Unit 9: Chemistry
The rules for naming alkynes are the same as the rules for naming alkenes, except that the prefix _____ is added to the root.
-yne
The following is the third and last procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons
Add the position number to each alkyl group.
__________ is an addition reaction in which two halogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide containing two halogens
Halogenation
____________ is an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alcohol molecule.
Hydration
____________ is an addition reaction in which hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to increase its saturation
Hydrogenation
______________ is an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from a hydrogen halide are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide.
Hydrohalogenation
The following is the second procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Identify the alkyl groups and arrange their names in alphabetical order in front of the name of the parent chain.
____________ is the relationship between two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations. In other words, two compounds may have the same number and type of atoms, but the atoms may be arranged differently.
Isomerism
________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group is substituted for a carbon group in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain
Ketone
The following is the first procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Locate the parent chain (longest continuous chain of carbon atoms) and number the carbon atoms.
carbonyl functional group
a substituent group, consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double covalent bond, which gives the chemical and physical properties to aldehydes, esters, ketones, and other substituted hydrocarbon
carboxyl functional group
a substituent group, consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group, which gives the chemical and physical properties to carboxylic acids
amino functional group
a substituent group, consisting of a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms that gives the chemical and physical properties to amines
hydroxyl functional group
a substituent group, consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom, which provides the chemical and physical properties for alcohols
ether functional group
a substituent group, consisting of an oxygen atom, which gives the chemical and physical properties to an ether
molecular formula
a symbolic representation of a molecule that uses element symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound and can also indicate the arrangement of atoms, especially substituent groups, in a molecule of that compound
A(n) __________ polymer is a polymer that is produced by addition reactions between monomers so that covalent bonds are rearranged without the loss of atoms.
addition
A(n) ___________ reaction is an organic chemical reaction in which two parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule to increase the saturation of that molecule.
addition
Hydrogenation, hydration, halogenation, and hydrohalogenation are all examples of __________ reactions
addition
To increase the saturation of an organic molecule, a(n) __________ reaction will cause multiple bonds to convert to single bonds.
addition
A class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more hydroxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon is ___________.
alcohol
Name the organic compound with the general formula R-OH and name its functional group
alcohol, hydroxyl
Ethers are more volatile and have lower boiling points than __________.
alcohols
An alkene with two double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.
alkadiene
A saturated hydrocarbon that uses only single covalent bonding is called a(n) ______.
alkane
An alkene with three double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.
alkatriene
A(n) __________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
alkene
A substituent group that consists of an alkane molecule from which one hydrogen atom has been removed is called a(n) ___________ group.
alkyl
Name the organic compound with the general formula R--"X and name its functional group:
alkyl halide, halogen
A(n) _____ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
alkyne
A(n) _____________ is different from an alkene because it contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
alkyne
A(n) _________ functional group is a substituent group, consisting of a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, which gives amines their chemical and physical properties. Amines are formed when one hydrogen atom of an ammonia molecule is replaced with a hydrocarbon
amino
Amines are very important to biochemistry, since they form such vital compounds as _______ acids
amino
hydrohalogenation
an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from a hydrogen halide are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide
hydration
an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alcohol molecule
hydrogenation
an addition reaction in which hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to increase its saturation
halogenation
an addition reaction in which two halogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide containing two halogens
alkatriene
an alkene with three double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds
alkadiene
an alkene with two double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds
substituent group
an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom or a carbon group in an organic compound
substitution reaction
an organic chemical reaction in which an atom or carbon group in a molecule of one organic compound is replaced with another atom or functional group to create a new compound
addition reaction
an organic chemical reaction in which two parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule to increase the saturation of that molecule
elimination reaction
an organic reaction in which atoms or functional groups are removed from adjacent carbon groups of a molecule, and which results in the production of a small molecule, such as water, as a by-product
condensation reaction
an organic reaction in which two molecules or parts of molecules are combined
straight-chain alkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches and which includes at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond
alkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds
alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds
cycloalkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon that has a cyclic molecular structure and at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond
isomer
any one of several compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations
A(n) _______________ hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use only single covalent bonds and each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms
saturated
A(n) ___________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches and which includes at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond
straight-chain
A(n) ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches.
straight-chain
An atom or groups that replaces a hydrogen atom or carbon group in an organic compound is called a(n) ___________ group.
substituent
Organic compounds that consist of hydrocarbons to which one or more functional groups have been substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms or carbon groups are called _________________ hydrocarbons.
substituted
A(n) __________ reaction is an organic chemical reaction in which an atom or carbon group in a molecule of one organic compound is replaced with another atom or functional group to create a new compound.
substitution
In a/an ____ reaction, a more electronegative atom replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule.
substitution
catenation
the bonding together of atoms of the same element to form covalently bonded chains or rings
organic chemistry
the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds
Alkanes with slightly larger molecules, such as pentane and octane, exist as flammable liquids at room temperature
yes
Alkanes with small molecules have very weak London dispersion forces between them and are flammable gases at room temperature.
yes
Large molecules have the greatest London dispersion forces and are flammable solids.
yes
Most alkanes have low reactivity
yes
The German chemist, __________, disproved the thought that all organic compounds could be produced only by living organisms.
