Unit 7- The Industrial Revolution

What compelled Mott and Stanton to take up the cause of women's rights "with new energy" after the World Antislavery Convention in London?

"Female delegates were . . . forced to sit behind a curtain, hidden from view" and women were not allowed to take active part in the proceedings

Why was it difficult for enslaved African Americans to keep their families together?

"Southern laws did not recognize slave marriages or slave families." Owners could sell a married couple separately and children were often taken from their parents and sold

How did the invention of the cotton gin and westward expansion contribute to the early cycle of slavery in the south?

Cotton gin, westward expansion > more cotton grown > more and larger plantations > more slave labor > more and larger plantations > more slave labor

Name for wealthy planters who made their money from cotton in the mid-1800s.

Cottonocracy (slavocracy)

To prepare and work soil for planting and growing crops

Cultivate

1767-1822, a former slave, had epilepsy, personal servant on a slave ship, won $1,500 in a lottery and bought his freedom, opened a carpentry shop, very wealthy free man, started a Methodist church, planned a revolt to take place in 1822, was betrayed before it began and he was hanged on July 2, 1822

Denmark Vesey

Only a few thousand African Americans settled in the independent colony of Liberia. What was the advantage for enslaved African Americans to relocate?

Develop their own government, less slavery in the US, gain rights, start new lives, create their own laws, however, on the negative side, they subjugated the people that already lived there

A group of American artists based in New York who developed a unique style of landscape painting in the mid-1800s

Hudson River School

Do you think "southern fears of an uprising" because of Nat Turner's revolt were justified? Why or why not?

I think they were justified in being afraid, but I don't think it was justified to kill lots of of innocent African Americans or make slave laws stricter because of it, not all African Americans and were like Nat Turner

(1785-1851) an American artist who painted the country's birds and mammals

John James Audubon

A political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Know-Nothing party

Why did Stanton add "and women" to the statement "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal" in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention?

To show not just all men were equal but women were equal as well; it would've been better to just change it to "all humans"

Why do you think revivals were such an effective way to stir religious feelings?

Thousands of people attended and everyone would be dancing and singing and ministers would be preaching with such emotion that it was easy to stir religious feelings in people

Slave codes were used to "keep enslaved African Americans from either running away or rebelling." What do you think was the lawmakers' reasoning for each code?

To keep African Americans under the complete control of the slave owners and general authority

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom

Underground Railroad

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

slave codes

Were Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney pioneers of early industry? Why or why not?

Yes, they were some of the first people to improve industry using new technology and machinery in the United States; however, Slater introduced Britain's ideas to the United States as opposed to his own, while Whitney's ideas were his own

family group that includes grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins

extended family

Wild life artist, shot birds and stuffed them to paint them, painted every bird known in the US at the time to show that the US had its own beautiful wildlife and we didn't have to go to Europe to get it

Audubon

The method of producing goods that brought workers and machinery together in one place

Factory system

Why were some northern workers against abolitionism?

Feared African Americans might come north and take their jobs by working for low pay

A preacher who led many revivals and was a strong believer in slave abolition

Finney

Why do you think "almost all abolitionists were northerners"?

Follow the money, people in the south worked in agriculture and many were dependent on their slaves; the north's economy would not be as affected if slavery were abolished

(1818-1895) an African American activist, speaker, and writer who escaped slavery and became a leader of of the abolitionist movement

Frederick Douglass

How were whites in the North and South alike?

???

Money invested in a business venture

Capital

What is required to create a profitable industry?

Capital, raw materials, energy, technology, etc. (please add anymore you thought of, the password is "password")

Someone who invests in a business to make a profit

Capitalist

A fast-sailing ship of the mid-1800s

Clipper ships

What were negative consequences of human modification of the environment?

