UNIT 8
civil rights in 60as
Civil rights had few victories in the 1940s and 50s In the 60s, devotees engaged in a fresh movement to claim the rights promised.
clear air act
Clean air act in 1963: controlling air pollution in national scale.
Gi bill
1950s economy was at an all time high Massive federal spending ex: interstate highway system. Servicemen's readjustment act (gi bill) veteran was able to go to college and to take out small interest loans for houses and business
MLK Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1963 MLK and Southern Christian Leadership Conference Launched another major campaign in Montgomery Alabama to end discrimination. Gathered for peaceful protest Bull connor city policies used high pressure fire hoses along with police dogs and police brutality Both to adults and childrens in the children's crusade Footage of these brutal tactics consumed the public and the protesters found themselves sympathy. Washignoton march. Went a long way for congress change
gay liberation
1969 raid on a New York bar on the Stonewall inn. Caused because of illegal gathering by anti gay laws. Was special because of Spontaneous resistance led to multiple organized protests for expansion of gay rights. 1970s: homosexutlay was chagned from mental illness to legimat sexual orentation.
EPA
1970: Richard Nixon made the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) manage pollution control programs including pesticides, oversee the regulation of industries that polluted, etc. Result of a year earlier was the Cuyahoga river in Ohio being on fire due to polluting factors upstream. 14 times on fire.
equal rights act (ERA)
Almost achievements Big push to add an equal rights amendment that would discrimination on the basis of sex. Saw that laws could be overturned and pushed for amendment Led by phyllis schafly and fell short on votes. Schafly started STOP ERA (stop taking our privileges). Era would take away certain privileges that women enjoyed like dependent wife benefits for social security, separate bathrooms for men and women and expectations from drafts. Because of her efforts, votes fell short.
advertising
Advertising: middle class and more disposable income. More advertisements exploited emotional needs rather than survival needs. Need for belonging and status. Want over need. Problem of having more products than anyone could afford. The use of credit cards was widespread. Buy more than people could afford.
montgomery bus boycott
Alabama public transportation was segregated by state law and company policy Refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat to a white. Sparked the bus boycott in the city for a year. Due to financial pressure, the bus company ended the policy.
anti -war
Anti-war: Johnson kept on his escalation policy, and sugar coated the war, but the war was being televised and the Americans saw the horror of war. Reporters sent the actual report of the bloodbath and the struggle of process Credibility gap: the president was lying about the progress of the war
Arkansa Little Rock nine
Arkansas orval faubus called in the national guard to prohibit them from entering school. These students began little rock nine. As a response, eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students as they entered school
brown v board
Banned racial segregation in education. Segregation violated the 14th amendment that granted all citizens equal protection under the law. Overturned plessy v ferguson. Schools will be integrated. But would resist the decisions with great fury and their congress representative wrote out their arguments in the southern manifesto. Argued that the supreme court had engaged in gross abuse of power. In the brown case. In order to maintain their rights some southern schools shut schools down. Would stall their integration Much opposition to civil rights made small gains. In the 40s and 50s
people challenging the cultural conformity
Beatniks: group of poets who rebelled against he conformity of the age Ex: jack kerouac. "On the road" is a long series of consciousness type poems that rejected standard poetical meter for a free-form style. Championed the life of spontaneity and freedom and truthful living JD salinger: catcher in the rye. Distaste for phonies and it was some of the mass cultural conformity.
Berlin and the Berlin airlift
Because berlin was deep in soviet territory and kept west berlin alive with the hope of democracy, stalin enacted the berlin blockade. Blockage of roads and canals Did this absorb berlin as communist Berlin airlift to carry supplies into berlin. Prevented the Soviet Union from taking berlin.
counterculture
Changed the perspective on sexual expression. Widespread use of birth control and antibiotics to treat stds. Effect of making casual sex of multiple partners the norm. Wanted to have control over their bodies. Roe v Wade in 1973. This decision decided that states could have abortion because of their privacy law. cast off social restraint and overturn cultural norms with rebellious styles of clothes and experimental drugs. ]
government respond for black rights
Civil rights act 1964: made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal Voting rights 1965: Prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth by outlawing literacy tests and poll taxes: voting rights act. Led to authorization of federal oversee in counties with low black voter turnout
college students rebelling
College students cared because once they graduated, they would be drafted and many anti war demonstrations incurred. Deadly outcome Kent state massacre in 1970. Some vandalism occurred, national guard were being harassed and open fired on students
John birch society
Conservative opposed communism and advocated for limited government. Opposed the government to put fluoride into the water supply because of mass medicine designed to keep us subservient. Conspiracy theories
containment and Truman doctrine
Containment: containment of communism Truman doctrine: advocated containment of communism by lending support to any country that was trained by soviet communism.d Result because of soviet pressure on turkey and greece to accommodate soviet goals. congress agreed to spend 400 million dollars in economic aid and military support to fend off the soviets in both of those places Marshall plan: george marshall. Allocated 13 billion for European nations to rebuild. As countries were struggling to rebuild, the communist seemed to have a good plan to support them. Rationale was that wealthier countries would lean towards democracies.
JFK and vietnam
Contaminated by JKF. Sent 16,000 troops not to fight, but support.
decolonization
Decolonization post world war II. Most of the major empires began to crumble in Asia and africa. Wave of decolonization was possible for the USSR and the us. All of these early countries that threw off their imperial rule and established some form of self governance began with unstable governments, political and economic institutions. Desirable and valuable asset in the conflicts between the US and soviet.
vietnam
Divided in the 17th parallel until elections North by ho chi minh and south democrat Billion economic aid to stabilize the southern economy Domino theory: if south vietnam fell, it would be a domino that fell every other country in the region.
Korean War
Divided the 38th parallel. In 1950, North Korea invaded with Soviet weapons. Macaurth pushed Un troops to the north, and the Chinese pushed them back. Direct result of truman's containment policy
Ms Magazine by gloria steiman
Ix of the education amendments of 1972. Section banned discrimination the basis of gender to education. Big impact on securing funding for women sports team
Middle East and oil
Ex: US intervention in cuba. Fidel Castro overthrew the government and became communist. In our backyards. Greenlighted the training of insurgents to overthrow the government. Bay of pigs invasion, failed. Led to more alienation of the US from Cuba and the further communist embrace of cuba. Led to the Cuban missile crisis. Technology was good for a nuclear weapon to be delivered from cuba. Increased tension as Americans wondered if they were going to die for the next couple of weeks. However, we had stockpiled missiles in turkey.
decolonization: cuba
Ex: US intervention in cuba. Fidel Castro overthrew the government and became communist. In our backyards. Greenlighted the training of insurgents to overthrow the government. Bay of pigs invasion, failed. Led to more alienation of the US from Cuba and the further communist embrace of cuba. Led to the Cuban missile crisis. Technology was good for a nuclear weapon to be delivered from cuba. Increased tension as Americans wondered if they were going to die for the next couple of weeks. However, we had stockpiled missiles in turkey.
decolonization Guatemala:
Ex: guatemala: 1954: United States led a coup to overthrow a socialist government that was encroaching on US business interests. Jacob arbenz, the leader, who was elected for lear in 1951, was a bit to socialist for the american and began to nationalize some of the land on which american united fruit company grew their bananas. His intent was to nationalize the land not under cultivation and distribute to impoverished Guatemalans and even offered to buy the land from the company but they refused. Cia trained insurgents to overthrow and establish military dictatorship rule
democratic congressional and lbjs great society
Extension of FDR's new deal Abolish poverty mirrored limit state government Johnson had a democratic congressional that gave him a blank check.
warren courts
Gideon v Wainwright (1963): ruled if person is impoverished and afford their own attorney, the state must provide Griswold V connecticut (1965): ruled that laws which forbade the use of birth control were unconstitutional Engel V Vitale (1962): previously, teachers would start class with a state mandated religious prayer. Deemed unconstitutional as it violated first amendment provision for separation of church and state Baker v Carr (1962): decided states must redraw their legislative districts so that they more accurately uphold voting rights. Most districts had not changed their lines, so districts that grew in population had lopsided voting value. Johnson's ideology that societal wrongs and fixed by government interception was at its high point along with warren court
gulf of Tonkin incident
Gulf of Tonkin incident: North Vietnamese fired on the navy, but only there was for support. Johnson argued and persuaded for the Gulf of Tonkin resolution that gave him a blank check. NOT A DECLARATION OF WAR, ONLY A CONGRESS CAN DECLARE WAR, ONLY SUPPORT THAT GAVE THE EXECUTIVE TO PROTECT SOUTH VIETNAM. Led to military engagement: the executive power abused its power of using foreign policy on military action apart from congressional approval. Led to debate.
hippie
Hippie: san francisco: haight ashbury district. Hippies gathered into a kind of communal living based on counterculture ideals. Lsd and marijuan was the base of hippies. Sexual revolution: increasing casual sexualtion with multiple partners. Prized informality. Bob dylan was example of informality Woodstock music festival: 400000 listened to music. 70s counterculture fizzled out because of abusement of drugs
immigration in the great society
Immigration and nationality act of 1952:Abolished immigration quotas: provided new opportunities for america-seeking immigrants
medicaid
Johnson expanded to medicare that federally funded health insurance for people over 65 Medicaid: provided federally health insurance for those in poverty
Watts riots, race riots
In the summer of 1965 the arrest of a black motorist in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles led to a six-day riot that resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings.
tet offensive
Inflicted heavy casualties on americans, and they countered by inflicting even more casualties on the vietcong Johnson and his staff requested 200,000 more troops. Advisors turned against him and said no. Richard nixon would later come and escalate the war
Betty fridan Feminien Mystique
Interviews with suburban housewives were boring and imprisonment. Beholden to the needs of families over personal means. Women were not free because of societal norms, did not want to get jobs, or be educated, or be engaged in politics, but were unable to express these opinions in public without facing ridicule.
liberalism
Liberalism: a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise. Golden age: liberals were unified by anti-communism abroad and vigorous government intervention was necessary.
mass culture after 1945
Mass culture widespread set of ideas and patterns of behavior to which many Americans followed. Pressure to conform was from Mccarthyism. Societal pressure to be a predictable of american and not be labeled as a non conformist (suspicion of a communist)
mccarthyism
Mccarthy and mccarthyism Claimed to have 205 known communist that had infiltrated the state department. Effect of making american society look like they were crawling with secret communis. Later said 57. The Senate held a meeting to give McCarthy the chance to show that he had not a conspiracy theory. He was unable and was censured.
Malcom x
Militant Malcolm X taught that integration with white society like the king said was not the way to freedom. Freedom was through separatism and militarism. Counter violence with violence. Black militant groups like black panthers through violence for black rights if necessary
NATO
Military alliance in order to resist any aggressive actions of the ussr. Ussr formed the Warsaw pact for communist nations of eastern europe.
military-industrial complex
Military industrial complex Warning about the relation between military and our industrial capacity which had been making munition for the arms race and the military interventions global. Military production so closely tied to our industrial capacity, it would be tempting to making policy decisions namely policy decision about military interventions based on the material interest of those who produce the weaponry
national organization for women
National organization for women (now) secure equal opportunity and equal pay for women
Office of Economic Opportunity
Office of economic opportunity: implemented self help program that gave literacy and vocational training Had limited success because the poverty was more impactful than johnson had anticipated Most federal dollars went to vietnam that limited funding to improvement
oil and the Middle East
Oil producing countries formed the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) in order to better control the prices of oil. In 1973, cut down on oil exports to America and raised prices on oil. Fuel prices rose in the us and significant oil shortages Wake up call that they were dependent on oil with a volatile country. Led to new conversation of energy and alternative energy Led to things like nuclear energy Uranium was cheap and abundant.
mass culture from television
Other reasons included television. The widespread communication technology provided a platform for the consumption of mass culture television. Dominated a few networks like sitcoms, sports and operas. Ex: leave it to beaver (suburban sitcoms) presented ideal american families complete with a working dad, housewife and children. Popular
latinos
Payed less Cesar Chavez created united farm workers in 1962. Boycott of grapes that led to increase in pay wages.
nuclear proliferation: arms race
Soviet infiltration in American intelligence, USSR began testing bombs in 49. Truman ordered the development of a more powerful hydrogen bomb which was completed and tested in 52 The next year ussr tested their bombs Stockpiling of nuclear bomb and racing to have better technology increased the possibility that the world would get blown up Would stockpile but never could use them due to mutual assured destruction Proxy wars began.