Friedrich Wöhler
Carbon may be in isomeric compounds that have the same ______ formula but different ______ formulas or spatial orientations
chemical structural
If both carbon groups of an alkene are oriented on the same side of a double bond, they are ____ isomers.
cis
A(n) ______________ isomer is one of a pair of isomers in which the atoms of the two molecules are arranged in the same order but with different spatial orientations.
cis-trans
The two types of isomers are:
cis-trans structural
A condensation polymer is a polymer that is produced by __________ reactions that link monomers together and release small molecules, such as water, as by-products
condensation
A(n) __________ reaction is an organic reaction in which two molecules or parts of molecules are combined
condensation
A(n) ____________________ is a saturated hydrocarbon with a cyclic molecular structure.
cycloalkane
A(n) _____________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that has a cyclic molecular structure and at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond
cycloalkene
Electrons that divide their time evenly among all the carbon atoms of a benzene molecule are said to be ________.
delocalized
Some ways to reduce the amount of polymer waste can be:
develop cheap biodegradable polymers that decompose into their component elements cut down on the amount of polymers we use recycle household plastics into useful products
aldehyde
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to a hydrogen atom is substituted for a carbon group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
ester
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to an oxygen atom join two alkyl groups
ketone
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group is substituted for a carbon group in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain
amine
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more amino functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain
carboxylic acid
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more carboxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain
alkyl halide
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon
alcohol
a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more hydroxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon
ether
a class of organic compounds formed when two alkyl groups are joined together by an ether functional group
hydrocarbon
a class of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
unsaturated hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use multiple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds or resonant bonding, as well as single covalent bonds
saturated hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use only single covalent bonds and each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms
polymer
a large molecule made of many smaller units joined together by addition or condensation reactions
addition polymer
a polymer that is produced by addition reactions between monomers so that covalent bonds are rearranged without the loss of atoms
condensation polymer
a polymer that is produced by condensation reactions that link monomers together and release small molecules, such as water, as by-products
by-product
a product made as a result of making another product
straight-chain alkane
a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches
cycloalkane
a saturated hydrocarbon that has a cyclic molecular structure
alkane
a saturated hydrocarbon that uses only single covalent bonding
branched-chain alkane
a saturated hydrocarbon with one or more substituent groups that branch off from the straight chain
alkyl group
a substituent group that consists of an alkane molecule from which one hydrogen atom has been removed
functional group
a substituent group that defines the properties of an organic compound
The type of covalent bonding between carbon atoms in an aromatic hydrocarbon is called ____ bonding.
resonance
Carbon forms covalent bonds with many elements but based on the information in the lesson, it probably would NOT easily bond with:
cesium
Ether is a class of organic compounds formed when two alkyl groups are joined together by a(n) _______ functional group (oxygen atom)
Ether
_____ halide is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.
Alkyl
_________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more amino functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain
Amine
_____________ hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 6-sided resonance structures called benzene rings
Aromatic
____________ acid is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more carboxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain.
Carboxylic
______________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to a hydrogen atom is substituted for a carbon group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
Carboxylic acid
_________ of carbon atoms will cause alkenes to be oriented in a linear arrangement, even though a double bond is involved.
Catenation
________________ is the bonding together of atoms of the same element to form covalently bonded chains or rings.
Catenation
What is the general formula that shows the mathematical relationship between atoms in a straight-chain alkene?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for a straight-chain alkyne?
CnH2n-2
Which of the following are organic compounds?
DNA carbohydrates oil
Which is NOT a good way to reduce polymer waste?
Dispose of polymers directly into landfills. Find polymers that can substitute for our biodegradable natural materials.
__________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to an oxygen atom joins two alkyl groups.
Ester
Some of the condensation polymers are:
PET nylon
These are all addition polymers
PVC PP HDPE PEX PS LDPE
_____________ is the process of linking monomers together to form a polymer.
Polymerization
Which is NOT a good way to reduce polymer waste? Select all that apply
Use and dispose of polymers directly into landfills. Outlaw the use of plastics.
Alkenes have relatively low melting points and ________ points.
boiling
A ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon with one or more substituent groups that branch off from the straight chain.
branched-chain
A(n) _____________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds and one or more substituent groups that branch off from the parent chain
branched-chained
A(n) _____________ is a product made as a result of making another product
by-product
Both condensation and elimination reactions produce a(n) ____________ in the form of a small molecule such as water
by-product
There are three groups that contain carbon but are not organic compounds:
carbides carbonates carbon oxides
All organic compounds contain the element ___________.
carbon
The general formula CnH2n+2, allows us to find the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane given the number of _________ atoms.
carbon
A(n) ________ functional group is a substituent group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double covalent bond, which gives the chemical and physical properties to aldehydes, esters, ketones, and other substituted hydrocarbons.
carbonyl
The difference between an aldehyde and a ketone is the location of the ____ group
carbonyl
A(n) __________ functional group is a substituent group consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom that has been replaced with a hydroxyl group (-OH), which gives carboxylic acids their chemical and physical properties.
carboxyl
Because of their ____ bonds, alkenes are slightly more reactive than alkanes.
double
Because of its _______, an alkene can have isomers that are identical except for the spatial arrangement of their carbon groups or substituent groups
double bond(s)
monomer
each of the individual repeating units that make up a polymer
Both chemical and molecular formulas use ______ symbols and, _____ to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially ______ groups, in a molecule
element subscripts substituent
A(n) ___________ reaction can be used to turn a nonreactive saturated molecule into a more reactive unsaturated organic molecule.
elimination
A(n) ____________ reaction is an organic reaction in which atoms or functional groups are removed from adjacent carbon groups of a molecule, and which results in the production of a small molecule, such as water.
elimination
Dehydrogenation, dehydration, and dehalogenation are all examples of __________ reactions.
elimination
A cycloalkane molecule has 3 less hydrogen atoms because it has no ends for the hydrogen atoms to bond with
false
A cyclobutane molecule has a triangular shape.
false
Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and higher melting points, as well as higher densities, because their London dispersion forces are weaker than the intermolecular forces in their corresponding straight-chained alkanes.
false
in straight-chain and branched-chain alkenes, numbering of carbon atoms begins at the end farthest from the double covalent bond
false
A(n) ___________ group is a substituent group that defines the physical and chemical properties of an organic compound.
functional
An ether ____________ group is a substituent group consisting of an oxygen atom, which gives an ether its chemical and physical properties.
functional
Cis-trans isomers are also called _____ isomers because their isomerism is based on the spatial orientations of the atoms in the molecule.
geometric
The functional group of an alkyl halide is a(n) ____________ atom.
halogen
A class of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) ____________.
hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of ___________ molecules that a molecule with that number of carbon atoms can hold
hydrogen
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol forms ____________ bonds with water molecules, which is why ethanol and water are completely miscible (one dissolves in the other in any proportion).
hydrogen
A(n) ____________ functional group is a substituent group, consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom, which provides the chemical and physical properties for alcohols.
hydroxyl
Alcohol is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more __________ functional groups are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon
hydroxyl
Which is NOT one of the reasons that carbon forms so many compounds?
ionic bonding
A structural ____________ is one of several isomers in which the atoms of each molecule are arranged in a different structural order.
isomer
A(n)____________ is one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations
isomer
Alkenes can be _____, ______, or gases, depending on the size of the molecule
liquids solids
A(n) ____________ formula, like a chemical formula, is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound that uses element symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially substituent groups, in a molecule.
molecular
Catenation allows carbon atoms to form three types of organic molecular structures, including _______________ structures, _____________ structures, and _____________ structures, or cyclic structures.
ring straight-chain branched-chain
Each of the individual repeating units that make up a polymer is a ______
monomer
Alkanes have low melting points and high boiling points
no
They are soluble in water because they are nonpolar
no
Alkenes are ___________, so they do not dissolve in water.
nonpolar
These are examples of condensation polymers:
nylon polyester fibers PET
Cis is Latin _____ for _____ while trans means .
on the same side on the other side
Simple alkenes contain ________ double covalent bond
one
cis-trans isomer
one of a pair of isomers in which the atoms of the two molecules are arranged in the same order but with a different spatial orientation
structural isomer
one of several isomers in which the atoms of each molecule are arranged in a different structural order
The branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds is called __________ chemistry.
organic
substituted hydrocarbons
organic compounds that consist of hydrocarbons to which one or more functional groups have been substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms or carbon groups
The _____________ is the straight chain of a branched-chain hydrocarbon molecule.
parent chain
A _________ is a large molecule made of many smaller units joined together by addition or condensation reactions
polymer
polymerization
the process of linking monomers together to form a polymer
isomerism
the relationship between two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations
parent chain
the straight-chain portion of a branched-chain hydrocarbon molecule
When one carbon group is oriented above the double bond and the other one is oriented below an alkene's double bond, it is a(n) _________ isomer.
trans
A cyclopentane molecule has a pentagon shape.
true
Cycloalkanes are ring-shaped molecules.
true
Cycloalkanes can form branched structures.
true
if a double covalent bond is between the fourth and the fifth carbon atoms in an alkene, the position designation will be four
true
the position of the double covalent bond in alkenes is used in naming those with four or more carbon atoms
true
A hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use multiple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds or resonant bonding, as well as single covalent bonds is a(n) ___________ hydrocarbon
unsaturated
A hydrocarbon molecule is ____ if it contains less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms that a molecule with that many carbon atoms could hold.
unsaturated
Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are __________ because some of their carbon atoms are bonded to less than four other atoms.
unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons include only one series of compounds called alkanes, but _____________ hydrocarbons contain compounds like alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
unsaturated
aromatic hydrocarbons
unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 6-sided resonance structures called benzene rings
In his lab, Friedrich Wöhler accidentally synthesized _________, which is produced in the human body.
urea
Because of its ______, carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms.
valence electrons