Unit 9 Test

Explain how social categories, roles, & practices have been maintained & challenged over time. (Steps toward Environmental Repair)

- A major negative aspect of globalization was the degradation of the environment to support those international efforts. This led to the creation of many organizations with the sole purpose of helping the environment. Such as the creation of Earth Day in 1970, which encouraged recycling, healthy living, and environmental advocacy groups. An organization founded at this time was Greenpeace, established in 1971, they help battle deforestation, desertification, global warming, and overfishing. Also, the Green Belt Movement in 1977 helped combat environmental degradation by replanting trees and establishing stream flows in Kenya.

Explain the various responses to increasing globalization after 1900. (Economic Resistance)

- Another criticism of globalization is it can destroy local businesses. This is because small businesses and individuals can't normally cross state/county lines, so they cannot harvest as large of a variety of resources as larger companies. This has led to some smaller businesses trying to combat globalization, mainly restaurants, by offering locally disliked/locally made products. Another major criticism of globalization is resistance to the World Bank, an international organization affiliated with the UN. Many protesters have stated that the World Bank favored richer nations over poorer ones. These protests against the World Bank took place in 23 countries, many in poorer countries. Many still believe that the world's richest nations controlled the bank. Many of these anti-globalist have wanted the following to be encouraged instead of globalization: Human rights, such as the basic freedom to express one's opinions. Fair Trade, which ensures the person who provided the good/service receives a reasonable payment. Sustainable Development, or when business ventures allow people and companies to make a profit without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs. Debt relief or Debt Restructuring, so that countries that own large amounts of money to the IMF do not risk economic breakdown.

Explain the various responses to increasing globalization after 1900. (Anti-Globalization + Social Media)

- Anti-globalization movements have recently utilized social media to perpetuate and spread their ideas in nearly every country. However, access to this communication technology has led to some resistance. For example, In 2009 about 1,000 protesters clashed with the police in Urumqi, China. This led to tensions between the Han ethnicity and Uighur ethnicity, who were mainly Muslim, rising. Chinese authorities have blamed these tensions on Facebook and Twitter. Some of these platforms have become so popular that they have influenced or controlled the whole continent. For instance, Saudi Arabia uses social media to harass and intimidate citizens. Resistance movements persist with the use of these devices. The coming together of economy and culture threatens some people's and governments' senses of autonomy and identity.

Explain how & why globalization changed culture over time. (Social changes)

- Due to many social changes, international organizations and collaboration brought different cultures together. The rights movements for civil rights and women's rights, in particular, helped to bring voices to formerly marginalized peoples into the mainstream conversation. Other changes occur in structures, such as with science. Albert Einstein changed people's understanding of their physical reality. Sigmund Freud studied the inner workings of the human psyche and Jean-Paul Sarte philosophized that nothing has meaning. Plus, many new technological innovations changed how society functions, such as with the transition from telegraph to the radio, antibiotics to vaccines, and horses to cars.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (The UN)

- Even though the Allied powers had some ideological differences, they banded together to prevent conflict from escalating into war. On October 24, 1945, the UN was created with the help of the US, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. This organization would go on to be very successful, but it was not the world's first attempt at a united group of countries that were dedicated to limiting conflicts. The Allied Powers had also created the League of Nations to help solve disputes and limit any conflicts that might escalate into another World War. The league disbanded after it failed to prevent WW2.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (UN Peacekeeping)

- Ever since WW2, the UN has been well known for its peacekeeping actions, mainly through prevention by diplomacy. The UN has constantly sent global peacekeeping forces, consisting of police, civilians, and troops to help ease tensions. One of the UN's first peacekeeping operations was in the Congo, East Timor, and the Balkans. The UN only had five peacekeeping operations. By 1993, it had 28 peacekeeping forces. These forces came from many different countries, such as Canada, Bangladesh, Ukraine, and Egypt. These peacekeeping forces were sent to hotspots in Africa, Central America, and Southeast Asia. These forces helped to end civil wars and maintain peace while a democratic government replaced the military dictatorship. Some efforts succeeded, and some efforts failed. The UN failed to prevent the massacres in Rwanda in 1994, and couldn't overthrow the Somalian civil war in 1995. - One of the major problems with maintaining peace in certain areas is the organization's slow response. By the time the countries of the UN agree to send forces, the war will often get out of control and harder to dissolve. Another problem with the UN is that people expect the peacekeeping forces to stop the fighting instead of simply monitoring a truce, providing supplies to civilians running free elections, the UN often does the latter. By 2019, the number of peacekeeping missions had dropped to 15, but the number of troops involved increased.

Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present. (Energy)

- Ever since the Industrial Revolution, factories needed an energy source to power their machines and deliver services to consumers. A major revolution was the movement from water/steam-powered engines to coal engines. By the 20th century, many places used petroleum and natural gas, which directly led to increased productivity of these factories. Another Important energy revolution was the advent of nuclear energy. Petroleum/fossil fuels released a large amount of pollution into the atmosphere and were nonrenewable, while was more renewable than fossil fuels and was considered a much cleaner energy resource. However, these plants can be very dangerous, such as the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This event was caused by a reactor core releasing about 400 times more radiation into the environment than the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Explain the continuities & changes in the global economy after 1900. (Acceleration of Free-Market Economies)

- Following the Cold War, global trade exploded due to the renewed emphasis on market-oriented policy advocated by leaders such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. These programs included tax cuts, regulations, and government assistance for the poor. While this produced wealth for many, it also produced many hardships for others. Also, industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Latin America and India. - Globalization is the interaction among peoples, governments, and companies around the world. This term usually refers to the integration of the global economy during and after the 1970s. Countries that were previously a part of the Soviet Bloc were now free to trade and capitalist democracies. The opening up of these country's economies was known as economic liberalization. - The economic liberalization of Chile in 1973 occurred after a coalition of citizens ousted the socialist leader Augusto Pinochet for his violent tactics. Pinochet died in 2006 before he could be convicted for his crimes. Following his death, the Chilean economy turned towards a free-market economy and allowed it to significantly reduce poverty in Chile. - Economic liberalization reached China in 1981 when Deng Xiaoping became the Chinese leader. Xiaoping moved away from the communist party and encouraged economic quality and growth. His programs allowed for communes to be replaced by peasant-leased plots of land. Factories could produce more consumer products, foreign factories were encouraged to set up factories in certain economic zones and the Shanghai stock market was reopened. Despite many economic reforms, some political reforms did not occur. Prompting political discourse and the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstration in Beijing, in which many students protested their government.

Explain the various responses to increasing globalization after 1900. (Roots of Globalization + Anti-Globalization)

- Globalization has directly affected the relationship among other nations, and following WW2, they contributed to the growth of a global economy. Some major organizations included The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the European Economic Union, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). All of these organizations tried to help economies and expand prosperity within them. - In 1999, protests erupted at a WTO conference in Seattle, in which the members of the WTO met to discuss trade negotiations. 40,00 protesters arrived, some from labor unions, family farmers, and student groups. These groups were mainly anti-globalization and were largely coordinated online. Despite the massive size of the protest, the WTO remained powerful, with China joining the WTO, which furthered the organization's reach.

Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time. (Emerging Epidemics)

- Globalization has often been cited as the cause of the spread of infectious diseases, such as the Spanish Flu in 1918. As WW1 was about to end, many soldiers became infected with a brutal strain of the flu, and as they returned home all over the world, they transferred the disease globally. About ⅕ of the world's population became infected over a year, leading or 20-50 million deaths globally. - Another major outbreak was the HIV/AIDS epidemic. AIDS causes a person's immune system to be depressed and means that the person runs a high risk of catching more diseases. There was a major outbreak of HIV in the 1980s. About 25 million people died from this disease due to improper methods of treating the virus. However, many medicines today have been developed to treat the disease, but not cure it. - Ebola was a major outbreak in both the 20th and 21st centuries. IN 1976, there was a major outbreak of Ebola in the Congo and then in 2014, there was another outbreak in West Africa and it killed 11,000 people. The most recent epidemic we are facing is the coronavirus. Similar to the Spanish Flu and Ebola, it can be spread very easily through sneezing and coughing. This has also led to many economic and social changes, similar to the other epidemic outbreaks.

Explain how & why globalization changed culture over time. (Global Culture and Religion)

- Globalization helped to promote new religious developments. For example, the Beatles band released a sign containing the words of a Hindu mantra, which later launched the Hare Krisha movement. Movement such as these have helped to revitalize and redistribute religions such as Sufism, Buddhism, and Shamanism to the Western world While religion spread to many new places much faster than before and more people started to identify with a specific religion, many young people started to identify as nonbelievers. These were not necessarily atheists, but they were just not affiliated with any religion.

Explain how & why globalization changed culture over time. (Global consumer and Popular culture)

- In the 1920s, popular culture, or the culture of everyday people rather than educated elites, was commonly expressed through new media such as radio and motion pictures. The new technologies such as radio, televisions, and movies helped shape the culture of the US and later the world. These new technologies also helped to spread new comedies, music and helped play an important role in national defense during WW2 for industrialized nations. They could provide a distraction from the harsh reality that many people faced at the time. The interest of consumers in these new forms of media led to many companies transitioning from military equipment to consumer product manufacturing. - The booming technologies in the US-led to the US becoming the world's most influential culture. Through Americanization, people throughout the world have learned more about America than the rest of the world, meaning that the US has a very unique cultural identity. Some have criticized the USA's culture and called it "throwaway culture", mainly due to the large amounts of waste and pollution the US generates. - Through the influences of Britain and American movies, corporations, and scientific research, English became a second language in most countries worldwide. Many English speakers moved their call-centers to India and the Philippines, where a large number of fluent English speakers could work for relatively low wages. This spreading of English led to many places speaking English in new ways. - Social media has greatly changed the landscape for communication. They have connected the world and also somewhat caused great divides as well. Sports have also become very integral to pop culture. The Olympic games started in 1896, and still occur to this day. The booming business of sports has also allowed for sporting events for women to become more available. Reporters are now sent to many different countries to cover these insanely popular events.

Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes after 1900. (Debates)

- Increased carbon emissions being produced/the releasing of greenhouse gases/pollutants in the atmosphere has contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change. The Earth's natural greenhouse effect, or when carbon gasses such as methane and carbon dioxide trap the sun's rays in the Earth's atmosphere to help warm the surface, is being made more intense due to more carbon emissions being produced. Many have pointed out that the increased use/production of carbon emissions has caused climate change. However, skeptics have said that the Earth is just going through its natural cycle. Despite skeptic's remarks, agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have been agreed upon by many countries to limit the production of carbon emissions to help the planet.

Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes after 1900. (Causes)

- Many environmental changes are due to human activities such as deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality and increased consumption of the world's supply of freshwater stores, and increased competition for resources. This increase in resource consumption is due to an ever-growing population and a greater demand for farm/grazing land, leading to a greater agriculture industry increase. Also, fewer people growing their food means more intensive agriculture can put a strain on the environment.

Explain the extent to which science & technology brought change after 1900. (Advances in Science and Technology)

- Many have spent time trying to understand the universe and the natural order of it. These studies have included: The Origins of the Universe, several scientific theories that tried to better determine how the universe began one of the best known is the Big Bang theory. This theory states that the universe started with a single cosmic event, this theory has been widely accepted and has allowed us to better study atomic sciences. - Wave Science refers to the different kinds of waves around us, such as light, radio, and microwaves. Studying these waves has allowed us to better utilize the internet, radio, and cellular communications. - Medical Science has had many breakthroughs, such as the discoveries of many new germs, viruses, diseases, and the composition of the human body. This has allowed for the creation of cures and vaccines for common diseases. - Energy Technologies, such as advancements in extracting and producing oil, have allowed us to use energy resources easily in our everyday lives. Those types of energy have led to some unforeseen consequences, so new energy sources have been created, such as wind, solar, thermal, and nuclear power.

Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present. (Medicine)

- Many of the medical technologies of this time allowed people to live longer and healthier lives. The discovery of antibiotics, which killed bacterial infections, was discovered. The first antibiotic was Penicillin, developed in 1928 and saved the lives of many people and soldiers because this antibiotic could fight infections that were considered fatal in the past. Also, there is widespread use of vaccines. While vaccines were not new to the 20th century, but there was a spike in the use of vaccines. More and more people got shots that inoculated them from diseases such as smallpox and measles, and polio. Plus, medical birth control was invented and turned into pills that contained a certain hormone that prevents pregnancy. The widespread use of these pills led to fertility rates of many countries worldwide to decline, meaning women started to have fewer babies on average.

Explain the continuities & changes in the global economy after 1900. (Transnational FTOs)

- Many organizations contributed to the growth of the global economy in the decades following WW2. Many countries joined regional organizations such as the European Economic Community and agreed to international accords that would lift restrictive barriers to trade, such as protective taxes on imports. Then in 1995, the World Trade Organization was created, and it helped to govern 90% of global trade, which led to some controversy. The controversy stemmed from the WTO prioritizing trade over moral concerns. - A multinational corporation is one that legally incorporates one country but makes/sells goods and services in other countries. These corporations include the British East India Company. These corporations take advantage of knowledge economies and manufacturing/industrial economies. Free Market supporters see that these corporations produce the greatest gains for developing and developed countries. For example, India became a software /informational powerhouse and fostered a thriving consumer culture amounting to India's middle class. Multinational corporations can be based in one country, but have operations all over the world.

Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time. (Diseases Associated with Longevity)

- Medical technology has made great advances in allowing humans to live longer lives, but some diseases now occur in people simply due to old age. One is Alzheimer's disease, which is a form of dementia in which the person suffers memory loss and can lead to basic body functions being compromised and eventually death if the disease progresses. Heart disease is another disease associated with longer lives. According to the World Health Organization, the number 1 cause globally is cardiovascular disease.

Explain the extent to which science & technology brought change after 1900. (Economic Changes in Globalization)

- More economic globalization has meant that more developed nations have started to exploit less developed areas of the world by harvesting raw materials and using less developed areas as markets for goods. While the US is still the dominant economic force in the world economy, its superiority has been challenged by new sources of economic strength. Such as with governments in China, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan enacting new policies to increase economic growth. Many Asian economies have relied on inexpensive labor and high-quality manufacturing to try to compete with the West's consumer goods and high-tech production. Due to Mao Zedong's relaxed economic control, China eventually became the second-largest economy, next to the US. India has also become an economic powerhouse by developing a labor force that specializes in software development and engineering.

Explain the extent to which science & technology brought change after 1900. (Cultural Changes in Globalization)

- Once information could be transported across the world more easily, the pace of cultural interactions and exchanges intensified. People all over the world consume western culture, mainly that of TV, movies, and music. A new consumer culture spread as a result and fashion styles that appeared in one part of the world were quickly intimidated and adopted by other regions. A major change in the process of cultural exchanges from the previous era was that the exchanges were often two-way streets. For example, global audiences watched Hollywood movies, cuisine from China, India and Latin America often found its way onto the plates of Americans and Europeans. The internet has also helped to increase the scope of the transfers and advances in cellular technology have made even the most remote areas on Earth accessible to these cultural exchanges.

Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes after 1900. (Effects)

- Resource depletion and water scarcity have led to many impoverished areas struggling. Places such as Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand have become deprived of water due to China damming up rivers to generate hydroelectric energy, to limit China's coal consumption. The environment has also been strained through increased carbon emissions from our factories, vehicles, and power plants. This has led to global warming/climate change, which can cause large droughts, desertification, sea level rises, melting of ice caps, and overall increased global temperatures. Another problem is that larger bodies of water no longer exist due to the temperature increases. Plus, before CFCs were banned in the 1980s, the ozone layer was being quickly depleted. Since the banning of CFCs, the ozone layer has healed quite a bit.

Explain the continuities & changes in the global economy after 1900. (New Knowledge Economies)

- Revolutions in communication and technology allowed for a new kind of economy, a knowledge economy. A knowledge economy creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. This kind of economy is evident in tech companies such as Silicon Valley in California, where workers use their knowledge to create ways for people to use their technology. - The knowledge economy is also present in Finland, due to the explosion of information and communication technology. Finland originally had an agrarian economy in 1950, due to Soviet influence. Once the Soviets collapsed in 1991, Finland hit an economic crisis. This led to the country entering the global marketplace and investing heavily in technology/communication. Japan experienced economic growth by implementing policies similar to 18th-century mercantilist policies. This meant encouraging exports, discouraging imports, and properly preparing citizens to be productive workers by emphasizing a rigorous education. While Japan experienced high economic growth, it was at a high cost to the consumer. Low-wage workers can't afford what they were producing. This led to Japanese unions forming to improve wages.

Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present. (Green Revolution)

- Scientists developed new grain and wheat plants that produced more productive harvests and were more resistant to diseases/pests. This was made possible through genetic engineering, or the cellular modification of certain crops to produce desirable traits. Also, the 20th century increasingly used more fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation technologies. The world also devoted more space to agriculture, due to the increased demands for food due to the rapidly growing population. - The rise of these new technologies led to the rise of commercial farming. Small farmers were unable to compete with the more productive crops that scientists were producing due to the expressiveness of the new technologies. Many of these smaller farms were later consolidated and used by commercial farmers.

Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes after 1900. (A New Age)

- The Kyoto Protocol was intended to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in the future, due to scientific discoveries encouraging a change. The Paris Agreement, the more recent agreement, was intended to again limit carbon emission and limit the rise in global temperatures. - Some countries have been hesitant to sign these agreements because they have often relied on fossil fuels to create jobs and stimulate the economy in the past, such as in China. Russia also had certain terms of their signing of these agreements. They essentially wanted to not do as much cutting back on fossil fuel consumption because they didn't want to limit their industrialization plans. The US did not agree to these agreements recently. - The Holocene period has moved onto the Anthropocene period, or the period in which the planet is directly affected by human activity.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (Other UN Priorities)

- The UN also helps to: Protect refugees in times of war, famine, and natural disasters. The UN can work with NGOs to help provide food, medicine, and temporary shelter for those who are trying to feel and find a safer place to live. The UN recently helped refugees who fled from Venezuela and Myanmar. The UN also helps feed the hungry, support education, science, fighting climate change, and culture. Many libraries, museums, and schools were destroyed following WW2, so the UN helped repair those damages and helped to extend free education and culture/environmental sites that might have been destroyed by establishing World Heritage Sites. The UN also creates the World Health Organization, which helped to improve human health by controlling epidemics and providing vaccines. Some of these efforts have also aided children in developing states and in disaster sites. The UN also monitors human rights abuses to help prevent further abuses.

Explain how social categories, roles, & practices have been maintained & challenged over time. (Steps Towards Racial Equality)

- The US passed the Civil Rights Act of 1965, which was a huge milestone for African Americans because it greatly limited discrimination against voting rights. South Africa was under the racially discriminatory apartheid system in 1948, and dehumanized/marginalized African Americans, who made up a majority of the population. The white-dominated government was the cause of these discriminatory practices. The most prominent figure to rise against his system was Nelson Mandela, who was the leader of the African National Congress, and was imprisoned for life for his actions. This enraged many and other movements against the apartheid system were sparked. The UN expelled South Africa in 1974 due to its system of government. This led to South Africa becoming an undesirable state in the 1980s. While Mandela was still in prison, he made political negotiations and many reforms were held that ended the apartheid system. Mandela was released from prison and was elected president of South Africa in its first free election in a long time. - While some tried to punish those who committed major crimes, such as during the Nueebrug trials, where they tried Nazis, South Africa created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to help rebuild South Africa and expose the human rights violations that had occurred. - The restructuring of the government in China encouraged many people to protest and demand reforms. This boiled over in the Tiananmen Square incident, in which many Chinese students gathered to protest for pro-democracy, peacefully. However, the government later sent out the military to handle the protesters violently, eating too many being killed and injured. Also, minority rights have been repressed by the government due to discrimination and historical groups causing trouble for the government.

Explain how & why globalization changed culture over time. (Artistic changes)

- The changes felt in this time were reflected in the art produced in the time. Picasso's Cubism became famous and helped to challenge traditional perspectives on visual arts. Marcel Proust and James Joyce rebelled against traditional narrative forms. Atonal music was also challenged by Arnold Schoenburg. A major cultural renaissance was the "Harlem Renaissance" in which many African American writers, poets, musicians, and social activists made Harlem a thriving center for black artistic expression.

Explain the continuities & changes in the global economy after 1900. (Economic Continuities: Shifting Manufacturing)

- The evolution of the knowledge economy usually leads to industrial production/manufacturing declining. Despite many countries making the transfer to knowledge economies, manufacturing still plays a big part in the global economy. Places such as China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh are known for exporting high quantities of consumer products, and this is due to low labor costs, or workers are given lower wages. Strikes have occurred recently to protest and try to reform these labor policies. - In 1994, the US and Canada negotiated NAFTA, which was an agreement to build factories in Mexico and use low-wage employees to produce tariff-free foreign exports. Many of these factors would hire young women and put them in harsh working conditions. These NAFTA policies were protested in the US and after these factories were upgraded to emphasize sustainability.

Explain how & why globalization changed culture over time. (Political change)

- The modern era has evolved as people came into the 20th century. Many have adopted modernism and encouraged a rejection of tradition, and instead focus on experimentation and uncertainty. The 20th century also started a trend of consumer culture, in which people would focus more on their possessions and what they own/buy. - In the early 20th century, imperialism led to fierce rivalries between certain nations. The World Wars led to imperialism becoming less common and new allies standing together in a new relationship. Relationships between nations were further strengthened by the Cold War. Both cultural and economic barriers fell, which helped bring countries closer together. Some of these relationships even helped to create the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and NAFTA.

Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present. (Communication + Technology)

- The new technology developed in this field mainly revolved around long-distance communication and making it easier. The radio in the early part of the 20th century was invented. This wasn't the first form of long-distance communication, but it did change a lot. This new invention allowed for the speaker to directly address those on the receiving end of the radio, instead of the information being relayed to the listeners. This limited the potential of biases to interfere with the speaker's speech. FDR greatly utilized this medium to directly address American homes during the Great Depression and helped comfort them by updating the US about policies he was enacting. This later became known as "fireside chats" - The television was invented in the middle of the twentieth century. This medium had all the benefits of radio, along with the advent of being able to see the person who was speaking. Cellular technology was also very important at this time because it also helped to connect citizens and the world. Plus, its portability was revolutionary. - The advent of commercial airlines allowed for more sustained and quicker travel. This closing of physical and metaphorical boundaries also helped people be more in contact with their goods, which could now be transported faster than ever through the use of shipping containers, which allowed for the mass/bulk transportation of commercial goods.

Explain the various responses to increasing globalization after 1900. (Why Resist Globalization?)

- The resistance to globalization stems from many different reasons, a major reason is that many are unaware of the short-term and long-term costs to workers when people purchase items online. Some examples of this include most chocolate products that consumers buy in the 21st century originating from child labor in West Africa, and these child labor policies are still being used, leaving around 2 million children to undergo dangerous labor cocoa-growing operations. Amazon's warehouses have been known for having high pressure to fulfill orders on time, with some reports saying that employees run the risk of being fired if they use the bathroom. These sketchy business practices are enabled by international commerce, and many dislike how people of lower-incomes are taken advantage of. - Globalization requires a lot of resources to maintain its efficiency, and many environmental protection groups see this as a problem because the world still heavily relies on fossil fuels. This directly contributes to global warming, such as with Brazil recently cutting down a large section of rainforest to make room for new agriculture facilities. Many argue that these natural areas should be protected, through efforts such as ecotourism, to ensure these areas remain. Globalization is also sometimes considered a threat to national sovereignty, liberal groups believe that globalization harms children, workers, and the environment, and even conservative groups distrust globalization.

Explain the extent to which science & technology brought change after 1900. (Social Changes in Globalization)

- The world's population started to grow faster than ever before. The increase in population meant increasing challenges to existing social orders. The great population growth occurred in developing countries and lower socioeconomic classes. Improvements in communication in transportation have made it easier for people to migrate from less developed countries. More people are moving to different parts of the world in search of highly skilled professions. Women and girls also started to experience higher socioeconomic statuses. It became more common for women to enter careers traditionally reserved for men. Plus, new birth control technologies allowed women to have more of a choice in having children or not. While much progress has occurred for women and other groups, some countries/societies have resisted these changes.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (NGOs (Financial + Non-Financial)

- There are many NGOs (Non-government Organizations) that work closely with the UN, but operate independently and have caused much controversy. - The World Bank has fought for poverty by providing loans to countries. It first focused on infrastructure rebuilding, and it later expanded to social projects such a seduction and disease prevention. Critics of the World Bank often ignore how its projects damage the environment and local cultures. - The International Monetary Fund, IMF, was established in 1945 and was designed to promote stable currency exchange rates. It also focused on short-term loans and providing economic advice to countries. Some economists criticize the IMF for failing to take into account each country's individual needs. Plus, large wealthy nations greatly influence the IMF. Both the IMF and World Bank work together to prevent violent conflicts.

Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time. (Disease + Poverty)

- Those who live in impoverished conditions often have to contend with contaminated water and have little to no access to healthcare. This means that the spread of diseases that are not common in wealthier populations often spread in poorer populations. This means that impoverished populations contract preventable diseases more than wealthier nations. - For example, Malaria, a disease carried by mosquitoes that are very common in tropical environments, and many outbreaks of Malaria have occurred in Africa. Tuberculosis, which is an airborne disease that is transmitted through coughing and sneezing, is also associated with impoverished populations because the impoverished in urban areas often tend to live very close together and this makes transmission of diseases fairly easy. Cholera, which is a bacterial disease that is transmitted through contaminated water and causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and vomiting, is responsible for around 95,000 deaths per year in impoverished nations. This disease is associated with the poor because of the spread through unclean water.

Explain how social categories, roles, & practices have been maintained & challenged over time. (Steps toward Economic Fairness)

- To counterbalance the commercial interests of the powerful world trade Organization, global organizations have tried to emphasize certain goals and ideas to improve the lives of workers and citizens of many countries. They prioritize things such as fair trading, respect for the environment, ensuring good working conditions, and accountability.

Explain how social categories, roles, & practices have been maintained & challenged over time. (An Era of Rights)

- While globalization has occurred for a long time, many have come together to protest the negative effects of it, such as social inequality and environmental damage. In December of 1948, the UN set in motion the era of rights when they adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which asserted basic human rights and fundamental freedoms for people globally. It essentially said that everyone was entitled to these basic rights, regardless of race, status, language, religion, or political opinion. The UN has done much to grant global human rights. They have also created the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund in 1946, which provided food for children who were suffering after WW2. - The International Court of Justice is a judicial body that was set up by the UN's original charter. This body helps settle international law disputes that countries bring to it. Another main initiative of the UN is to protect refugees, especially in times of war, natural disasters, and famine. Through their organization and NGOs, or non-government organizations, the UN can provide food, medicine, and temporary shelter to those who are less fortunate. - Global Feminism has been around for a long time, and the most recent example of it was on January 21, 2017, the day after Trump was elected. It attracted over 500,000 demon traitors who were defending women's rights and other concerns. However, more protests were held on other continents outside of the US to protest for women's rights and other issues. This was a landmark movement that was a dramatic sign of global feminism, but there have been many other movements on par with this one, such as the women's suffrage movement, the right to freely choose a spouse, the right to family planning, and the right to the same education as men. - Many cultural and religious movements have also occurred in recent years. One example is the Negritude Movement, which emphasized "blackness".

Explain how social categories, roles, & practices have been maintained & challenged over time. (Steps Towards Gender Equality)

- While many great strides of men and women occurred in the 20th century, many did not obtain the same rights at the same time. For example, white women secured the right to vote in the 1920s, but Native American/African Americans did not have the full right to vote until the Voting Right Act of 1965. Also, despite people gaining the right to vote, some don't or are somewhat discouraged from voting.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (The UN and Human Rights)

One of the UN's goals is to help promote human rights, this was after the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This declaration helped to secure people's basic freedoms, such as freedom from slavery/degrading punishments, equality before the law, the right to have a nationality, equal pay for equal work, equal rights for children born within and outside marriages, and the rights to adequate food/shelter and education. This declaration was a milestone achievement and it helped to set standards for governments worldwide. The UN has also investigated abuses of human rights, such as genocide, war crimes, government oppression, and crimes against women.

Explain how & why globalization changed international interactions among states. (UN Assemblies)

The UN contains six major bodies to implement its work: - The General Assembly is the only branch in which all members have full representation. - The Security Council acts on issues the General Assembly debates over. These groups may use military force on countries that infringe on UN laws. - The Secretariat is the administrative arm of the UN. This group helps to lead and influence the entire organization. - The International Court of Justice helps settle disputes in countries that break international laws. This country cannot physically enforce its laws. - The Economic and Social Council makes up the largest and most complex part of the UN. It directs the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities of the UN. - The Trusteeship Council supervises the governments of trust territories.