Unit test
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
Which of the following is an example of Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy?
A therapist refutes irrational beliefs
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
Which scenario is most closely related to the results of the 1973 Rosenhan study?
After Andy received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, his family interpreted all of his behaviors as symptoms of his diagnosis.
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Ever since her fathers death, Nina has become dangerously thin because she exercises compulsively and strictly limits her eating, based on these symptoms, Nina would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder?
Anorexia nervosa
As a child, Ryan took delight in hurting animals. As an adult, he frequently abuses strangers and feels no remorse. What diagnosis would Ryan most likely receive, and why?
Antisocial personality disorder, because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder.
Travis is obsessed with his weight, but he often cannot stop himself from eating an entire carton of ice cream or two pizzas in one sitting. Afterward, he makes himself throw up or takes laxatives to rid himself of the food. Travis' behavior is indicative of what psychological disorder?
Bulimia nervosa
Which of the following most likely emphasized listening intently and feeling positively about a client no matter what the client did in therapy?
Carl Rogers
Which of the following is the term associated with psychologists not sharing their clients' personal information with others?
Confidentiality
Dr. Keeler believes that a strong therapeutic alliance causes positive therapeutic outcomes. He tests this hypothesis by randomly assigning individuals seeking therapy to either work with a therapist or work through a therapy workbook and then measuring the reduction in symptoms after eight weeks. Dr. Keeler concludes that therapy is beneficial to anyone experiencing psychological problems. Why is Dr. Keeler's conclusion invalid?
Dr. Keeler conducted his study from individuals seeking out therapy; therefore, his results are not applicable to the general population.
active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
Which therapeutic lifestyle change would have a positive impact on someone's well-being if they experience bouts of depression?
Engaging in aerobic exercise
Which research design, using twenty participants, would most effectively determine how well a drug treats depression?
Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again.
Self-help and support groups are an outgrowth of which therapeutic perspective?
Humanistic
John regularly stops at the pharmacy to collect pamphlets that list symptoms of different illnesses, because he is worried about his health. Each day he carefully monitors his vital signs, and he also frequently meets with a physician. On his most recent visit, the physician suggested that John was perfectly healthy. With which of the following psychological disorders might John be diagnosed?
Hypochondriasis
The precipitous decline of the inpatient populations of state and county mental hospitals since the 1950's can be attributed to which of the following? I. Declining incidence of severe mental illness II. A policy of deinstitutionalization III. New drug therapies
II and III only
Dr. Freddy believes that the development of schizophrenia is solely caused by biological factors. Which of the following is NOT accounted for by this belief?
If one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50 percent chance of also developing schizophrenia.
Joaquim wants to determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in treating depression. He measures the depression levels of 40 participants using a pretest, making several practical behavior-change recommendations to implement, and then measuring depression levels in a posttest. Joaquim concludes that cognitive therapy was effective in treating depression. Why is this conclusion invalid?
Joaquim should have used a control group.
Which of the following scenarios is consistent with the behavioral therapeutic approach?
Ralph is misbehaving in school so Dr. Evans creates a token economy to increase Ralph's good behavior.
Dr. Vazquez is interested in comparing the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy with that of antidepressant drugs in treating depression. Which research design is he most likely to use?
Randomly assigning participants to either take an SSRI or receive a brief electrical current through their brain
Which of the following individuals would most likely experience the lowest level of stigma because of their psychological disorder diagnosis
Ronaldo, a man, who was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa
While pregnant, Marley was exposed to the flu virus. Based on current research, which psychological disorder is Marley's child most likely to develop?
Schizophrenia, because flu virus exposure is positively correlated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs?
Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.
Dr. Jones hypothesizes that antianxiety drugs cause a reduction in central nervous system activity. In order to test the hypothesis, what should her independent variable be?
Taking Xanax versus taking a placebo
What is an appropriate reason for a clinician to break confidentiality?
The client is a danger to self or others.
Which of the following best characterizes individuals diagnosed as having personality disorders?
They may function reasonably well in society.
Which of the following is the primary reason for using the most current edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?
To use a reliable classification system for mental disorders
Paul is seeing a cognitive therapist to treat his depression. What piece of advice is Paul's therapist likely to give him?
Try to replace your catastrophic thinking with more realistic, positive thoughts.
Rochelle is anxious because she believes that nearly everyone must approve of everything she does. Which of the following is a cognitive therapist most likely to do to help Rochelle overcome her anxiety?
Work on changing the way she interprets her circumstances
Which of the following statements best illustrates a social-cognitive explanation for the development of depression?
Yolanda ruminates about her failures, so she is more likely to develop depression.
counterconditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Electrocinvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
conversion disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
Mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
Psychosis
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Insight therapies
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
According to Carl Rogers, the role of the therapist in person-centered psychotherapy is to
accept the client unconditionally so that the client's own desire for mental health and positive growth will flourish
Oliver has been afraid to leave his house for several months. He cannot identify anything in particular that scares him, but he has begun having food and groceries delivered and keeps his shades drawn. Oliver most likely suffers from what disorder?
agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
To test the effectiveness of an SSRI, Dr. Morris randomly assigns one group of participants to receive the drug and assigns the other group a placebo. Dr. Morris is most likely using
an experimental design, and the dependent variable is depression
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for individuals with schizophrenia?
antipsychotic medications
Jimmy has a difficult time paying attention in class. He often gets up from his seat, he demonstrates repetitive behaviors, and has difficulty making eye contact with others. What disorder is Jimmy most likely experiencing?
autism spectrum disorder
Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen?
behavioral
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Geraldine goes through a few weeks of feeling so sad that she can barely summon the energy to leave her bed. Then she will have an extended period of energy and productivity, during which she barely sleeps. Geraldine would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder?
bipolar disorder
Lithium carbonate is used to treat
bipolar disorder
Bree, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, remains motionless for hours despite her family's attempts to interact with her. What symptom is Bree demonstrating?
catatonia
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
All of the following are anxiety disorders EXCEPT
conversion disorder
The release of those with mental disorders from mental hospitals for the purpose of treating them in their home communities is called
deinstitutionalization
What term associated with psychological disorders best describes a thought, feeling, or behavior that is atypical or rare?
deviant
Vance is a popular honors student who, unlike his reference group, writes his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory. His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as
deviation from cultural norms
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
When Betty lost her job, she kept returning to work each morning because she did not remember that she had been fired. She saw a doctor, who found no brain injury or other neurological condition that would prevent her from remembering. Which psychological disorder is Betty most likely experiencing?
dissociative amnesia
Multiple personality is a type of
dissociative disorder
Greg experienced trauma as a young child. Now as an adult, in times of stress, his voice and mannerisms change and he claims to be a different person. Greg's symptoms are most in line with what psychological disorder?
dissociative identity disorder
Thomas is thirty years old and is very shy. He becomes anxious in social situations, so he avoids them. Thomas does not have close friends and rarely leaves his apartment. However, he writes a very successful and popular Internet blog, is usually content and calm while working at home, and has a positive relationship with his family. Psychologists would be hesitant to label Thomas as psychologically disordered because his behavior
does not appear to cause distress or impair his day-to-day functioning
Liza exhibits characteristics of schizophrenia. The medication most likely to be prescribed for her symptoms most directly affects the receptor sites for
dopamine
anti-anxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following EXCEPT
due to inappropriate child-rearing practices
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
Scott is undergoing psychoanalysis to try to deal with his severe anxiety. What technique is his therapist likely to use?
free association
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Research on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown that it is most effective for treating which of the following disorders?
major depressive
Cheryl, who is 85, is having difficulty remembering her phone number and address; at times, she is unsure of where she is. Cheryl is most likely experiencing
major neurocognitive disorder
An individual who stomps angrily out of a restaurant after being kept waiting five extra minutes for a reserved table may be exhibiting symptoms of
narcissistic personality disorder
Gale reluctantly visited a psychotherapist because he is unable to maintain personal relationships. He says, "People don't understand how fortunate they are when I give them the opportunity to come out with me. Sometimes they even say they already have other plans. They clearly are making a mistake turning me down!" Gale's mindset is most indicative of what disorder?
narcissistic personality disorder
Every night as he readies for bed, Steven walks in a circle beside his bed five times, afraid that something terrible will happen if he does not. Then, after lying down, he fears that he did not count right, gets up, and repeats the circling. This cycle continues to the point that he gets little sleep. Steven most likely has what disorder?
obsessive compulsive disorder
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Ever since Minnie witnessed a serious car crash, she continues to have vivid nightmares and reacts with panic at any sudden noise. Minnie's symptoms are most indicative of what disorder?
posttraumatic stress disorder
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
A therapist who emphasizes helping clients to identify and change irrational beliefs that underlie feelings of anxiety is using which therapeutic technique?
rational emotive behavior therapy
Annie experiences disorganized thinking and communicates with people who do not exist. Which of the following is the most likely classification of Annie's problems?
schizophrenia
Delusional thinking is central to which of the following?
schizophrenic disorders
Intense artificial light is most successfully used as therapy for
seasonal affective disorder
Lena has experienced severe pain in her right arm for years, although her doctor can find no cause or external symptom for the pain. Lena would most likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder?
somatic symptom disorder
Alan is sure something is wrong with him, even though his doctor has not found any physiological basis for his complaints. He returns to the doctor every few weeks to report symptoms of new illnesses based on information he reads. Alan is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following types of disorders?
somatoform
Which of the following types of disorders is characterized by complaints of bodily symptoms that do not have a detectable medical cause but rather are caused by psychological factors?
somatoform
Psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Of the following, which would most commonly be used to treat a phobia?
systematic desensitization
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
The validity of hypnosis as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is most directly threatened by
the lack of empirical support for its efficacy
Resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions