unit 8

robert rescorla's "contingency model" of classical conditioning states that

conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

homeostasis

immediately after firing a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation, just like in the sexual response cycle

the absolute refractory phrase

When the word "walk" is changed to "walked," the suffix "ed" is an example of a

morpheme

the results of stanely milgrams studies on obedience suggest that socially, people are motivated in which way

most people will obey perceived authority figures' instructions to harm others

of the following, which theory of motivation emphasizes the urge for optimal level of stimulation

arousal

After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the following?

sensory adaptation

The experience of an emotion, as described by the James-Lange theory, would follow which order?

stimulus, arousal, emotion

research suggests that ability to cope with stress in everyday situations is closely related to a person's

ability to predict, anticipate, and feel in control of potential stressors

When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called

an algorithm

the schachter-singer theory of emotion includes a component not discussed in the hames-lange theory. what is this component?

cognitive labeling

which of the following is reduced during a "flight-or-fight" reaction?

digestion

incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

an animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

according to social learning theory aggression is the result of

modeling

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

which of the following is a hormone that is most directly related to human sex drive

testosterone

which of the following findings about emotions is well-supported by research?

there are several universal emotions

in Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of auto accidents, the major influence on recall was the

wording of the question the students were asked about the accident

which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?

Dopamine

metabolic activity in different areas of the brain can best be visualized by means of

PET scan

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

alarm reaction

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

amygdala

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

attention

The news of a plane crash causes a couple to cancel their plane reservation and drive 1,000 miles in their car instead, even though they know that fatal automobile accidents are much more common than airplane accidents. The couple's decision mainly involves

availability heuristic

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

because it is his job to be courteous to customers, mark smiled at passengers frequently

psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control:

cognitive

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

drive reduction

which of the following theories suggest that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

drive-reduction

which of the following is the phrase of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome wherein individuals are most vulnerable to illness, collapse, and even death

exhaustion

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

iconic

which of the following lends the most support to the view that early explorers undertook their explorations to gain wealth and fame?

incentive theorists

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief?

latent learning

a basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is

limited in capacity

It is well-established that certain aut- nomic responses, such as heart rate/ perspiration/respiration, change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic respon- ses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a fool- proof approach to lie detection. Which state- ment best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in batesting of job applicants?

physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions

people who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar info learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

when give a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory best explains these results?

schachter-singer

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

socio-cultural "display rules"

which of the following statements is supported by research on homosexuality?

studies of twins have shown genetic predisposition to homosexuality

According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between linguistic structures?

surface to deep

the process of remembering several pieces of into by mentally associating an image of each with different location is a mnemonic known as

the meth of loci

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

the over justification effect

according to david mcclelland, which of the following is true of individuals who have a strong need for achievement

they seek out tasks that are moderately difficult

stanely schachters explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physical arousal

which of the following is an example of discrimination learning?

a dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone

which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal

which of the following increases the chances that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?

rehearsal