Dirt and gravel streets turned into mud holes when it rained, cities had no sewers, people threw garbage in the streets, untreated sewage often seeped into wells or flowed into streams and rivers, polluting the water, contaminated water spread disease, more immigrants led to crowding and more diseases, smoke and soot from burning coal polluted the air and dirtied cities

Volunteered to educate mentally ill women in prisons

Dorothea Dix

What are the differences between popular early American and later American writers?

Early: nature, Native American relations, slave life, being American Later: mental struggles, wrongdoings and guilt, slave life, being American

(1815-1902) an abolitionist and leader of the women's rights movement during the 1800s

Elizabeth Cary Stanton

Father of transcendentalism

Emerson

Inspired to form a free school for deaf-mutes by a deaf-mute child named Alice Cogwell

Gallaudet

Always look grumpy or grim, lovely people, grew up on a plantation, wealthy, moved North because they were strongly against

Grimké Sisters

Write "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which was terribly written but a best-seller in the North and burned in the South, went by stories she heard, had never been on a plantation,

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1817-1851) an American author and leader of the transcendentalist movement, also known for his acts of civil disobedience, wrote "Walden" and and essay called "Civil Disobedience"

Henry David Thoreau

What is the connection between the name Sojourner Truth and Isabella Van Wagner's mission?

Her mission was to travel the land to let people know the truth about plantation life and spreading the word about women's rights which connects to the name because to sojourn is to travel and she was spreading truth

How was Emily Dickinson's poetry different from the other poets mentioned in the text?

Hers was simply about what she saw in everyday life and wanted to share it with the world, but very few, 7 out of 1,700, were published; she called them her "letter[s] to the world"

How does the South's dependence on the North and Europe for non agricultural goods hinder their development?

If they can't get those goods from either the North or Europe then growth is halted because they never developed any of their own major factories, as result of this they ended sending a lot of money out to purchase from the North and Europe without taking as much back in

The belief in the uniqueness and importance of each individual

Individualism

Identical, machine-made parts for a tool or instrument

Interchangeable parts

Why would James Audubon's work be considered an important contribution to America?

It showed Americans various kinds of animals that they shared the land with, it shows that America had beautiful birds and mammals too

Describe the life of an enslaved person in the South.

Made up a third of the South's population by 1860, usually field hands in cotton plantations, adult slaves cleared new land and planted and harvested crops, children pulled weeds, collected wood, and carried water to field hands, generally worked from 12-14 hours a day, some became household servants, skilled workers, or workers in cities, and families were often broken up

What kinds of things did women learn?

Manners, dancing, drawing, how to be charming, how to be a good hostess, cooking, cleaning, housekeeping, childcare

Why did many midwestern states give women rights before other states did?

Many women in the west worked just as hard on farms as men did

Why was the Seneca Falls Convention an important milestone in the women's rights movement?

Marked the start of the women's rights movement, gained more rights for women but no suffrage yet

Which state led the way in education reform?

Massachusetts

How was the reality of the Old South different from the way it is pictured "as a land of vast plantations worked by hundreds of enslaved African Americans"?

Most whites owned no more than one or two enslaved African Americans and worked in small farms

Compare and contrast the views of the National Organization for Women and The Independent Women's Forum.

NOW: employer should be required to pay women on maternity leave because they need that support IWF: requiring employers to pay women during maternity leave might make them less willing to hire women

A person who opposed to immigration

Nativists

Why did the idea of girls being raised more like boys be "startling"?

People were not used to girls acting and being raised like that and probably viewed it as improper; it wasn't as realistic for most women who couldn't afford education and their stereotyped role of caring for the family didn't allow it

The Protestant idea that God decided in advance which people would attain salvation after death

Predestination

What were African American and White Abolitionists' reasons for supporting abolitionism?

Religious beliefs, because it's a "sin for one human being to own another", they believed all people were equal "in the sight of God"

A large outdoor religious meeting, thousands of people, lots preachers, lasted for days

Revival

Why were Northern Mill Owners, Bankers, and Merchants abolitionism?

