Unit exam 8

Which of the following questions is of least pertinence when determining whether a mother will deliver her baby within the next few minutes?

"Have you had a sonogram"

A mother who is pregnant with her first baby is typically in the first stage of labor for approximately:

16 hour

The suture of the anterior fontanelle is typically closed by _____ months of age, and the suture of the posterior fontanelle is typically closed by _____ months of age.

18, 6

An abortion occurs when the fetus and placenta deliver before

20 weeks

An obese person is ________ over ideal weight

30% or more

The rate of autism in the US population is about 1 in:

40.

Febrile seizures are most common in children between:

6 months and 6 years.

Capillary refill time is most reliable as an indicator of end-organ perfusion in children younger than:

6 years.

The normal respiratory rate for a newborn should not exceed ______ breaths/min.

60

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for a pulmonary embolism?

71-year-old male with recent surgery to a lower extremity

If a baby is born at 7:52, the second Apgar score should be calculated at:

7:57

Which of the following statements regarding a 3-month-old infant is correct?

A 3-month-old infant can distinguish a parent from a stranger.

Which of the following statements regarding a decreased level of consciousness in the elderly patient is correct?

A decreased level of consciousness is not a normal part of the aging process.

The EMT should be most concerned when a child presents with fever and:

A rash

Causes of delirium in the older patient include all of the following, except:

Alzheimer disease.

A history of pelvic inflammatory disease or tubal ligations increases a woman's risk for:

An ectopic pregnancy

Which of the following children would benefit the least from a nonrebreathing mask?

An unresponsive 5-year-old male with shallow respirations

During your visual inspection of a 25-year-old woman in labor, you see the baby's head crowning at the vaginal opening. What should you do?

Apply gentle pressure to the baby's head as it delivers.

Under what circumstances is a left ventricular assist device used?

As a bridge to heart transplantation while a donor heart is being located

Which of the following is the least reliable assessment parameter to evaluate when determining the presence of shock in infants and children?

Blood pressure

A 5-year-old child has had severe vomiting and diarrhea for 4 days. Which of the following assessment findings would be the most indicative of decompensated shock?

Blood pressure of 70/40 mm Hg

According to the "E" in the DOPE mnemonic, which of the following actions should you perform to troubleshoot inadequate ventilation in a patient with a tracheostomy tube?

Check the mechanical ventilator for malfunction.

You have just delivered a full-term infant. His respirations are rapid and irregular, and he has a strong cry. What should you do next?

Check the pulse rate at the brachial artery.

Which of the following statements regarding a pediatric patient's anatomy is correct?

Children have a larger, rounder occiput compared to adults

Which of the following statements regarding interaction with the caregiver of a child or adult with special health care needs is correct?

Communication with the patient's caregiver or family members is important because they are the most familiar with the patient's condition.

Which of the following statements regarding cerebral palsy is correct?

Conditions such as brain injury at birth, postpartum infections, and fetal hypoxia can cause cerebral palsy.

Which of the following findings is least suggestive of child abuse?

Consistency in the method of injury reported by the caregiver

A viral infection that might cause obstruction of the upper airway in a child is called:

Croup

Following delivery of a full-term baby, you have properly cared for the baby and have clamped and cut the umbilical cord. During transport, you note that the mother is experiencing moderate vaginal bleeding. You should:

Firmly massage the uterine fungus with circular motion

In contrast to a full-term infant, a premature infant:

Has an even proportionately larger head

All of the following are normal findings in an infant or child, except:

Head bobbing

Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include:

Headache and edema

Which of the following statements regarding hearing aids is correct?

Hearing aids cannot restore hearing to normal levels.

A 75-year-old woman complains of shortness of breath. Which of the following findings should alert the EMT to the possibility of a pulmonary embolism?

History of deep venous thrombosis

For which of the following conditions would you most likely encounter a ventricular peritoneum shunt?

Hydrocephalus

Which of the following statements regarding gestational diabetes is correct?

In some cases, women with gestational diabetes require insulin injections.

Which of the following is a normal physiologic change that occurs in the mother's respiratory system during pregnancy?

Increased respiratory rate and decreased respiratory reserve

The leading cause of maternal death during the first trimester of pregnancy is:

Internal bleeding caused by a ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Which of the following statements regarding gastrostomy (gastric) tubes is correct?

