Unit 7 Zest

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

Which of the following theoretical perspectives supports the claim that an outgoing personality is a result of reinforcement?

Behavioral

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Experience of physiological changes

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Five-factor

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

Heart disease

Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?

Homeostasis

The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives?

Humanistic

Benito's father says that if Benito finishes his homework, they can go out for pizza. Benito, who hates doing homework, finishes quickly because he is excited to get pizza. The scenario can be best explained through which of the following?

Incentive theory

Regarding Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following criticisms would most likely be made by a person from a collectivist culture?

Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

Which of the following summarizes the Big Five theory of personality?

People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

Projection

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to

Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

Repression

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

Retrieval

Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.

Which of the following is most likely to occur if Sam has a high need for achievement?

Sam will persist in her efforts to accomplish moderately difficult tasks.

Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically motivated to write?

Savitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write

A researcher who considers top-down processing to be essential for understanding emotional experiences would most likely agree with which of the following theories?

Schachter two-factor

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

Schachter's two factor

Which of the following is true of a child with high self-efficacy regarding her ability to play soccer?

She feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal.

Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?

The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

The above graph is most closely associated with

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of personality based largely on

case studies of the patients he treated

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from

cognitive labels of physiological changes

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the

id

Aashna works at a florist's shop. She enjoys the work so much that she often comes in to work early or stays late, even though she does not get paid extra for doing so. Aashna's behavior is best explained by

intrinsic motivation

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

object permanence

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as

self-actualized

Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for

underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Drive theory

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

Obtaining food and water

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

Set-point theory

The drive-reduction theory of motivation can be used to account for which of the following?

The need to sleep after a period of sleep deprivation

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates

an internal locus of control

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

When a projective technique is used, a person could be asked to

look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them

Studies of the Big Five personality traits have revealed that

people show fairly high levels of stability in the traits from year to year

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of

projection

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high

self-efficacy

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

On a hike, Maria and Fred, who are strangers, are caught together in a severe thunderstorm with lightning all around them. Both are terrified. In this scenario, which of the following best illustrates an outcome predicted by the Schachter two-factor theory?

Both will misattribute their autonomic arousal for attraction to one another.

Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?

Choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying

According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the

ego

Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes