers. Stay alert for sudden changes in road conditions.

Hazards, open roads

Unless otherwise prohibited by a sign, a U-turn is legal at an intersection whenever a traffic stop sign protects you from oncoming traffic. VC: 22102 CDH: p. 2507.A.16(2) A U-turn is legal at an intersection with a signal light which is either green or a green arrow unless otherwise prohibited. VC: 22102 CDH: p. 2507.A.16(3)When attempting a U-turn at an intersection: (a) you must be sure it is not prohibited, (b) scan for pedestrians and bicycles as well as other vehicles that may be entering the intersection, and (c) you must start the turn from the leftmost lane available to you but may finish it in any lane.

Intersections, Uturns

A yellow signal light means the light is changing to red and to stop unless it is unsafe to do so. CDH: p. 1407.A.11(03)A flashing yellow light is a warning to slow down and be especially alert. CDH: 1507.A.11(04)Safe driving practices include not relying on traffic signals to create a hazard free situation. CDH: p. 3107.A.11(05)A green light allows you to proceed after intersection is cleared of traffic and pedestrians and you have the right-of way. CDH: 1507.A.11(06)Watch out for cross traffic if passing through an intersection when a signal light has changed to yellow. CDH: p. 14,ff.07.A.11(09) It is against the law, even with the green light, to start to cross if there are obstructions (other cars, pedestrians, etc.) that will cause you fail to clear the intersection before the light turns red. CDH: 14, 4207.A.11(08) At intersections with 4-way stop signs, stop first then yield to the vehicle that arrived first or to the vehicle on your right if you arrive at the same time as other vehicles A red light or stop sign means to stop fully behind the limit line or crosswalk, and if neither of these exist, before entering the intersection. CDH: p. 14,ff. VC: 2145307.A.11(11)At intersections that do not have limit lines, you must stop at the entrance to the intersection.

Intersections, controlled

At a green light you may make a left turn only if there is no hazard from oncoming traffic and it is not prohibited. When making a left turn at an uncontrolled intersection or a circular green light with no arrow, you must yield to oncoming traffic. It is a good practice to pull into the intersection in preparation for the turn. Once in the intersection you must complete your turn even if the light has turned yellow or red.CDH: 15, 24, 25 07.A.14(2)When you are making a left turn oncoming vehicles often have the right-of-way. CDH: p. 14,ff.07.A.14(3)You must yield to oncoming drivers when making a left-hand turn. VC: 21801 07.A.14(4) Safely turning left includes not turning too soon and "cutting the corner" of the lane belonging to vehicles coming toward you.

Intersections, left turns

When making a left turn from a two-way street onto a two way street, you should start from the leftmost lane, but may end in any lane traveling in the direction you are turning (unless otherwise controlled). View Example:Vehicle 1 07.A.12(2)At intersections with no stop or yield signs you should slow down and be ready to stop and, and you must still yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. If you and another driver arrive at the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left must yield the right-of-way.

Intersections, not controlled

When you are passing straight through an intersection it is important to: (a) improve your reaction time in stopping by "covering" your brake pedal which is achieved by positioning your left foot over the brake pedal but with no pressure on it, and to (b) continue to scan for hazards and cross traffic as you pass through.

Intersections, proceeding straight

A right turn may be made on a red light after you have yielded to all traffic and pedestrians and if a NO TURN ON RED sign is not posted. You must make a complete stop before making your right turn. CDH: p. 14,ff.07.A.15(2) Safely turning right includes not turning wide; you should stay in the right lane until after you have finished your turn. CDH: p. 2107.A.15(3) To safely turn right, you should get close to the right edge of the road (watching for bicycles or motorcycles between your vehicle and th

Intersections, right turns

Once you have entered an intersection so as to pass through it or make a turn do not swerve or stop suddenly because you change your mind as to where you want to go -- once you start through, keep going. CDH: p. 2007.A.09(02) If you plan to turn in to a driveway immediately after an intersection, it is safer if you do not start signaling until you are actually in the intersection. This way traffic will not assume that you are turning at the intersection. CDH: p. 3607.A.09(03) Safe driving practices include looking to sides at intersections which include cross streets, freeway entrances, commercial entrances, and driveways. CDH: p. 3107.A.09(04) Safe driving practices include looking to one's sides at crosswalks. CDH: p. 3107.A.09(05) You should not rely on an oncoming vehicle's turn signal to guarantee that the vehicle will turn thereby giving you the space you need to proceed. Many people neglect to cancel a turn signal or begin signalling too far ahead of a turn. Make sure the oncoming vehicle is slowing and preparing to turn before you proceed. CDH: p. 4207.A.09(06) The law requires you to signal even when you don't see any cars around. CDH: p. 3607.A.09(07)It is important to be sure your turn signal is turned off after you have completed your turn or lane change. CDH: p. 3607.A.09(08)You should always signal before turning or changing lanes.You should use both arm signals and turn signal lights if it is difficult to see turn signal lights due to glare.

Intersections, safe practices

You need to develop the skills to: (a) allow you to judge the speed and distance of other vehicles at an intersection, (b) be able to safely pick a gap or space on entering an intersection where there is continual cross traffic, and (c) be able to judge the speed and distance of oncoming traffic when you are crossing an uncontrolled intersection.

Intersections, skills required

When making a right or left hand turn: (a) you must scan the intersection and the roadways entering it for pedestrians and bicycles as well as vehicles (b) be aware of controlled lanes and directional signals and planning your vehicle's position before and after the turn so as to avoid a collision or blocking traffic, (c) if your view is blocked, you must yield and move very slowly until you have good visibility, and (d) if there is a bicycle lane, that you must use it to make a right turn, not enter it more than 200 feet before the turn, and not cut off a bicyclist who has the right-of-way in the bike lane. CDH: p. 24 VC: 21209, 2171707.A.13(03)A green arrow means that you have right-of-way to turn in the direction the arrow is pointing after yielding to traffic, bicycles, and pedestrians already in the intersection. The turning vehicle is protected from oncoming traffic. A yellow arrow means the protected turning time is about to end and to be prepared to obey the next signal which could be a green or red light or the red arrow. CDH: p. 14, 15. 07.A.13(02) A red arrow means stop until the green arrow or green signal appears and that you may not turn either right or left on a red arrow even if you stop first. CDH: p. 14,ff.07.A.13(04)You should not assume that just because you have signaled a turn that there will be space for you to complete a turn. You should check your blind spots in addition to signaling an intention to make a turn. CDH: p. 3607.A.13(05)You should signal during the last 100 feet before turning. On a freeway, you should signal for at least 5 seconds before turning or exiting. Use of electronic signals is required unless: (a) the vehicle is not required to be equipped with turn signals, or (b) the signals become inoperable while driving. In these instances, use of hand signals is required. Signal even when you don't see other vehicles around. Be sure your turn signal is turned off after you have completed your turn or lane change so that you will not mislead other drivers.

Intersections, turns

When approaching an intersection, it is important to determine as far ahead as possible whether the intersection you are approaching is controlled or not, so that you can anticipate the behavior of cross traffic and pedestrians, anticipate cars stopping ahead, choose the correct lane for turning, and reduce speed as appropriate. CDH: p.4107.A.08(2)When entering "T" intersections, vehicles on the through road have the right of way. CDH: p. 14,ff.07.A.08(3)The speed limit is 15 MPH at intersections if during the last 100 feet approaching the intersection you cannot see the other roadways entering the intersection for a distance of at least 100 feet (blind intersection) and in alleyways.

Intersections, types

Know how to: (a) read a map and use it to plan your trip when traveling unknown routes-- this could keep you from getting lost, ending up in an unsafe area, or going miles out of your way, (b) read and understand signs indicating distance and route direction-- especially when traveling in other states or countries where signs vary, and (c) plan time of travel to avoid unfamiliar areas at times of congested traffic situations. Newer vehicles may be equipped with Globab Position Systems (GPS) such as "Onstar". These systems will help you if you get lost. If you have this system on you vehicle make sure to familiarize yourself with how it operates.

Issue, trip planning

It is important to (a) choose a lane which is appropriate for what you intend to do next (turn, park, and so forth), and (b) choose the lane which is least congested unless you plan to turn or stop. When driving on roadways of two or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction stay as close as possible to the middle of the lane. CDH: 20, 21, 22 41 07.A.05(2) Change lanes only when there is sufficient space between vehicles to safely merge into traffic in the next lane by allowing at least a 4 second gap. Never drive in the blind spot of another vehicle as they may not see you and change lanes into you. Change lanes one at a time keeping with the flow of traffic so as not to tie up traffic and possibly cause an accident. When changing lanes it is important to use mirrors, turn signals, and turn head quickly to the side to check blind spots. When changing lanes you should check blind spots by turning your head and looking in the lane you want to enter, using your rear-view mirror to check for vehicles directly behind you that may be starting to pass you, and checking the speed of persons ahead and behind in the lane you want to enter to be sure you have time and space to complete the lane change. Although not illegal, it is not wise to change lanes in an intersection.

Lane, choice of

At 55 mph, you will travel over 800 feet in 10 to 12 seconds. So will an oncoming vehicle. You will need over 1600 feet (or about one-third of a mile) to pass safely under these conditions, more at faster speeds. Since vehicles a distance of more than 1/3 of a mile seem to be heading toward you very slowly or even standing still it is difficult to judge how fast they are coming at you. If you can see the vehicle moving toward you, it is probably not safe to pass.

Oncoming vehicles, space cushion

Unless the road is slippery, you may best maintain control while maneuvering through a curve if you slow down as you enter the curve and gently accelerate as you come out of it. 07C.03(2)When encountering hills, you need to pay careful attention to your speed and that of slow moving vehicles ahead of you.While traveling down hills: (a) slow or maintain your speed by shifting to a lower gear, (b) do not ride your brakes on downhill roadways-- it can lead to complete failure of your brakes, and (c) avoid overheating and a breakdown onextended uphill roadways by pulling off if your engine temperature is in the danger zone, and reducing stress onyour engine by turning off air conditioning and driving more slowly. 07C.03(3)On one lane roads where neither vehicle can safely pass, the vehicle facing uphill must yield by backing up. You must useturnouts to let others pass if you are driving slowly on a two lane road. If you are driving slowing on a two lane road and 5 or more cars are following you, you must pull to the side and let them pass.In mountain driving: (a) your vehicle must be in good condition -- particularly your brakes, steering, suspension, and cooling systems, and (b) You should maintain a safe speed on winding mountain roads. 07C.03(5) When driving at high altitudes: (a) your vehicle will have less power for passing and hill climbing, (b) the potential foroverheating is greater, and (c) the potential for vapor locks is greater. 07C.03(6) You should stay to the far right side of the road when approaching hilltops and on curves. Reduce your speed when: (a) encountering an oncoming line of cars, (b) at hilltops where you cannot see oncoming vehicles and obstructions that are over the crest of the hill , (c) on curves and under other conditions that reduce your visibility, (d) meeting cars at night, (d) meeting slow moving vehicles, (e) on rough roads, and (f) when your traction is likely to bereduced by slippery conditions.

Open roads, environment

Other users of the open road include (a) trucks that are hard to see around, take more room to turn and longer to stop, (b) and slow moving farm vehicles that may back traffic up, (c) pedestrians and bicycles who may have little or no shoulder to move to for you to pass, and (d) animals that may be on or about to enter the road.

Open roads, other users

Assessing whether you can safely pass includes: (a) identifying that there is a safe distance to complete the pass, (b) making sure there is a traffic gap so as to complete the pass, and (c) assessing the potential for an unseen hazard to appear. 07.D.07(2)It is against the law to pass when your view of the road ahead is obstructed and when within 100 feet of a bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.

Passing, assessing when it is safe

When you are being passed by another vehicle, you should: (a) maintain your speed and/or, (b) yield by slowing or changing lanes, or moving to the far right hand portion of the road, if necessary and safe.

