Unit 8

The cerebellum has been associated with __________ memories; the hippocampus has been associated with __________ memories. explicit; implicit episodic; semantic implicit; explicit semantic; episodic

implicit; explicit

When new information interferes with the ability to remember old information, __________ interference has taken place. proactive retrogressive retroactive progressive

retroactive

Most estimates of the time information can stay in the auditory sensory register put the duration at about __________. 30 seconds 1 minute 2 seconds 20 seconds

2 seconds

Working memory can contain information for up to __________ by many estimates. 2 minutes 5 minutes 30 seconds 15 seconds

30 seconds

Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when __________. recognition memory is faster than recall memory we lack retrieval cues to call up appropriate information from memory proactive interference is present, but not when retroactive interference is present damage to the hippocampus makes memory storage difficult

we lack retrieval cues to call up appropriate information from memory

In the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study, participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other __________. estimated the cars' speed as slower than those participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they bumped into each other often misremembered the color of the two cars were least likely to confabulate or show signs of source misattribution were more likely to mistakenly remember seeing broken glass at the scene than were participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they bumped into each other

were more likely to mistakenly remember seeing broken glass at the scene than were participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they bumped into each other

Which of the following is the best way to think about memory? It is like a kaleidoscope, with an overall image assembled from bits and fragments of information. It is like a strainer, where only the smallest pieces of information are retained. It is like an engraved metal plate, where information is carved for posterity. It is like a video camera, capturing information accurately until the video is deleted.

It is like a kaleidoscope, with an overall image assembled from bits and fragments of information.

__________ rehearsal involves the rote repetition of material, whereas __________ rehearsal involves associating new material with material that has already been learned. Recognition; retrieval Recall; retrieval Maintenance; elaborative Elaborative; maintenance

Maintenance; elaborative

How do hormone levels contribute to the retention of information? Low hormone levels are best for learning physical tasks; high hormone levels are best for learning cognitive tasks. Low hormone levels are optimal for learning new tasks. High hormone levels are optimal for learning new tasks. Moderate hormone levels are optimal for learning new tasks.

Moderate hormone levels are optimal for learning new tasks.

Heather is introduced to a group of people at a business meeting: Rich, Gina, Klaus, Liz, Holly, Ani, Alex, Robin, Keith, Dave, Paul, Ayanna, Joe, Ariel, and Jessica. According to the primacy effect, whose names should she remember the most easily? Liz, Alex, and Paul Rich, Gina, and Klaus Rich, Robin, and Jessica Joe, Ariel, and Jessica

Rich, Gina, and Klaus

Which of the following is not a compelling explanation for childhood amnesia? The prefrontal cortex is involved in memory formation and storage, but the prefrontal cortex takes years to develop. The amygdala and the hippocampus synchronize with one another to encode episodic memories, and both structures take approximately three years to develop to maturity. Children lack a well-developed self-schema and other cognitive schemas through which to interpret, categorize, and mentally "file" events that happen in their early years. Social conventions for encoding, reporting, and retrieving information take time to develop; young children lack the social development necessary for effective memory development.

The amygdala and the hippocampus synchronize with one another to encode episodic memories, and both structures take approximately three years to develop to maturity.

How does the concept of working memory differ from more classic views of short-term memory? The working-memory model addresses implicit forms of memory, whereas traditional models focus only on a hierarchy of retrieval cues. The working-memory model includes short-term memory storage and the active operations performed on information as it gets retrieved from long-term memory. The working-memory model uses a "leaky bucket" metaphor to describe short-term memory, whereas traditional notions think of it as a perforated box. The working-memory model places primary importance on the value of chunking; traditional views of short-term memory do not consider this type of operation.

The working-memory model includes short-term memory storage and the active operations performed on information as it gets retrieved from long-term memory.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true? They are stored in the cerebellum. They are particularly vivid only when an event is surprising. They are negatively correlated with glucose consumption. They illustrate the link between emotion and memory, even if they are not always perfectly accurate.

They illustrate the link between emotion and memory, even if they are not always perfectly accurate.