Saw attacks on slavery as a threat to their livelihood, depended on cotton

A widespread religious movement in the United States in the early 1800s, encouraged free will

Second Great Awakening

An 1848 meeting at which activists called for equal rights for women, often seen as the birthplace of the women's rights movement

Seneca Falls Convention

Why was Susan B. Anthony able to devote her entire life to convincing people that women deserved equal rights?

She had no children and she was single so she could devote her life to it without worrying about a family

How did Harriet Tubman's civil disobedience contribute to the Underground Railroad's success?

She returned to the south 19 times and broke the law by leading more than 300 enslaved African Americans to safety

Who was Maria Mitchell and why was she significant?

She was a noted astronomer; she discovered Ms. Mitchell's Comet

Who was Antoinette Blackwell and why was she significant?

She was an African American women and abolitionist; she was the first American women ordained minister

Who was Sarah Joseph Hale and why was she significant?

She was an editor; she edited "Godey's Lady's Book", a very influential magazine

Who was Elizabeth Blackwell and why was she significant?

She was the first woman to earn a medical degree; attended medical school at Geneva college and graduated first in her class, she helped found the nation's first medical school for women

(1820-1906) an activist in the women's rights movement who campaigned for women's suffrage

Susan B. Anthony

What were the drawbacks of being a Lowell girl?

Tedious, hard, dangerous, only payed half of what men were payed, 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, away from families

The campaign against alcohol consumption, bad thing because the male might always drink too much and become abusive, not pay bills, or abandon their family

Temperance

How did the white abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and the Grimké sisters contribute to the antislavery movement?

The Grimké sisters gave several lectures against slavery and William Lloyd Garrison was part of the New England AntiSlavery Society and he wrote a newspaper (The Liberator)

the most influential antislavery newspaper; begun by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831

The Liberator

Why did the views of transcendentalism influence "many transcendentalists to support social reform"?

Their ideals aimed to change the way people behaved which is the goal of social reform as well

What caused American writers like Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper to enjoy fame in America and in Europe?

Their stories "gave Americans a sense of richness in their past", they were very exciting, they idealized ???

Why did so many groups oppose the abolition movement?

There were so many people who's lifestyle was made possible by slavery's existence and presence in America

Why were many women against women's suffrage?

They may have been afraid of what being able to vote would mean for them, they may just have been used to having less rights than males and having the same opinions as their husbands or fathers, there were also people who said that it wasn't that they weren't equal but they were just different and their so roles should be different

Why were many abolitionists also women's rights supporters?

They saw the connection between the situation with African Americans and with women and if African Americans should be treated equally then women should be too

Based on the types of paintings that artists at the Hudson River School painted, what can you infer about their attitude toward America?

They viewed America as a breathtaking landscape and wanted to portray that through their art

An association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions

Trade unions

Inner voice and instinct, God and nature, rise above adversity, trust your gut, it's your duty to go against laws that you just know are unjust, the most important truths transcended, or went beyond, human reason

Transcendentalism

How does nature play a big role in transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism suggests that people should follow their natural instinct and should remain living close to God and nature to be able to find answers within themselves ???

Describe the difference in equality between wealthy men and women and poor men and women.

Wealthy men and women had very different roles so they weren't seen as equal, in poor families everyone had to work and so men and women both did similar work and were closer to being seen as equal

When is civil disobedience a successful strategy to fight injustice?

When you're not alone, when it's a well-known idea that other nations know about, when there is outside press, when it will negatively affect companies or governments, when it's not during wartime, when you have enough resources, when there is pressure in the government by other nations, when you have a respected leader and people willing to stand behind them, when you have the press letting people know about it, when the government harms the innocent and peaceful protestors, when people feel outrage about it

Wrote "Leaves of Grass", a collection of poems dealing with the celebration of diversity

Whitman

Involved in newspapers

William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) and Frederick Douglas (North Star)

An organized campaign to win legal, educational, employment, and other rights for women

Women's rights movement

What does the suffix -ocrocy mean?

???

A person who wanted to end slavery

Abolitionist

An organization in the early 1800s that proposed to end slavery by helping African Americans move to Africa

American Colonization Society

How did the 2nd Great Awakening support various reform movements from 1820-1860?

As people began to think about free will and how actions in this life will affect where you go in the after-life, they began to do things that would benefit society to be able to go to heaven; as a result of this, America had prison reform movements, education reform movements, abolition movements, voting reform movements, temperance movements, etc.

How did education reform affect minorities and people with disabilities?

Attempts to educate African Americans were met with hostility, private colleges for African Americans (were not funded or well-equipped), improvement in the treatment of the disabled, private schools for the disabled (blind and/or deaf), increased democracy

How did capitalists influence the Industrial Revolution? What do you think would have happened to industrialization if capitalists had not recognized the potential for profit in the capital system?

Capitalists supplied money to run the machinery and they built factories and hired people to run the machines; if capitalists had not recognized the potential for profit in the capital system there might not have been any industrialization because there would be no capital to support it ???

The act of disobeying laws considered to be unjust as a way of resisting those laws, or a strategy based on such acts, refusal to obey laws that are immoral or unjust, appeals to one's sense of justice, put issue on public agenda, draw attention to unjust laws, disobedience must be open, public, and nonviolent

Civil disobedience

Violent, thought slaves should do whatever it takes to gain their freedom

David Walker and John Brown

What were the benefits of being a Lowell girl?

Earned wages, meals, economic freedom, money to families, socialize, get off farms, make their own money

How did employers react to the labor reform movement as compared to their workers?

Employers were not happy with it because it meant they had to spend more money on their workers; skilled workers rejoiced because they got better working conditions and higher wages; the strikes of unskilled workers were ignored

A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than Norma, financial risks in order to do so

Entrepreneur

How do you think entrepreneurs' use of market forces affected low-wage workers?

Entrepreneurs wanted to supply high-demand products, which meant that workers who were skilled in working with these types of products earned higher wages while low-wage workers were abandoned

"Black Moses", led over 300 slaves to safety in the North, an escaped slave, a "conductor" al9ng the Underground Railroad, civil disobedience

Harriet Tubman

Who was Denmark Vesey and why was he important?

He was a free African American who planned a revolt in 1822 who was betrayed before the revolt began

Often called "The Father of the Common School", one of the main people to set up schools in Massachusetts

Horace Mann

The change from manual production to machine-powered factory production that started in England in the late 18th century and spread to other places and brought a transformation in economy, society, and technology

Industrial Revolution

How did both the War of 1812 and the physical characteristics of the environment contribute to northern industrialization?

It "provided a boost to American industries" because during it Americans were forced to produce goods themselves and built more factories to do so, New England became "the first region in the United States to develop manufacturing on a wide scale" because hilly regions provided falling streams to power mills and there was a lot of charcoal, iron ore, and timber there

How did farmers' and miners' response to scarcity of cotton and iron ore affect industrialization? How do you think people's standards of living would change if farmers and miners produced more?

It promoted industrialization because they would find new ways to supply the demand and grow more cotton and mine more minerals; people would have better standards because the economy would grow and their would be more jobs, better education, higher wages, etc.

In the 1800s, most "people did not see much difference between children working in a factory or on a farm." Explain their reasoning.

It was hard work either way and both were 12 hours a day and 6 days a week, if an adult could work then a child could work, children were viewed as little adults

What made Frederick Douglass "the best-known African American abolitionist"?

Learned to read, moved audiences to tears when he spoke of the hardships of slavery and the meaning of freedom, anti slavery newspaper (North Star)

Young women who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution

Lowell girls

How did technological advances affect people's lives?

Made lives easier, made everyday tasks more efficient, caused less farmers to be needed per farm

What did slave codes do for slave owners in a negative light?