Passing, being passed by others

In addition to not passing when signs prohibit it, it is particularly dangerous to pass when: (a) you must pass a long line of slow moving or stopped vehicles, (b) the vehicle ahead has indicated an intention to turn or stop, (c) when the vehicle you are passing has stopped or slowed significantly for a reason that is not apparent to you, (d) oncoming cars are too close, (e) you cannot complete the passing maneuver before you reach a no passing zone (f) you encounter a school bus with flashing red lights or (g) you suspect that the road surface ahead may change abruptly. 07.D.06(2) The adequacy of the space you have to pass must be judged in terms of: (a) oncoming cars, (b) hills or curves ahead, (c) intersections ahead, and (d) road obstructions. It is dangerous to pass another vehicle in areas where there may be cross traffic such as near an intersection because your view and that of the driver crossing are both at least partially obstructed.

Passing, dangerous conditions

On a two lane highway a third lane may be made available for limited distances and for purposes of passing called a "passing lane." The passing lane is separated by a broken white line from the right-side lane you are in. There will normally be a double yellow line on the left side of the passing lane which separates you from oncoming traffic and over which you may not cross. A passing lane may be used only for passing, and you must return to the right lane as soon as you have completed passing. There will frequently be signs indicating that a passing lane is ahead. VC: 21750 ff. 07.D.04(02) You should never drive off the paved or maintained portion of roadway to pass. The right edge of the main-traveled portion of the highway is frequently marked by a solid white line. You may cautiously pass on the right as ling as you do not leave the paved or main traveled portion of the roadway CDH: p. 22 07.D.04(03)In general you should pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction on the left and you should not drive closer than three feet to a bicycle when passing. CDH: p. 49 07.D.04(04) If a lane is narrow, wait until traffic is clear so you can change lanes before passing a bicyclist. CDH: p. 4907.D.04(05) You should never pass on the left or drive off road to the left when car a ahead is signaling a left hand turn. CDH: p. 2207.D.04(06)The time saved by passing on two lane roads is frequently not worth the risk.

Passing, rules governing

Safe passing requires: (a) good judgment, (b) the ability to make correct decisions rapidly, (c) good vision including depth perception, and (d) knowledge of your vehicle's performance capabilities, acceleration, braking, and steering.

Passing, skills required

Special regulations may be posted for passing: (a) when there is limited clearance, (b) on hills, (c) at intersections, (d) at railroad crossings, (e) at bridges or abutments, when approaching a school bus.

Passing, special situations

The steps for safe passing are to: (a) scan for oncoming vehicles, vehicles approaching from the rear who may be intent on passing you, and merging vehicles, (b) check your blind spots, (c) signal your intent to pass, (d) obtain a speed advantage, (e) re-check conditions ahead, (f) create a return space, (g) signal return, (h) merge back into the original lane. CDH: p. 4107.D.08(2)When passing, look ahead for changing lane conditions which may be signaled by: (a) pedestrians or bicyclists near roadway, (b) narrow bridge, (c) obstructions, (d) changes in road conditions (ice, water, etc.).

Passing, steps to safe

You must use extreme caution in passing over the center line in urban travel and do not pass in or near an intersection.

Passing, urban area conditions

Do not pull out to pass until you know you have enough space to return. Before you return to the driving lane, be sure you are not dangerously close to the car you have passed. One way to do this is to look for the car in the rear view mirror. When you can see both headlights, you have enough room to return to the driving lane. Do not count on having enough time to pass several cars at once. Do not count on other drivers making room for you.

Returning, space cushion

Choose a route to your destination that (a) avoids high density traffic for the time of day you are traveling, (b) uses through streets rather than side streets to reduce stopping and starting and hazards such as children at play and cars pulling out of driveways, and (c) uses one-way streets rather than two-way streets to reduce the risks of driving with head on traffic.