You are waiting in line at the hardware store when a man walks in holding a wrench. He begins yelling at the store clerk and threatening him before running out. The store supervisor wants to know if you can give a description of the man, asking you, "What was the man with the screwdriver wearing and how tall was he?" According to the results of previous research on leading questions, which of the following is the most likely outcome in this scenario? You will experience cue-dependent forgetting and will no longer be able to remember what happened in the hardware store. Your confusion about whether he was carrying a wrench or a screwdriver interferes with your ability to remember what the man was wearing and how tall he was. The severity of witnessing such a serious incident allows you to avoid the influence of the leading question and remember accurately that he was carrying a wrench. You come to believe that he was indeed carrying a screwdriver, your original memory having been replaced by the information in the leading question.

You come to believe that he was indeed carrying a screwdriver, your original memory having been replaced by the information in the leading question.

Confabulated memories __________. are the result of motivated lying on the part of the memory-holder decay swiftly over time, unlike actual memories, which decay slowly over time can be just as strong, vivid, and retained for long periods of time as actual memories are the result of motivated lying on the part of memory-implanters

can be just as strong, vivid, and retained for long periods of time as actual memories

Research on eyewitness memory suggests that __________. the older an eyewitness is, the more likely he or she is to be accurate cases in which the only evidence comes from a single eyewitness should be scrutinized carefully using critical thinking question wording is unrelated to eyewitness memory accuracy unlike memory for other events, memory for crimes is so important that errors are infrequent

cases in which the only evidence comes from a single eyewitness

The most appropriate unit for measuring the capacity of working memory is __________. individual pieces of information syllables words chunks

chunks

Phuong has heard many times about how, when she was three years old, she smashed both her hands into her chocolate birthday cake. It is a favorite family story, usually told whenever there is a gathering of relatives and especially at birthdays. One day Phuong is flipping through a scrapbook and finds photos of herself, clearly dated on her third birthday, with a strawberry cake in front of her. Photo after photo shows the cake being sliced and distributed, with nary a smudge on her hands nor any chocolate in sight. Which of the following phenomena best accounts for Phuong's false memory of her third birthday? source misattribution confabulation childhood amnesia repression

confabulation

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and relatively stable is called __________. priming potentiation retrieval consolidation

consolidation

Alan learned to play the entire Led Zeppelin catalog on the guitar when he was in high school—pretty much every song, for better or worse, with fairly good results. As time passed and he pursued other musical interests, he stopped playing those songs. Decades later, when trying to recall how to play one of those tunes, he found that he was thoroughly stumped, and could not even remember where to begin. What theory of forgetting would predict this kind of outcome? proactive interference repression mood-congruent forgetting decay

decay

Rollie is trying to learn a list of terms for his upcoming anatomy exam. "Small intestine," he reads. "My Uncle Bob has had trouble with his small intestine; 'Bob's small intestine.' 'Transverse colon' ... hmm, our neighbors are from the town of Colon, Panama, and they traversed their way here. 'Rectum'; I remember when we were kids, my little brother took my Hot Wheels cars and wrecked 'em." What information-processing strategy is Rollie using? deep processing automatic encoding maintenance rehearsal chunking

deep processing

Accurate __________ is the first step toward effective memory retention. distribution retrieval encoding storage

encoding

The three basic memory processes are __________, storage, and __________. encoding; retrieval sensory; short-term subtyping; distribution savings; recognition

encoding; retrieval

Which hormones, released by the adrenal glands, can enhance memory during appropriate circumstances? dopamine and serotonin glutamate and GABA acetylcholine and testosterone epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A kind of "memory filing cabinet," important for the formation and retrieval of memories that might be stored in various locations throughout the brain, is the __________. corpus callosum parietal lobe fissure of Rolando hippocampus

hippocampus

Alberta solved a crossword puzzle a few days ago. She no longer recalls the words in the puzzle, but while playing a game of Scrabble, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle, showing that she has __________ memories of some of the words. complicit implicit illicit explicit

implicit

Your memory of how to ice skate is an example of __________ memory. semantic implicit declarative working

implicit

Long-term potentiation is associated with __________. potassium-sodium ionization in dendritic cavities a decrease in receptors on certain receiving neurons increased responsiveness of certain receiving neurons to transmitting neurons decreased responsiveness of certain receiving neurons to interneurons

increased responsiveness of certain receiving neurons to transmitting neurons

The main challenge to the three-box model of memory articulated by the parallel distributed processing model is the suggestion that __________. retrieval can come after encoding and storage under some circumstances information does not always flow in sequence from one separate memory system to another priming can influence both explicit and implicit memory sometimes we have memories of which we are not even consciously aware

information does not always flow in sequence from one separate memory system to another

"Cells that fire together, wire together." This expression (not taken literally) might describe which process that takes place among hippocampal cells during learning and memory formation? bilateral continuity stochastic synchronization long-term potentiation refractory disinhibition

long-term potentiation

Jenny wants to remember the telephone number of the man she just met, so she repeats it over and over to keep it in short-term memory: 867-5309... 867-5309 ... 867-5309. What rehearsal strategy is Jenny using? effortful encoding maintenance rehearsal elaborative rehearsal deep processing

maintenance rehearsal

The inability to distinguish an actual memory from information gathered through other sources is called source __________. disruption consolidation misattribution confabulation

misattribution

Dominique seems to be a memory whiz. When asked how she can remember the colors of the visible spectrum, she tells you her friend ROY G BIV helps her out. When asked about geography, she tells you that she has several HOMES on the Great Lakes. Dominique's memory success sounds like it is due to her effective use of __________. recognition short-term memory mnemonics recall

mnemonics

Which of the following is a contemporary challenge to the three-box model of memory? Ebbinghaus-Bartlett theory mind-as-sieve hypothesis parallel distributed processing model information-processing model

parallel distributed processing model

The high/medium/low tone used in Sperling's (1960) studies of sensory memory allowed the researcher to demonstrate that __________. recognition tasks are easier and better assessments of memory performance than are tasks that require recall participants encoded all the stimuli they saw but could only report on three or four items before the others faded from memory memory for music is better than memory for visual stimuli participants encode letters more quickly than numbers

participants encoded all the stimuli they saw but could only report on three or four items before the others faded from memory

The ability to retrieve information from memory and reproduce it is called __________. recognition priming recall implicit memory

recall

Under most circumstances, which is an easier memory-retrieval task to perform? recall encoding recognition rehearsal

recognition

Information will rapidly fade from working memory unless we engage in __________. potentiality retrieval rehearsal parallel distributed processing

rehearsal

The proposed mechanism that produces traumatic amnesia is __________; like the concept of traumatic amnesia itself, this mechanism is also controversial. priming consolidation retrieval repression

repression

Carly remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Shannon remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was nine years old. Carly is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Shannon is demonstrating __________ memory. implicit; semantic semantic; implicit episodic; semantic semantic; episodic

semantic; episodic

The three memory systems in the three-box model of memory are __________, __________, and long-term memory. encoding; distribution sensory register; recognition sensation; recall sensory register; working memory

sensory register; working memory

Gina fondly remembers seeing her favorite band, the Monkees, in concert several decades ago. She was such a fan she collected newspaper clippings about the group, swapped stories with other fans about concerts they had been to, and watched the band whenever it performed on television. As time passed, it occurred to Gina that she had a hard time distinguishing her personal memories of a particular concert from other information she had accumulated over the years. Gina is falling prey to __________. long-term potentiation priming consolidation source misattribution

source misattribution

Which of these notions would be greeted with the most skepticism by psychological scientists? traumatic amnesia retroactive interference mood-congruent memory psychogenic amnesia

traumatic amnesia

The __________ holds images for a fraction of a second. leaky bucket working memory auditory sensory register visual sensory register

visual sensory register

During the late 1800s, Hermann Ebbinghaus memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (such as gek, bof, or jeh) and tested his recall over varying time delays. According to his results, when did the greatest amount of forgetting occur? after one month had elapsed since the initial learning took place within the first two days after the initial learning took place after three weeks had elapsed since the initial learning took place after one week had elapsed since the initial learning took place

within the first two days after the initial learning took place