Made white people view African Americans as lesser which psychologically messed them up

1800-1831, born a slave, very religious, believed he had visions from God, "The Prophet", escaped from slave owner but returned because of a vision, used natural occurrences to rile of his followers, lead one of the bloodiest slave rebellions in history, he was hanged and skinned when he was caught

Nat Turner

How did religious and ethnic diversity contribute to discrimination against immigrants and African Americans in the North?

Nativists thought that "Americans must rule America" and many wanted to reserve certain rights for native-born white citizens, some said immigrants were stealing jobs from Americans, "many distrusted the different languages, customs, and dress of the immigrants", there was a lot of discrimination against Irish immigrants because they were Roman Catholic and a lot of Americans were Protestant

How did communication systems impact the growth and development of the economy in the North?

News could travel long-distance in a matter of minutes, helped businesses thrive, changed the way goods were marketed nationally and internationally

Compare and contrast the factors that influenced slavery in the North and the South.

North: they weren't important to the economy, not very many slaves, many opposed it South: nearly 1 million slaves, they were vital to the economy

Were "free" African Americans truly free?

Not really because although they were not enslaved they still had no rights

What a the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or fact, while discrimination is acting on your pre-judgement

What is the connection between religion and slavery?

Quakers taught that it was a sin for one human to own another, "All people . . . were equal in the sight of God".

What was the effect of steam power on industrialization and urbanization?

Quicker travel, transport goods faster, helped us to win a large share of the world's sea trade in the 1840s and 1850s, expanded industry rapidly because factories could now be built anywhere, more cities sprang up around new factories

Why were Dorothea Dix's view of the "outsiders" in society so powerful?

She saw these people as human beings and not very many had considered this idea before

Why did slaves on Butler Island confide in Kemble?

She showed that she felt sympathy towards them, she was understanding, she had power because she was the slave owners wife, she was willing to help out, the knew that she took pity on them

How did the idea of free will influence the Second Great Awakening?

Since people started to think that they could gain salvation after death they started several reform movements to improve society so they could go to heaven

What were some ways the United States tried to control African Americans?

Slave codes (before Civil War), black codes (just after Civil War), Jim Crow laws (MLK jr's time)

How did you think the development of southern industry would have changed if enslaved workers were instead paid a wage?

Slavery might be gone and the South would not be entirely dependent on the North and they would be able to evolve more like the North ???

Why were many southerners without slaves against slavery?

Slavery was essential to southern economy, thought northerners were trying to destroy their way of life, they didn't want the north telling them what to do

How were whites in the North and South different?

South: the wealthiest were planters North: the wealthiest were capitalists

A machine developed in 1764 that could spin several threads at once

Spinning Jenny

How do you think many women felt about the rights they had in the mid-1800s?

There were some who felt that it was very unjust, and others who thought that it was just the way it had to be

Explain the argument against the imprisonment of debtors and why this argument is valid.

They couldn't pay back their debts while they were in jail; imprisoning a debtor won't help whoever the debt is owed to get their money back, it's a lose-lose situation

How did cotton "[shape] the way of life in the South"?

They were making a lot of money off of cotton so people in the south felt like they had no reason to switch their way of life to being more industrial

How did the cast-iron stove make lives better during the industrial revolution?

They were safer than having an open flame, they could be kept in your house, they could heat your house in the winter, but made it really hot in the summer

Why were household slaves often loyal to their masters?

They were treated better than the field workers and servitude to their masters was all they knew

Why were white southerners and slave owners against abolitionism?

Thought that if enslaved African Americans were treated well they would "love their master and serve him . . . faithfully", argues that enslaved African Americans were better off than northern factory workers, slaves were the source of their money

Why is it important for a Republic to have "educated citizens"?

To ensure that people make educated decisions about political views and who to vote for, to understand what's going on around them, to have a responsible community, so better jobs are available as a result of education