Route, choosing safest

The urban driving environment is typically more challenging to the novice driver because there are more stimuli to be sorted and react to. Reducing speed allows more time to see details of the urban driving environment such as pedestrians, road hazards, and traffic flow. It also allows time to analyze what you see and predict what might happen, react to any hazards that might require quick reflexes, and execute decisions to safely change directions and avoid hazardous situations. 07.A.01(2)You can assume that the speed limit is 25 miles per hour in any business or residential district unless posted otherwise. Also, when passing a school building or school grounds when children are present, and when passing a senior center with a "senior" warning sign the speed limit is 25 mph unless otherwise posted. VC: 22350 ff. CDH. p. 1907.A.01(3)There is not minimum speed limit in California, but there is a law that requires you to not drive so slowly as to be unsafe it is: "No person shall drive so slowly or stop on the roadway so as to impede traffic or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic." You can be cited if you are stopped for doing this. VC: 22351 ff. CDH: p. 1907.A.01(4)50% of all traffic violations involve speeding. Many of these occur in urban areas. CDH: p. 70 CVC: 2240007.A.01(5)You should reduce your speed when: (a) traffic is dense, (b) near shopping centers, parking lots, and in downtown areas, (c) when brake lights come on several cars ahead, (d) driving on narrow bridges and in tunnels, (e) when approaching toll plazas, and (f) near schools, playgrounds, and on residential streets.There are special speed limits that are to be obeyed even if there is no sign erected. These include: (a) railway crossings, (b) blind intersections, (c) alleyways, (d) residential districts, (e) schools, (f) bridges, and (g) business districts. Conviction of speeding when in these special areas is based on proof that the driver was unsafe and negligent. CDH: p. 55 VC: 22352, 22404 07.A.01(6) Sometimes lower speed limits are posted in the general vicinity of schools in addition to the school itself. CDH: p. 19 07.A.01(7)Specially marked crosswalks and five-sided signs warns that you are approaching or are in the presence of a school.

Speed reduction in cities.

In order to avoid last minute moves when driving in traffic, you should: (a) look ahead for traffic hazards such as road construction, accidents, and detours, (b) leave enough distance to safely maneuver around hazards or disabled vehicles, and (c) look ahead for signal changes such as yellow lights and flashing crosswalk signs. A visual lead of 10 to 15 seconds or 1 city block is appropriate when driving in traffic in urban areas. CDH: p. 30, p. 37 07.A.02 (2)You should neither insist on taking the right-of-way nor insist that others take it when they are hesitant to do so. CDH: p. 17 CVC: 21800- 21806 If two vehicles enter an intersection from different directions at the same time and the intersection is controlled by stop signs in all directions or the signal light is not working, the driver on the right has the right of way.Yield the right of way to emergency vehicles by pulling to the right when possible. If not possible to pull over, as in heavy traffic, pull as far to the right as traffic allows and stop your vehicle until the emergency vehicle has passed. View ExampleRight-of-way rules should be accompanied with common sense and courtesy.

Traffic, looking ahead in.

You should position your vehicle so as to: (a) keep up with the flow of traffic within legal limits, (b) avoid other driver's blind spots, (c) keep other vehicles out of your blind spots, (d) avoid maintaining a side-by-side position except for short periods of time, and (e) avoid driving in bunches or packs.View Example:Shaded areas represent driver's blind spots CDH: p. 4207.A.06(2)When entering traffic from a full stop, you should leave a space of 1/2 block in the city and 1 block on highway. CDH: p. 4207.A.06(3)When cutting across traffic you need to leave enough room to get completely across. Stopping on a highway while crossing is only safe when there is a center divider wide enough for your vehicle to be completely protected from oncoming traffic. CDH: p. 4207.A.06(4)It is dangerous to be caught in an intersection or roadway while attempting to cross. Even if the light is green do not start across an intersection if there are cars blocking your way. It is against the law to enter an intersection unless there is space to get completely across. This situation is called gridlock. Follow another vehicle with enough distance to allow for safe stopping depending on speed and road conditions. About 3 seconds. Following too closely may result in: (a) Rear end accidents, (b) being cut off by someone changing lanes in front of you, (c) being forced off the roadway or swerving into someone else to avoid a collision. Pay special attention when: (a) following motorcycles, (b) driving on slippery roads, (c) crowded by a tailgater, (d) the car behind you wants to pass, (e) following large vehicles. Maintain a 4 second gap in these instances. It is against the law to follow at a distance which is too close given the traffic and road conditions. You could be cited for tailgating. Keep aware of drivers tailgating you and avoid them by: (a) moving to another lane, (b) slowing down to encourage them to pass, (c) pulling over to let them pass. VC: 21703 CDH 37,38 07.A.06(6)Keep your eye out for slow moving vehicles and adjust your speed for safety. If you are driving slower than the rest of traffic stay in the right hand lane or as far to the right as possible. Failure to drive to the right is against the law and a cause for citation.

Vehicle positioning