post ww2 for Europe
Post wwII: allies said the European countries (central and eastern) would hold free elections. But Stalin decided he'd keep troops in the countries after the war and create the buffer zone between Russia and germany. (because in both world wars, germany did heavy damage to russia) But not the agreement. The Soviet turned countries into satellite states, the US saw this as a flagrant violation of their agreement. For the right of self determination and democratic governments
2nd red scare
Push to root communism out in domestic policies Labor unions and the federal government require people to pledge loyalty to the us and swear they were not communist Taft Hartley Act of 1947: in response to a massive wave of union strikes that made it harder to strike. Pledge they were not members of the communist part
American indian movement
Reclaim their heritage and tribal traditions that have been lost to american acceleration achieved self determination nd address the system poverty shared. Occupation of Alcatraz island: by the 1960s, America abandoned the island. The treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) so in 1968m several dozen activists occupied the island. Lasted for 19 months and ended when the federal government made it very hard for the Indians to live there. Symbolic cornerstone which led to the self determination act of 1975 which gave them more control over their lands, the education and their law enforcement.
bakke v the university of California
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke is a 1978 Supreme Court case which held that a university's admissions criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
rock n roll
Rock n roll had a huge impact on the younger generation vs the older Black community like chuck berry And whites in elvis presley
Step by step escalation
Step by step escalation: the idea was that vietcong was primitive and if america was a bit more pressure it was defeat them Lead to a slippery slope. Dying on mass without a clear cause. Compared to ww2: totalitarianism and dictators. We sent thousands to get killed for contaminated of communism without a declaration of war
baby boom
Suburbs. More people wanted to live in suburbs to use cars to commute to work inside the city. Urban sprawl Often left behind are minorities and impoverished. Levittown: built by william J levin. Built suburbs of mass produced low cost homes outside major cities. Originally in New York even though people said it was monotonous, these homes provided a low cost solution to the housing demand. Many could move due to the Interstate highway act: 1956, created fast moving highways that gave people the occasion to travel quickly from suburbs to urban areas.
three mille incident
Three mile islands melted down and tons of radiative was pumped into the environmental. These accidents put fear into american minds of nuclear energy. This gave steam to environmental movements. Rachel carson's 1962 the silent spring that explained how modern society was in effect posing the earth especially with DDT pesticides in modern agriculture.
migration to the sun belt states
Tired of the cold winters in north Newly minted highway system that made interstate migration far easier Mainly from gis and their families seeking opportunities in the defense industry Big economic effect. In the middle of the cold war and arms race. This led to defense spending shifting to the sun belt states and created occasion for a shift of political power from the northeast to the midwest to the south and the west
trumn and civil rights
Truman was an early supporter and issued executive order 9981 which banned segregation in the US armed forces. Did Not enforce it two years later in the Korean war. At the end of the day, was a politician, fearing if he went too far, he'd lose support of the southern members of the democratic party. Idea was given by the committee on civil rights created by Truman in 1946 and was tasked with examining the real conditions of civil rights. And giving recommendations on solutions. Recommend the desegregation of the armed forces and abolishment of poll taxes and encouraged federal protection against lynching. 1962 24th amendment that abolished poll tax.
Un American Activités Committee
Un American activities committee (HUAC): which began in search for communist influence in American society most notably in hollywood. Anti Communist representatives feared that the film industry as a place where communist could spread their message. Hollywood ten: would testify to their obvious filthy communis. Refused to go and were held in contempt and earned them short prison time and blacklisted from hollywood
rosenburg
When the Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb, Americans said there was no way they could have developed without stealing plans. The couple of julius and ethel rosenberg was accused of being involved in the espionage and resulted in stolen plans. They were members of communist party Executed in 1953. At least Julius was a Soviet spy proved later.
germany post ww2 and Berlin
Would be occupied into 4 zones. Divided Berlin too. Zones would be a temporary peacetime necessity but the eastern section turned into communism. The Soviet Union wanted Germany weak so they could pose less of a threat. Allies wanted to revitalize Germany because it was a key to a stable central europe. Significant political and ideology division throughout europ
Young American for freedoms Students for a democratic society
Young american for freedom (YAF) supported vietnam for the containment (right) Left included students for a democratic society (SDS) Port huron statement which stressed participatory democracy and direct government action
sit in movements
Younger men sat at restaurants for whites and demanded service. Met with mass arrests. Front pages of national newspapers and increased the pressure and eventually led restaurants to change their policies.
Federal employee loyalty and security program
executive order from turn based that federal employees had to sweat not communist or fascist. (1947). Federal investigation of political affiliation of federal workers.