Patients with a gastrostomy tube might still be at risk for aspiration.

Which of the following statements regarding patients with intellectual disabilities is correct?

Patients with intellectual disabilities are susceptible to the same disease processes as other patients.

A 26-year-old female who is 34 weeks pregnant is experiencing a seizure. Her husband tells you that her blood pressure has been high and that she had been complaining of a headache for the past few days. You should:

Place her on her side, administer high-flow oxygen, and transport.

Which of the following does not usually contribute to or cause obesity?

Rapid metabolism

Which of the following is not generally considered an obstetrical emergency?

Return of contractions following delivery of the baby

Which of the following conditions would most likely be encountered in a patient with cerebral palsy?

Seizure disorder

Which of the following inquiries should you make in private when obtaining a SAMPLE history from an adolescent patient?

Sexual activity

A tube from the brain to the abdomen that drains excessive cerebrospinal fluid is called a:

Shunt

Which of the following statements regarding suctioning of a newborn's mouth and oropharynx is correct?

Suctioning is indicated prior to cutting the cord if respiratory distress is present. Question

A 69-year-old female was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She is semiconscious with a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg and a heart rate of 74 beats/min that is weak. Her daughter, who was uninjured in the crash, tells you that her mother has a history of hypertension and takes beta-blockers. Because this patient is probably in shock, what is the most likely explanation for the absence of tachycardia?

The effects of her antihypertensive medication

Which of the following processes occurs immediately after ovulation?

The inner lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for implantation

Which of the following statements regarding the placenta is correct?

The placenta allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other products to transfer between the mother and fetus but does not allow blood to mix between the mother and fetus.

Which of the following statements regarding the aging process is correct?

The process of aging is gradual, and the rate at which a person loses functions does not increase with age.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of nasopharyngeal airways in children is correct?

They are rarely used in infants younger than 1 year.

Which of the following would be the most practical method of communicating with a hearing-impaired patient until his or her hearing aids can be located?

Using a piece of paper and writing utensil to ask questions

From what internal female organ is the fetus expelled during delivery?

Uterus

Spina bifida is defined as:

a birth defect caused by incomplete closure of the spinal column.

EMTs are dispatched for a fall. The patient, a 16-year-old female with Down syndrome, is experiencing difficulty walking and says that her fingers "feel like needles." The EMTs should suspect:

a cervical spine injury.

Osteoporosis is defined as:

a decrease in bone mass and density.

Spina bifida is a developmental defect in which:

a portion of the spinal cord or meninges protrudes outside of the vertebrae

Characteristic anatomic features of Down syndrome include:

a round head with a flat occiput.

You receive a call for a sick person. When you arrive, you find the patient, a 75-year-old male, lying unresponsive in his bed. His respirations are slow and irregular, and his pulse is slow and weak. His daughter tells you that he fell the day before but refused to allow her to call 9-1-1. His past medical history is significant for hypothyroidism, deep vein thrombosis, heavy alcohol use, and liver cirrhosis. His medications include blood thinners and vitamins. You should be most suspicious that this patient is experiencing:

a subdural hematoma.

Down syndrome is a genetic defect that occurs as the result of:

a triplication of chromosome 21.

An infant with severe dehydration would be expected to present with:

absent urine output.

When assessing an older patient who has multiple bruises in various stages of healing, the EMT should do all of the following, except:

accuse a caregiver of physical abuse.

A 70-year-old man complains of a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. He has dried blood on his lips and is very anxious. His left leg is red, swollen, and painful. The EMT should:

administer high-flow oxygen.

You are dispatched to a residence for a child with respiratory distress. The patient, an 18-month-old female, is tachypneic, has sternal retractions, and is clinging to her mother. Her skin is pink and dry, and her heart rate is 120 beats/min. The most appropriate treatment for this child includes:

administering blow-by oxygen and transporting the child with her mother.

A specific legal document that directs relatives and caregivers regarding the medical treatment that may be given to patients who cannot speak for themselves is called a(n):

advance directive.

A normal level of consciousness in an infant or child is characterized by:

age-appropriate behavior, good muscle tone, and good eye contact.

According to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA):

all healthcare facilities must provide a medical assessment and required treatment, regardless of the patient's ability to pay.

Braxton-Hicks contractions are characterized by:

alleviation of pain with movement or changing positions

During the attempted resuscitation of an infant with suspected SIDS:

allow the family to observe if they wish.

The purpose of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) is to:

allow you to rapidly and visually form a general impression of the child

Common causes of depression in the elderly include all of the following, except:

an acute onset of dementia.

A 73-year-old female experienced a syncopal episode while watching TV. She is now conscious but diaphoretic, tachycardic, and hypotensive. Your assessment reveals abdominal tenderness and a pulsating mass to the left of her umbilicus. You should suspect

an aortic aneurysm.

Signs of a severe airway obstruction in an infant or child include:

an ineffective cough.

Patients who have experienced even minor-appearing head injuries should be suspected of having a brain injury, especially if they:

are taking blood-thinning medications.

When interacting with an intellectually disabled patient, the best approach is to:

ask your team members to wait until you can establish a rapport with the patient.

You respond to a skate park where a 10-year-old male fell from his skateboard and struck his head on the ground; he was not wearing a helmet. He is responsive to painful stimuli only and has a large hematoma on the back of his head. After your partner stabilizes his head and opens his airway, you assess his breathing and determine that it is slow and irregular. His pulse is slow and bounding. You should:

assist his ventilations, be prepared to suction his mouth if he vomits, apply full spinal precautions, and prepare for immediate transport to a trauma center

Because of the complexity of the older patient and the vagueness of his or her complaint, you should:

attempt to differentiate between chronic and acute problems.

If suctioning of the tracheostomy tube is necessary, the EMT should:

attempt to use the patient's suction device first because it is probably already sized correctly.

When documenting a case of suspected elder abuse, it is most important for the EMT to:

avoid documenting any unsupported opinions.

You are assessing a 440-lb man who complains of shortness of breath and lower back pain. The patient is conscious and alert, his blood pressure is 148/98 mm Hg, and his heart rate is 120 beats/min. Your most immediate action should be to:

avoid placing him in a supine position if possible and administer oxygen

When assessing or providing care to a patient with an intellectual disability, you should:

be observant for signs of fear or reluctance from the patient.

An 8-year-old female with a history of asthma continues to experience severe respiratory distress despite being given multiple doses of her prescribed albuterol by her mother. She is conscious but clearly restless. Her heart rate is 130 beats/min, and her respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min. She is receiving high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. You should:

be prepared to assist her ventilations, transport at once, and request an ALS intercept en route to the hospital.

By the 20th week of pregnancy, the uterus is typically at or above the level of the mother's:

belly button.

The vagina and the neck of the uterus comprise the:

birth canal.

Death caused by shaken baby syndrome is usually the result of:

bleeding in the brain.

Pale skin in a child indicates that the:

blood vessels near the skin are constricted.

Cerebral palsy is characterized by poorly controlled ________ movement.

body

Cerebral palsy is a condition that results from damage or injury to the:

brain

The umbilical cord:

carries oxygen to the baby via the umbilical vein.

Clouding of the lenses of the eyes is called:

cataracts.

Syncope in the older patient is:

caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain.

Hyperthermia differs from fever in that it is an increase in body temperature:

caused by the inability of the body to cool itself.

Vagus nerve stimulators may be an alternative treatment to medication for patients with:

chronic seizure disorders.

As a person ages, the heart might enlarge as a result of:

chronically increased afterload.

A surgical procedure that creates an opening between the intestine and the surface of the body that allows for elimination of waste products is called a(n):

colostomy

With age, the spine stiffens as a result of shrinkage of the intervertebral disc spaces, and the vertebrae become brittle. This increases the risk of:

compression fractures.

A common cause of shock in an infant is:

dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea

The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function is known as:

dementia.

When inserting an oropharyngeal airway in an infant or child, you should:

depress the tongue with a tongue depressor.

When assessing a geriatric patient who has possibly experienced an acute ischemic stroke, it is most important to:

determine the onset of the patient's symptoms.

You are dispatched to a skilled nursing care facility for an 80-year-old female with abnormal behavior. The patient is clearly confused and asks you if you are her husband. You should:

determine the patient's baseline mental status.

When assessing a 78-year-old female who complains of shortness of breath, the EMT should:

determine the position in which the patient normally sleeps.

Placenta previa is defined as:

development of the placenta over the cervical opening.

Upon arriving at the residence of an elderly female who apparently fainted, you find the patient lying supine on her living room floor. She is not moving, and her eyes are closed. A neighbor tells you that she found the patient this way but did not move her. When you gently tap the patient, she does not respond. You should:

direct your partner to manually stabilize her head while you quickly visualize her chest for signs of breathing.

A 13-year-old child is on a home ventilator. The parents called because the mechanical ventilator is malfunctioning, and the child has increasing respiratory distress. You should:

disconnect the ventilator and apply a tracheostomy collar.

After the fetus has descended into the pelvis at the end of the third trimester, many mothers experience:

easier breathing.

If a pregnant patient must be placed onto a backboard, you should:

elevate the right side of the board with rolled towels or blankets.

A 6-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. His mother states that she saw him put a small toy into his mouth shortly before the episode began. The child is conscious, obviously frightened, and is coughing forcefully. You should:

encourage him to cough, give oxygen as tolerated, and transport.

After a baby is born, it is important to:

ensure that it is thoroughly dried and warmed

Before assessing the respiratory adequacy of a semiconscious infant or child, you must:

ensure that the airway is patent and clear of obstructions.

Burns in children are commonly caused by all of the following, except:

entrapment in a structural fire.

When caring for a morbidly obese patient, you should:

establish his or her chief complaint and then communicate your plan to help.

Cardiac arrest in the pediatric population is most commonly the result of:

failure of the respiratory system.

When assessing the heart rate of a 6-month-old infant, you should palpate the brachial pulse or ________ pulse.

femoral

Upon delivery of an infant's head, you note that the umbilical cord is wrapped around its neck. You should:

first attempt to slip the cord gently over the infant's head.

Good general communication techniques with the elderly include:

frequently asking the patient if he or she understands.

In most children, febrile seizures are characterized by

generalized tonic-clonic activity, a duration of less than 15 minutes, and a short or absent postictal phase.

While examining a woman in labor, you see the umbilical cord protruding from the vagina. You should:

gently push the infant's head away from the cord.

A service dog is easily identified by its

harness.

A precipitous labor and delivery is most common in women who:

have delivered a baby before.

Patients with autism:

have extreme difficulty with complex tasks that require many steps.

To minimize distractions and confusion when assessing an older patient, you should:

have only one EMT speak to the patient at a time

When a child experiences a blunt injury to the abdomen:

he or she can compensate for blood loss better than adults.

The reduction in brain weight and volume increases an older person's risk for:

head trauma.

The purpose of the GEMS diamond is to:

help EMS personnel remember what is different about elderly patients.

Use of a nonrebreathing mask or nasal cannula in a child is appropriate only if:

his or her tidal volume is adequate.

Common causes of seizures in children include all of the following, except:

hyperglycemia.

EMTs are called for an unresponsive infant. When they arrive, they find the mother holding her child. She advises that the child became limp, blue, and stopped breathing. Assessment reveals that the infant is conscious and crying, and has good muscle tone and pink skin color. The mother states that she will take her child to the doctor. The EMTs should:

inform that mother that, although the event seems to have resolved, transport via EMS is advisable.

Compared to an adult, the diaphragm dictates the amount of air that a child inspires because the:

intercostal muscles are not well developed.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm:

is often the result of hypertension and atherosclerosis.

The term primigravida refers to a woman who:

is pregnant for the first time.

By placing one hand on your head and the other hand over your abdomen, you are asking a hearing-impaired patient if he or she:

is sick.

In contrast to delirium, dementia:

is usually considered irreversible.

You have just delivered a premature baby. Your assessment reveals that he is breathing adequately; however, his heart rate is 90 beats/min. You should:

keep him warm and ventilate with a bag-mask device.

Motor nerve neuropathy is characterized by:

loss of balance, muscle weakness, and spasms.

Because hearing-impaired patients typically have more difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds, it is important for you to:

lower the pitch of your voice.

CPR is in progress on a pulseless and apneic 29-year-old woman who is 37 weeks pregnant. When treating this patient, the EMT should:

manually displace the patient's uterus to the left.

The secondary assessment of a sick or injured child:

might not be possible if the child's condition is critical.

In contrast to abruptio placenta, placenta previa:

might present without significant abdominal pain

A 4-year-old, 16-kg female ingested an unknown quantity of liquid drain cleaner. Your assessment reveals that she is conscious and alert, is breathing adequately, and has skin burns around her mouth. You should:

monitor her airway and give oxygen.

In contrast to conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is caused by:

nerve damage.

When preparing a pregnant patient for delivery, you should position her:

on a firm surface with her hips elevated two to four inches.

You respond to a residence for a 9-year-old female with Down syndrome who is sick. When you arrive at the scene and assess the patient, you determine that she is unresponsive and has gurgling respirations. You should:

open her airway with a manual maneuver, suction her oropharynx, and insert a simple airway adjunct.

Fractures of the pelvis in older patients often occur as the result of a combination of:

osteoporosis and low-energy trauma.

Findings during the social assessment of an older patient include all of the following, except

outdated medications.

While triaging patients at the scene of a motor-vehicle crash, you encounter a 5-year-old child who is unresponsive and apneic. After positioning his airway, you should:

palpate for a carotid pulse.

When assessing an infant's ventilation status, you should

palpate the abdomen for rise and fall.

An older woman with osteoporosis presents with pain and deformity to her left hip after she shifted her weight onto her other foot. She has most likely experienced a(n):

pathologic fracture.

EMTs are dispatched for a patient in cardiac arrest. When they arrive, they find that the patient is pulseless, apneic, and wearing an external defibrillator vest. In this situation, the EMTs should:

perform CPR and leave the vest in place.

Autism is defined as a:

pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction.

(Beginning of chapter 35) To ensure that the airway of an infant or small child is correctly positioned, you might have to:

place a towel or folded sheet behind the shoulders.

Your 22-year-old patient is in active labor. Upon visual inspection, you note that the infant's leg is protruding from the vagina. Appropriate management of this situation includes:

placing the mother supine with her head down and pelvis elevated.

A productive cough, fever, and chills in an 80-year-old patient with a compromised immune system should make you most suspicious for:

pneumonia.

Sedentary behavior while healing from a hip fracture would most likely predispose the older patient to:

pneumonia.

The use of multiple prescription drugs by a single patient, causing the potential for negative effects such as overdosing or drug interaction, is called:

polypharmacy.

General techniques for communicating with hearing-impaired patients include:

positioning yourself approximately 18″ directly in front of the patient.

Common interventions used to stimulate spontaneous respirations in the newborn include all of the following, except

positive-pressure ventilations.

A pregnant trauma patient might lose a significant amount of blood before showing signs of shock because:

pregnant patients have an overall increase in blood volume.

The purpose of a ventricular peritoneum shunt is to:

prevent excess cerebrospinal fluid from accumulating in the brain.

Fetal complications associated with drug- or alcohol-addicted mothers include all of the following, except:

profound tachycardia.

Compared to adults, the liver and spleen of pediatric patients are more prone to injury and bleeding because they are

proportionately larger and situated more anteriorly.

After delivery of a pulseless and apneic infant who has a foul odor, skin sloughing, and diffuse blistering, you should:

provide emotional support to the mother.

Upon delivery of the baby's head, you note that its face is encased in the unruptured amniotic sac. You should:

puncture the sac and suction the baby's mouth and nose.

When an elderly patient presents you with multiple over-the-counter medications that he or she is taking, it is most important to:

recall that the patient is at risk for negative medication interactions.

EMTs are assessing a 2-year-old child who was riding in a car seat when the vehicle struck a tree while traveling at 45 MPH. The child is conscious and appears alert. There are no obvious signs of trauma to the child, and the car seat does not appear to be damaged. The EMTs should:

remove the child from the car seat and secure him to a pediatric immobilization device.

General care for a patient with a tracheostomy tube includes all of the following, except

removing the tube if the area around it appears infected.

Blood levels of medications might rise in the elderly, sometimes to toxic levels. This is mostlikely due to:

renal insufficiency.

When enlisting the help of an interpreter who signs, it is important for you to ask the interpreter to:

report exactly what the patient signs and not to add any commentary.

Because a tracheostomy tube bypasses the nose and mouth:

secretions can build up in and around the tube.

In contrast to adults, deterioration to cardiac arrest in infants and children is usually associated with:

severe hypoxia and bradycardia.

(the beginning of chapter 36) You are dispatched to a residence for an 80-year-old female who fell. When you arrive, you find the patient conscious, lying in a recumbent position on the floor in her living room. In addition to providing the appropriate treatment, you should ask the patient if:

she became dizzy or fainted before falling.

Common associated conditions in patients with spina bifida include all of the following, except:

spastic limb movement.

An important aspect in the assessment of a patient who experienced a previous brain injury involves:

speaking with the patient and family to establish what is considered normal for the patient.

You are dispatched to a local elementary school for an injured child. As you approach the child, you note that he is lying at the base of the monkey bars. He is unresponsive, and there are no signs of breathing. You should:

stabilize his head and check for a pulse.

When determining the frequency of contractions, you should time the contractions from the:

start of one to the start of the next.

An 84-year-old male fell a week ago and has been bedridden since then. Today, he presents with an altered mental status. His skin is pale and cold, and his respirations are rapid and shallow. The EMT should suspect:

systemic infection.

Airway management can be challenging in patients with Down syndrome because their:

teeth are misaligned, and they have a large tongue.

When caring for a patient who is visually impaired, it is important to:

tell him or her what is happening, identify noises, and describe the situation and surroundings.

The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid indicates:

that the baby's airway might be obstructed.

The third stage of labor begins when the:

the baby is expelled from the vagina

In contrast to younger patients, older patients are more prone to a decrease in blood pressure (BP) upon standing because:

the body is less able to adapt the BP to rapid postural changes

When caring for a geriatric patient with a traumatic injury, it is important to consider that:

the injury might have been preceded by a medical condition

During delivery, it is most important to position your partner at the mother's head because:

the mother might become nauseated and vomit.

In contrast to a living will, a "do not resuscitate" (DNR) order becomes valid when:

the patient develops cardiac arrest.

A 77-year-old female presents with an acute onset of altered mental status. Her son is present and advises that she has a history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes, and glaucoma. He further advises that she takes numerous medications and is normally alert. When you assess this patient, it is important to note that:

the patient is experiencing delirious behavior, which suggests a new health problem.

Abruptio placenta occurs when:

the placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall.

Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs when:

the pregnant uterus compresses the inferior vena cava

The term "bloody show" is defined as:

the small amount of pink-tinged mucus that is discharged from the vagina after expulsion of the mucous plug.

When caring for patients with cerebral palsy, it is important to remember that:

their limbs are often underdeveloped and prone to injury.

Many older victims of physical abuse might make false statements or lie about the origin of their injuries because:

they fear retribution from the abuser.

When transporting a stable older patient to the hospital, the most effective way to reduce his or her anxiety is to:

transport him or her to a hospital that he or she is familiar with.

You receive a call to a residence for an apneic 2-month-old male. When you arrive at the scene, the infant's mother tells you that her son was born prematurely and that his apnea monitor has alarmed four times in the past 30 minutes. Your assessment of the infant reveals that he is conscious and active. His skin is pink and dry, and he is breathing at an adequate rate and with adequate tidal depth. His oxygen saturation reads 98% on room air. You should:

transport the infant to the hospital and bring the apnea monitor with you.

A 70-year-old male complains of shortness of breath. During your assessment, you note that he has bilateral hearing aids. When you ask him questions related to his chief complaint, he does not answer you. You can hear a whistling sound coming from his hearing aids. You should:

try repositioning the hearing aid or remove it and turn down the volume.

The most efficient way to identify the appropriately sized equipment for a pediatric patient is to:

use a length-based resuscitation tape measure.

When explaining the need for a particular procedure to an elderly patient, you should:

use plain language and simple terms.

Common causes of syncope in older patients include all of the following, except:

vasoconstriction.

The tip of a central venous catheter rests in the

vena cava.

Signs of vasoconstriction in the infant or child include:

weak distal pulses.

An infant is premature if it:

weighs less than 5 pounds or is born before 36 weeks' gestation.