unit two history

natural selection (darwinism)

- "survival of the fittest" (phrase actually coined by herbert spencer) - good traits = passed on - dominant species continues and inferior one dies out - ex. peppered moths and changing color of bark

1848 - economic depression

- 1/3 of pop = completely unemployed - ppl are starving - tons of revolutions (rise up and topple upper class but after a couple years, they fade and royals come back - royals are toppled bc ppl = divided (ineffective rule bc they don't all get along)

napoleon (end of his reign)

- 1815: he's defeated in Battle of Waterloo - sent into exile on little island of elba - raises an army on island and then comes back but then is defeated and sent into exile at island of st. helena (tiny island near africa)

napoleon (1804)

- Emperor Napoleon - embraced monarchy again - ppl like this bc it's stable after long period of instability

second republic of france

- after french rev - gov that represented ideals of 1848 rev - created legislature (national assembly had power) - gave everyone right to vote (universal manhood suffrage) - created 4 year term (president can only serve 1 term) - president = elected by ppl

conservatism

- against presumptuous man - says higher ppl are more fit to rule (argues that when middle class is in power, society = chaos) - wants to go back to traditional ways - obedience to traditional authority (reinstitution of tutelage) - organized religion (another way to control population) - anti-revolutionary - anti-representative gov

nationalism

- associating w/ ppl who are like you / shared common interests w/ you - nation state: same gov w/ diff nations (ex. austria = one gov but lots of diff nations)

realpolitik

- based on needs of state - realistic / practical approach to politics (rather than moral approach) - backs up spirit of nationalism (just nationalistic spirit is not enough)

effects of french rev of ppl's view of gov and society

- changes way ppl look at gov and society (ppl believe gov = no longer controlled by monarch but by its ppl) - ppl created equal and governed by same laws regardless of what you're born into - values of freedom of speech, religion, and press - end of idea of divine rule of kings

italy

- collection of small city-states - botton half = separate kingdom (kingdom of 2 sicilies) - very fragmented - papal states

application of natural selection to humans

- compares humans to all other organisms - idea that they're all just at different points in evolution

1815

- end of napoleon's reign (at battle of waterloo) - congress of vienna

influences leading up to revolution in france

- enlightenment: leads to questioning of absolutism as a result of ideas of free thought and individualism - american revolution (1775): provided a model / inspiration - haitian revolution also provided a model / inspiration (not just western / europe) which influences american revolution

what did the third estate want to be changed? (in the estates general)

- equality of taxes - to stop sending money to church / freedom to practice your own religion - jobs reserved for first and second estates to be opened up to public - freedom of press and speech - fix inequality of law

crack down on internal dissent

- ex. carlsbad revolutions - goes against enlightenment values (no public sphere, no freedom of speech or press, etc.)

factors that contribute to france's problems

- feudal / hereditary system - tax burden - inequality in law - food crisis - bad economy and jobs - raise in taxes

dickensian

- filthy conditions - poor coming into cities to work - 1858: year of the great stink (river = drinking water and sewage system, river was low revealing major amount of sewage) - more ppl = more crime = more homelessness

result of conflicting ideas

- first and second estates want to vote w/ one vote for each estate BUT third estate wants to vote by population - first and second estates literally lock third estate out of the meeting room - third estate goes to a tennis court and takes "tennis court oath" vowing not to leave until something is done - third estate creates national assembly - third estate claims that first and second estates depend on them and that third estate can do fine w/out other two

cavour

- from piedmont sardinia (north italy) - realizes what they are missing is a leader (have nationalism already) - makes an alliance w/ napoleon III (asks for help if they went to war w/ austria and napoleon agrees in return for their help in the war he's in) - he goes to war w/ austria w/ napoleon's help and pushes some austrians out - napoleon gets cold feet and backs out but cavour still pushes austrians out - sparks nationalism - wants to unify italy and make former? king of italy king again - tells napoleon to get rid of garibaldi bc he wants democracy which is against monarchy - napoleon agrees to help him w/ austria and garibaldi - cavour works for victor emmanuel (who becomes first king of italy) - united italy (nation state) - recognized that they needed nationalism and more

why was england the start of the industrial revolution?

- geography: island nation (maritime tradition - need to move goods and trade ) - colonization: raw materials (ex. trees/timber, sugar, etc.), manufacturing goods, and markets (can sell back to colonies) - no napoleon: non-absolutist gov encourages innovation (ex. acts of longitude) - iron ore and coal: to build machines - rivers: good for trade and water wheels - cottage industry: hand manufacturing in the home (ex. textiles - lots of cotton from US south)

metternich

- german-born austrian - politician and statesman - served as foreign minister for holy roman empire and its successor state, the austrian empire - leader of concert of eu - very self-assured (bit of an ass) - brings together traditional authorities so they don't get defeated (put aside differences and work together to stay in power) - tries to orchestrate balance of power (thru alliances) - gets traditional enemies to make peace (get over it) - brings back monarch (louis the eighteenth) in france - conservatism

chamber of deputies

- gives impression that ppl are being represented (really only super rich bourgeoisie) - ultras (conservatives) do NOT like this

darwin

- goes to college and graduates - doesn't know what he's going to do w/ his life - goes on a 5 yr boat trip on the HMS Beagle where he makes connection between living species and ones that are dead - writes his findings down in his bool "on the origin of species" - idea of evolution - evolution = in opposition to church

napoleon (general info)

- grew up in Corsica (France) - soldier from early on (went to military school) - helps crush a rebellion against gov and is recognized bc of it - become a general in French army - very concerned about his reputation - not a scholar - not patient, has lots of ideas, constantly moving - manipulative - thought highly of himself (believes he's destine for great things) - inspires loyalty in ppl - claims he preserves values of french rev (ppl like this) - pretty much conquers everything in EU (except great britain/england and portugal) - "grand empire" (he rules directly or thru alliances)

unions

- groups of ppl banding together (strength in numbers) - demand better wages and conditions (thru striking)

napoleon (1797)

- he's given an order to prep army for invasion of great britain - he knows french aren't strong enough BUT he needs to follow orders so he decides to attack british in other places

impacts of feudal / hereditary system

- land that's hereditary - middle class gets more and more money from trade BUT doesn't have gov power (bc of hereditary system)

impacts of darwinism (in comparison to impacts of the scientific revolution)

- less distant than cosmos - goes back to origins of life, rewriting them and basically entirely discredits church - threatening bc it poses idea of humans adapting based on necessity rather than superiority (NOT god's gift), almost an accident / chance of history

marxism

- marx = trained philosopher - openly atheist so he can't get a job (bc of church's power) - communist = workers that are in the "vanguard" (front and foremost) of a profound historical movement that's going on right under our eyes - argues that in society right now, there are 2 main classes: bourgeoisie (means of production / owners of steel mill) and proletariat (working class / workers in steel mill) - he claims that as proletariat increases, bourgeoisie decreases (bc of more competition in bourgeoisie) - great proletariat revolution: bc proletariat class will increase it will be a "bloodless" revolution bc there will be no one or few left to overtake - arguing that when proletariat takes over, everything will be equal - like darwinism bc they eventually come to / strive for perfection / end of struggle (thru historical process) - no private property and no gov - ppl like the no private property and most ppl didn't have property to start w/

congress of vienna

- meeting of representatives from EU royalty and aristocracy - all came from countries that had fought against napoleon - trying to figure out a way to prevent the napoleon situation (a guy rising up and conquering) from happening again - protecting ideas of the king / their own power by trying to prevent what happened in french rev from happening again - meeting itself is in vienna

haussmanization

- napoleon III creates city of paris w/ grand boulevards, new sewer systems, water systems, etc. - defines today's paris - pleases ppl bc of new city (elevates their living standards) - creates sense of nationalism (idea that out county / city is better than yours bc it's the most beautiful and advanced city) - ex. of realpolitik

charles x

- new monarch after louis xviii - gets rid of chamber of deputies - july revolution (see painting for details)

what changes around 1792?

- nobles lose power so they flee to northeast (emigres → ppl who leave their country usually for political reasons to) - france declares war (in anticipation of an attack) on prussia (powerful germanic state w/ monarchy) and austria (empire - means they have conquered ppl) - prussia and qustria don't like france bc they fear their ppl will see its revolution and want to do similar things in their states - king and his fam = beheaded to start off war against monarchy - suas-culottes ( = w/out noble pants): lower and middle class who don't feel like gov is that diff bc it's only wealthy middle class w/ say (don't think the revolution went far enough)

tax burden

- only third estate pays taxes - middle class does NOT like this bc first and second estates don't have to pay taxes

liberalism

- opposite of liberalism today - supporting values of french rev - competing ideology w/ conservatism economic liberalism: - gov should "be quiet" - economic freedom (against laws and rules that stop / restrain ppl from doing what they need / want) politcal liberalism: - not restraining who can be in gov - representative gov

herbert spencer: social darwinism

- philanthropy = helping others (usually thru donations) - he would argue that you shouldn't help "weak" and let them die out instead - argues that you are helping in the short term but NOT long term - he was very capitalist - social darwinism in relation to liberalism: ongoing competition should step back and let it play out - his opinion on landed elite: wouldn't think they are great bc they're just handed superiority (fittest BUT from earlier time), thinks they will cease to exist and middle class will take power - social darwinism in relation to nationalism: groups banding together = more fit to survive, dangerous part of this idea is idea of ppl thinking they are superior to others which would lead to discrimination

bastille

- political prison - third estate storms it on july 14, 1789 - release prisoners - cut off heads of prison guards and put them on sticks to parade around

napoleon and the ppl

- ppl are still powerful (threat to him) - he begins to appeal to ppl thru la patrie → "the fatherland", idea of nation as a whole (nationalism)

principle of intervention

- ppl who have signed on agree to send troops to help other countries squash rebellions

ancient regime (three estates)

- pre 1789 - first estate: clergy (about 500 k ppl) - second estate: nobles (about 500 k ppl) - third estate: everyone else (peasants (about 21 mil ppl, majority) and middle class / bourgeoise (about 4.5 mil ppl, sizable) - total: approx. 26 mil ppl

robespierre

- purity of his own beliefs led him to impatience w/ others - leader of jacobin and committee of public safety - associated w/ reign of terror - frustrated w/ progress of revolution so issued threats to national convention and was arrested bc of it - tried to shoot himself but missed and spent his last few hours w/ his jaw hanging off - guillotined as a victim of the terror (in 1794)

reasons / effects of king raising taxes

- raises them bc of costs of colonization and his lifestyle (very expensive to maintain versailles) - plus expenses = growing w/ terrible economy

charles louis napoleon bonaparte

- ran for presidency - ppl didn't rly like him but they weren't that concerned bc only for a while (no big deal) - becomes president - patient and calculating guy - spends his first 3 yrs making peace w/ ppl in gov and public (becomes extraordinarily popular) - wants another term in office and petitions to run for a second term - govs refuses his second term so he overthrows gov (coup d'e tat) and then elects himself for a 10 yr term - takes this to ppl who are ok w/ it bc they like the stability he brings - decides to call himself emperor (goes from second republic to reign of emperor napoleon III) - realizes that the only way he can stay in power is to appeal / please to the ppl (like original napoleon) - haussmanization

estates general

- representatives from everyone (all estates) who unite to work out problems in france - approx. 1200 ppl (600 from first and second estate, and 600 from third estate)

louis xviii

- restored monarch - creates chamber of deputies (parliament)

committee of public safety

- robespierre = leader - effectively governed france at height of radical phase of revolution - one of the most creative executive bodies every seen - rapidly put into effect policies which stabilized french economy and began formation of the very successful french army - directed its energies against counter-revolutionary uprisings ^ unleashed reign of terror in process - republic of virtues (equality, laws, etc.) - wants to protect what's been gained - wants everyone (men) to be able to vote - wants free public education - wants to fix rising bread price

science in relation to industrialization

- science being out to industrialization (similar to scientific revolution and navigation) - innovation in tech thru science

jacobin

- sort of like political party - robespierre: head of jacobin - during radical direction of revolution (most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed after french rev) - associated w/ reign of terror

garibaldi

- southern italy - wants a democratic gov (great liberalist) - opposing to cavour

how did the first and second estates feel about the third estate's demands?

- they don't agree w/ third estate's proposals

germany

- very fragmented - lots of "little germanies"

textiles

- wool had to go on spinning wheel to be turned into thread - spinning jenny: first industrial invention (multiple bobbins to make thread faster) - problem: lots of yarn/thread BUT too time consuming for cottage industries to turn it into cloth - power loom: makes thread into cloth (step faster) - problem: power (waterwheels = not efficient enough and needs to be near water) - long process, inventions building on one another

chartists movement

- workers went to gov to ask for universal male suffrage (all men can vote) - also asked for salaries for members of the parliament (incentive for working class to be in parliament) - also asked for annual meetings of parliament (to pass laws favoring workers)

bismarck

- works for monarch in prussia (powerful and lots of territory) - wilhelm I (king of prussia - who he worked w/) - iron and blood (militarism and willing to die for one's country), means to achieve unification of germany - danish war, austro-prussian war, and franco-prussian war

materials for the philosophy of the history of mankind (early 19th century revolutions reading)

1784 by Johann Gottfried von Herder - Herder: german philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic - central claim of nationalism: the ppl = "a defined and bounded group w/ a common history, language, and tradition", nation has a "unique claim to be considered a legitimate political basis for sovereignty" - in France: "the 'nation' = relatively unproblematic: france had a centuries long history as a united state... french national identity was created simply by incorporating such ppl into france, and making them all speak french" - "for german thinkers the situation = much less clear" (germany = very fragmented at the time) - "ppl of diff religions, languages, and traditions lived interspersed w/ each other under a huge variety of states and semi-states" - "most natural boundaries not only of lands but also ppl, customs, languages and empires, ad they have been, even in the greatest revolutions in human affairs, the directing lines or limits of world history" - "an empire made up of hundreds of ppl and 120 provinces which have been forced together is a monstrosity, not a sate-body" - "every part of our earth, all possible development is determined in part by the position and the necessities of the locality, in part by circumstances and the opportunities of age, and in part by the inborn and self-nourishing character of the ppl" - "active human powers are the springs of human history... his body, education, and mode of thinking are genetic" - "the ancient character of ppl arose from pam features, the climate, the way of life and education, the early actions and employments, that were peculiar to them" - "in its speech resides its whole thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion, and basis of life, all its heart and soul" - "no greater injury can be inflicted on a nation than to be robbed of her national character, the peculiarity of her spirit and language" - "a peculiar, unadulterated, original nation" - "her own culture... true to our own soil" - positives of nationalism: unites ppl, negatives: divisions and idea of superiority

travels during the years (french rev. reading)

1787, 1788, 1789 by arthur young -problems he observes during his travels: no man was free, oppression, tyranny, unfair to poor who suffer, inequality of law, etc. - taxes = distributed at pleasure of intendant who had "enormous power" - ppl = taxes unfairly (favoritism and ppl "throwing much of the weight of their taxes on others") - poor = taxed heavily and nobility and clergy / first and second estates = exempt from paying taxes - "horrors of punishment inadequate to the crime" (inequality in law) - food crisis (?)

year of french revolution

1789

what is the third estate? (french rev. reading)

1789 by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes - individual efforts and public functions = necessary for a nation to prosper - individual efforts: agricultural labor, industry, merchants and brokers, etc. - "such are the efforts which sustain society. who puts them forth? the third estate." - public functions: "the sword, the robe, the church and the administration" - "it is laden w/ all that which is rly painful, w/ all the burdens which the privileged classes refuse to carry" - upper class doesn't give third estate the credit they deserve and limit them (can only climb up so high in social ladder until they hit the divide between the estates) - "this exclusion is a social crime against the third estate" - sets aside functions "to serve as an appanage (privilege) for a distinct class among citizens" - "if the privileged order should be abolished, the nation would be nothing less, but something more... nothing can succeed w/out it, everything would be infinitely better w/out the others" - claim upper class "consume the best part of the product w/out bearing any part in its production" - the third estate is "the whole" - appealing to members of bourgeoisie bc it recognized their struggle and suffering and brought up potential for change

discontents of the third estate of carcassonne (french rev. reading)

1789 by n/a - "desiring to cooperate w/ whole nation in repairing successive misfortunes which have overwhelmed it, and w/ the hope of reviving once more its ancient glory" - returning to true principles of respect for religion, morality, civil liberty, and rights of property and proportionally share taxes, reform all branches of administration "are the best and perhaps only means of perpetuating the existence of the monarchy" - public worship = roman catholic BUT ppl who aren't catholic should have the same rights - fundamental principles / rights should be assured by law to define both the rights of the monarch and the ppl - meetings of estates general should be fixed for definite period bc they are "necessary for the support of the state and the public service" - "votes in the assembly should be taken and counted by head" - "all taxes should be assessed on the same system throughout the nation" - fiefs should be abolished - positions / jobs should be opened up to everyone (not just the first and second estates who had them for life or hereditary) - "his majesty is hereby petitioned not to permit that it be hereafter interfered w/ by arbitrary orders for imprisonment" - freedom of press - these grievances of the third estate are not shared by first and second estates bc they would lose power as a result of this

declaration of the rights of man (french rev. reading)

1789 by n/a - "the representatives of the french ppl, organized as a national assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of govs" - "men are born and remain free and equal in rights" - rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression - "freedom to do everything which injures no one else... law can only prohibit such actions as are harmful to society" - citizens have right to participate personally (or thru their representation) in laws ("laws is the expression of the general will") - all citizens are "equal in the eyes of the law" (everyone is equally eligible for jobs) - no one can be accused, arrested, or imprisoned unless prescribed by law - "the law shall provide for such punishments only as strictly and obviously necessary" - innocent until proven guilty - "no one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views" (freedom of religion) - freedom of speech and press - taxes should be fairly distributed among all citizens "in proportion to their means" - property = sacred right, no one shall be deprived of it - very big deal - certain rights that can't be stripped from you - man/citizens NOT king - written constitution (new thing) - shows what they stand for - reflects enlightenment values (expressing one opinions / individualism) - reflects ideals of french rev (representation and equality) - declaration aimed at third estate (bc they want these rights) - does not seem to leave room for monarchy (gives power to the ppl)

english liberalism from "an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation" and "manual of political economy" (early 19th century revolutions reading)

1789/1798 by n/a - "principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever... promote or oppose to that happiness" - bkgd info: utilitarian = belief in consequences of one's actions - "an action that may be said to be conformable to the principle of utility... when the tendency it had to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any it has to diminish" (greatest good for the greatest amount of ppl) - "the general rule is, that nothing ought to be done or attempted by gov... out to be- be quiet" - "interference for this purpose on the part of gov = needless" - "generally speaking, there is no one who knows what is for your interest so well as yourself" - more efficient if gov stays quiet / uninvolved - "it is, moreover, universally and constantly pernicious (hurtful) in another way, by the restraint or constraint imposed on the free agency of the individual" - "the attainment of the max of enjoyment will be most effectually secured by leaving each individual to pursue his own max of enjoyment" - "the gain to be produced in this article by the interposition of gov, respects principally the head of knowledge... for the benefit of the public at large, it may be in the power of the gov to cause this or that portion of knowledge to be produced or diffused" - "we have no need of favor - we require only a secure and open path"

declaration of rights of women (french rev. reading)

1791 by Olympe de Gouge - olympe de gouge: one of the most outspoken and articulate women revolutionaries - directly challenged inferiority presumed by women by "declaration of the rights of man" - she was arrested, charged and executed by guillotine - "women, wake up; the tocsin (alarm bell/ signal) of reason is being heard thruout the whole universe; discover your rights" - "having become free, he (man) has become unjust to his companion" - "oh, women, women! when will you cease to be blind? what advantage ave you received from the revolution?" - "regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to" - "marriage is the tomb of trust and love... give them the wealth which does not belong to them" - the woman who is unmarried has only one feeble right; ancient and inhumane laws... no new laws have been made in this matter" - social contract between men and women: "moved by our own will... mutual inclinations... wealth communal..." - "upon reading this strange doc, i see rising up against me the hypocrites, the prudes, the clergy, and the whole infernal (relating to hell) sequence. but how it [my proposal] offers to the wise and moral means of achieving the perfection of a happy gov" - "i would like a law which would assist widows and young girls deceived by the false promises of a man whom they were attached... i would like this law to force an inconsistent man to hold to his obligations or at least [to pay] an indemnity equal to his wealth" - "i offer a foolproof way to elevate the soul of women; it is to join them to all the activities of man; if man persists in finding this way impractical, let him share his fortune w/ women, not at his caprice (sudden change of mood or behavior), but by the wisdom of laws. prejudice falls, morals are purified, and nature regains all her rights. add this to the marriage of priests and the strengthening of the king on his throne, and the french gov cannot fail"

reign of terror

1792-1794 - emphasis on protecting the change that's been made (from french rev) - challenge liberty in order to preserve this change (sacrifice some for greater good) - guillotine (new and more effective) - slavery is abolished - rename notre dame cathedral to "temple of reason" - killed a lot of ppl and squashed reform / revolts which could have undone stuff - brings stability in france

a soldier's letters to his mother: revolutionary nationalism (napoleon reading)

1793 by Soldier Francois-Xavier Joliclerc - context: despite tremendous internal difficulties, french armies held back foreign forces after war broke out in 1792. by 1794 french forces had made gains even beyond the 1789 borders. part of the reason for this success was the nationalistic enthusiasm that developed along w/ the revolution. - "when la patrie calls us to her defense, we ought to fly there as if running to a good meal. out life, our wealth, sonf our talented not belong to us. it is to the nation, la patrie, that all that belongs." - "oh, if only one day you could know the price of liberty and lose your senseless attachment to material things" - "i am at my post, where i ought to be, and every good man who knows what's what ought to fly to the aid of his country in danger. if i should perish there, you ought to rejoice. can one make a finer sacrifice than to die for one's country? can one die for a more just, glorious, and fairer cause? no!" - "she [our nation] is our only rudder, and it is she who guides us and give sis happiness" - division about french society reveled in letters: people who willingly fought vs ppl who stayed behind - nationalism in relation to french rev: everyone working together (?) and idea that france is not just representing the royal pam but is now representing everyone + freedom etc.

justification of the use of terror (napoleon reading)

1794 by Maximilian Robespierre - fundamental principle of the democratic government is virtue - "that virtue which is nothing other than the love of country and of its laws" - "the love of country necessarily includes the love of equality" - "a nation is truly corrupted when, having by degrees lost its character and its liberty, it passes from a democracy to aristocracy or to monarchy" - "subdue by terror the enemies of liberty, and you will be right, as founders of the republic" - "society owes protection only to peaceable citizens; the only citizens in the republic are the republicans" - relationship between terror and virtue: need to use terror (to get rid of counter-revolutionary ppl / uprisings) in order to achieve virtue (ideals of democracy) - relates to ideals of french rev bc it's keeping what's been changed thru use of terror - strengths of his argument: stability and rev values - weaknesses: arguing for freedom but killing ppl who spoke out against them (hypocritical)

napoleon's diary (napoleon reading)

1798 by Napoleon - concerned about his reputation - thinks highly of himself (powerful and victorious and ppl shouting for him) - "many begin to shout, w/ apparent enthusiasm: 'viva bonaparte!'... here are men who don't know me, who have never seen me, but who only knew of me, and they are moved by my presence, they would do anything for me! and this same incident arises in all centuries and in all countries!" - "my power proceeds from my reputation, and my reputation from the victories i have won. my power would fall if were not to support it w/ more glory and more victories. conquest has made me what i am" - "i love nobody... i know perfectly well i have no real friends... a man must be firm" - "in spite of all the libels (things injuring one's reputation), i have no fear whatever about my fame. posterity (future generations) will do me justice. the truth will be known; and the good I have done will be compared w/ the faults i have committed. i am not uneasy as to the result" - "had i succeeded, i would have died w/ the reputation of the greatest man that ever existed. as it is, although i have failed, i shall be considered as an extraordinary man" - won lots of battles - made a code of laws - "i raised myself from nothing to be the most powerful monarch in the world. eu was at my feet" - compares himself to jesus

napoleon (coup d'e tat)

1799 - coup d'e tat → overthrow of power - creates new gov w/ 3 consuls (BUT he's the strongest) - based off roman example

carlsbad resolutions (early 19th century revolutions reading)

1819 by n/a - extreme phase in spirit of reaction = reached in germany when these laws = enacted by diet - metternich called a conference at carlsbad - resolutions = drawn up, w/ aim of checking the free expression of opinions hostile to existing institutions and of discovering and bringing justice to conspirator who = supposed to exist in dangerous numbers - carlsbad resolutions = laid before diet which reluctantly consented to them (under austria's influence) - "a special representative of the ruler of each state shall be appointed for each university" - "the function of this agent shall be to see the strictest enforcement of existing laws and disciplinary regulations; to observe carefully the spirit which is shown by the instructors" - "the confederate govs mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities... all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines to public order or subversive of existing gov institutions" - "no teacher who shall have been removed in this manner shall be again appointed to a position in any public institution of learning in another state of the union" - "no student who shall be expelled from a university by a decision of the uni senate... shall be received in any other uni" - no freedom of press - died has the right and authority to get rid of things that are harmful to "honor of union, safety of individual states, or maintenance of peace and quiet in germany" - there will be "an extraordinary commission of investigation" who "shall be a joint investigation.as thorough and extensive as possible, of the facts relating to the origin and manifold ramifications of the revolutionary plots and associations directed against the existing constitution and internal peace"

secret memorandum to tsar alexander I (early 19th century revolutions reading)

1820 by Metternich - conservative principles - "kings have to calculate the changes of their very existence in the immediate future; passions are let loose, and league together to overthrow everything which society respects as the basis of its existence... all are attacked, confounded, overthrown, or called in question" - "religion, morality, legislation, economy, politics, administration, all have become common and accessible to everyone" (he wants it to go back to how it used to be) - "governments, having lost their balance, are frightened, intimidated, and thrown into confusion by the cries of the intermediary class (third estate) of society" - "[the third estate] feared by those who could w/ one work reduce it again to nothingness" presumption / presumptuous man: - "presumption; the natural effect of the rapid progression of the human mind towards the perfecting of so many things" - "experience has no value for the presumptuous man; faith is nothing to him" - "laws have no value for him, bc he has not contributed to make them, and it would be beneath a man of his parts to recognize the limits traced by rude and ignorant generations" - "power resides in himself" - "individualizing all the elements of which society is composed. presumption makes every man the guide of his own belief" - "denying, in fact, the value of the past, and declaring themselves the masters of the future" - "it takes possession of the press, and employs it to promote impiety, disobedience to the laws of religion and state, and goes so far as to preach murder as a duty for those who desire what is good"

concert of eu

1820s - alliance - attempt to restore power that keeps monarchs and aristocrats at the top - metternich - conservatism - principle of intervention - crack down on internal dissent

louis philippe

1830-1848 - "bourgeoisie king" - parliament - more sympathetic - peasants still feel like nothing has changed

timeline: revolutions of 1848 (early 19th century revolutions reading)

1848 - economic depression from rising food prices after a poor harvest - protests against gov - gov bans protests - fighting w/ police - revolutions break out - republic reestablished in some places - gov would call out army in fear of revolution - army would fight w/ citizens - delegates met - call for universal manhood suffrage election to form a national assembly to govern a unified germany - democratic constitution - representative gov - lower class revolted and were crushed by republican troops - ppl were killed and sent to prison or exile - conflict between classes (known as june days) = evidence that proved to marx that democracy couldn't work - attacks and defeats - riots - "beat it into submission" - declaring war but victory placed them firmly back into their hands - more revolutions and more "quashing" revolutions - generally, pattern of uprisings = unsuccessful

the communist manifesto (marx and darwin reading)

1848 by Marx and Engels - "represent the interests of the movement as a whole" - immediate aim of communists / proletarian movements: "formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariats" - abolition of private property - "property, in its present form, is based on the antagonism (opposition) of capital an wage labor" - "miserable character of this appropriation, under which the laborer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it" - "in bourgeois society, living labor is but a means to increase accumulated labor. in communist society, accumulated labor is but means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer" - "in your existing society, private property is already done away w/ for 9/10 of the population" - "the will of your class made into a law for all, a will whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class" - the bourgeois fam = baed on capital and private gain - "rescue education from the influence of the ruling class" - "the bourgeois sees his wife as a mere instrument of production" - "united action... is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat" - "exploitation of one individual by another will be put to an end" - "the first step of the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class to win the battle of democracy" - measure to take: 1. abolition of property and application of rent to land of public purposes 2. heavy progressive or graduated income tax 3. abolition of rights of inheritance 4. confiscation of property of all emigrants and rebels 5. centralization of credit in the hands of the state by means of a national bank 6. centralization of communication and transport in hands of state 7. factories and instruments of production = owned by the state (and soil and waste lands) 8. equal liability of all to do work. establishment of industrial armies esp for agriculture 9. combination of agriculture w/ manufacturing industries 10. free education for kids in public school and abolition of children's factory labor - these conditions will have "swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally" - "free development of each is the condition for the free development of all"

social statics: liberalism and social darwinism (marx and darwin reading)

1851 by Herbert Spencer - "when regarded not separately but in connexion w/ the interests of universal humanity, these harsh fatalities are seen to be full of beneficence (the doing of good) - the same beneficence which brings to early graves the children of diseased parents" - "there are many very amiable ppl who have not the nerve to look this matter fairly in the face. disabled as they are by their sympathies w/ present suffering, from duly regarding ultimate consequences, they pursue a course which is injudicious. and in the end even cruel" - "to prevent present misery, would entail greater misery on future generations" - "these unthinking, though well-meaning, men advocate an interference which not only stops the purifying process, but even increases the vitiation (weaken effectiveness of) - absolutely encourages the multiplication of the reckless and incompetent by offering them an unfailing provision"

the origin of species and the descent of man (marx and darwin reading)

1859 and 1871 by Darwin - darwin's theory: animals evolved thru variation and natural selection of those most fit to survive in particular environments from the origin of species: - "there is so much beauty throughout nature; for this may be largely attributed to the agency of selection" - "a natural selection acts by competition, it adapts and improves the inhabitants of each country only in relation to their co-inhaitants" - "i view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few being which lived long before" - "foretell that it will be the common and widely-spread species, belonging to larger and dominant groups w/in each class, which will ultimately prevail and procreate new and dominant species" - "natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection" - "divergence of character and the extinction of less-improved forms" from the descent of man: - "close similarity between man and the lower animals in embryonic development" - "facts - all point in the plainest manner to the conclusion that man in the co-descendant w/ other mammals of a common progenitor (biologically related ancestor)" - "everyone who admits the principle of evolution, must see that the mental powers of the higher animals, which are the same in kind w/ those of man, though so different in degree, are capable of advancement" - "the belief in god... the most complete of all the distinctions between man and the lower animals" - "the assumed instinctive belief in god has been used by many persons as an argument for his existence" - "the idea of a universal and beneficent creator does not seem to arise in the mind of man, until he has been elevated by long-continued culture" - "i am aware that the conclusions arrived at in this work will be denounced by some as highly irreligious" - "with all these exalted (elevated) powers, man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible (indestructible; enduring) stamp of his lowly origin"

"blood and iron" speech (nationalism and unification reading)

1862 by Bismarck - "we are too hot-blooded, we have a preference for putting on armor that is too big for our small body; and now we're actually supposed to utilize it" - "it is not by speeches and majority resolutions that the great questions of the time are decided... but by iron and blood" - iron and blood = military and being able to sacrifice for your country - much more practical (thru fighting) than mazzini (realpolitiks)

danish war

1864 - wants to push danes out to protect nationalistic borders - alliance w/ austria (ex. of realpolitiks) - pushes danes out of german territory - fight over who's going to control this land leads to austro-prussia war

austro-prussia war

1866 - goes to war over territory - austria = spread militarily thin (w/ borders and cavour), easily defeated w/ bismarck's army

the duties of man (nationalism and unification reading)

1875 by Mazzini - "this prayer is the true expression of the condition of each one of you, until you find the means of infinitely multiplying your forces and powers of action" - "this means was provided for you by god when he gave you a country" - "may each of you, fortified by the power and affection of millions, all speaking the same language, gifted with the same tendencies, and educated by the same historical tradition, hope even by your own efforts to be able to benefit all of humanity" - "o, my brothers, love your country! our country is our home, a house of god has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love" - "out country is our common workshop, whence the products of our activity are set forth for the benefit of the whole world, wherein the tools and implements of labor we can most usefully employ are gathered together" - "romantic nationalism" bc it's more ideal and less practical (nostalgically celebrating history?) - appealing to working class bc everyone would be united and it's against class divisions (equal playing field) and working class would be rising up - from this would be a democracy where everyone is working together - common aim - call out to all italians, idea that they are all united bc they are italian

august decrees

abolish feudalism - if you don't want to work on land, you don't have to (no longer tied to land)

king's response to national assembly

august decrees and declaration of the rights of man (see reading notes flashcard for declaration of rights of man)

economy and jobs

bad

memoirs: napoleon's secret police (napoleon reading)

c. 1815 by Joseph Fouche - joseph fouche: french statesman and minister of police under napoleon - to guarantee security of the empire - "napoleon reestablished me at the head of the police; at the same time investing me w/ stronger functions than those which i had possessed, before the absurd fusion of the police w/ the department of justice" - salaried spies in all ranks and orders - "i received their reports directly in writing.. every three months, i communicated my list directly to the emperor" - duty of gov's police abroad: watch friendly powers and counteract hostile govs - foreign spies - "i held in my hands the most important strings of foreign politics... i was thus far from limiting my duties to espionage (spying)" - had control of state prisons, forces of armed police officers, passports and visas - duty of watching amnestied (official pardon for ppl who have been convicted of a political crime) individuals and foreigners - "i confess that such an establishment was expensive... the funds of which were secretly provided from taxes lai upon gambling and prostitution, and from the granting of passports... the legal converting of vice into profit is a necessary evil" - gambling houses = much larger scale

remembrances of napoleon, from memoirs (napoleon reading)

c. 1815 by Madame de Remusat - "dictated w/ great ease" - "never wrote anything w/ his own hand... he utterly lacked patience to do anything whatever w/ his own hands" - had private secretaries and made shorthand for them in order that "their pens mights travel as fast as his thoughts" - "never repeated anything that he had once said... hard on the poor secretary" - "he always derived amusement from causing any one uneasiness and distress" - his reception by the troops was "nothing short of rapturous (great enthusiasm)" - knew his soldiers well: "he kept these names (of the soldiers) in a corner of his memory, and this habit came to his aid when he wanted to recognize a soldier and to give him the pleasure of a cheering word from his general" - "he spoke to his subalterns in a tone of good-fellowship, which delighted them all" - his armies became numerous and battles became deadly - "when he addressed his soldiers before leading them into battle, it was a perpetually renewed posterity to which the preceding and destroyed army had bequeathed (passed on) its glory. but even this somber style of encouragement availed for a long time w/ a nation which believed itself to be fulfilling its destiny while sending its sons year after year to die for bonaparte" - ppl liked napoleon bc he "would save us from the perils of anarchy (disorder bc of lack of authority)" - "none dared to utter the word 'republic' so deeply had the terror stained that name" - "the slightest disturbance terrified the french ppl" - "the belief, or rather the error, that only despotism (absolute power, cruel and oppressive) could at that epoch (time) maintain order in france was very widespread" - means that he used to secure his power: dictatorship, armies, and his enthusiasm (?)

napoleon's statesmanship and dictatorship (3 main changes)

concordat of 1801: - makes catholicism dominant religion again BUT keeps toleration in place - gives back ppl's religion - appeals to majority BUT doesn't take from others - he still has power (not pope) napoleonic code: - rewrites law so ppl are equal before law - same laws for everyone but he's the one who wrote laws bureaucracy based on merit: - allows everyone who's qualified to work - BUT he has power over who gets jobs and they work for him

what type of gov do french end up with?

english model of constitutional monarchy (king + national assembly)

1830

first revolution against concert of eu

after reign of terror

goes back to moderate phase (settles back down) - midorean period

napoleon (1802)

he gets rid of other 2 consuls and calls himself "consul for life"

what does the king do in 1788?

makes first and second estates pay taxes

radical / social phase & moderate / political phase of revolution

moderate / political: 1789-1792 - changes gov radical / social: 1792-1794 - takes action

inequality in law

ppl are treated differently

social change

ppl from cottage industries are forced into working in factories (in cities)

luddites

ppl who broke machines

food crisis

prices (esp. bread) are rising

effect of napoleon

takes his ideas where he goes (transculturation)

document of italian unification (nationalism and unification reading)

the program of count cavour (1846) - "the history of every age proves that no ppl can attain a high degree of intelligence and morality unless its feeling of nationality is strongly developed" - "all petty questions that divide us must be silenced... we may see our country glorious and powerful but that above all we may elevate her intelligence and moral development up to the plane on the most civilized nations" - "nationalism has become general; it grows daily; and it has already grown strong enough to keep all parts of italy united despite the differences that distinguish them" count cavour: speech to the piedmont chamber of deputies (1858) - "two courses were open to us... seal ourselves up w/in our frontiers, think only of material and moral interests of this country (piedmont sardinia). on the other hand, we could, while accepting all the hardships imposed by accomplished facts, keep alive the faith that inspired the great actions of king carlo alberto, and, while declaring our firm intention to respect treaties, maintain in the political sphere the enterprise which was defeater in the military sphere" - "it was an outstanding fact that the cause of italy was for the first time supported by an italian power" report of the meeting of count cavour w/ emperor napoleon (1858) - "the emperor started by saying that he had decided to support sardinia w/ all his forces in a war against austria, provided that the war was undertaken for a non-revolutionary cause" speech of victor emanuele i, king of italy (1861) - "free, and nearly entirely united, the opinion of civilized nations is favorable to us" - "i take pleasure in the manifesting to the first parliament of italy the joy i feel in my heart as a king and soldier" - cavour'd view of nationalism = much more realistic and practical than mazzini's "romantic nationalism" - reflects realpolitik bc more practical rather than moral (ex. setting aside what they morally disagree on to unite as a nation for the good of the nation which is more practical) - words of italian king should not be taken seriously bc he's a monarch (ppl aren't free in this situation)

responses to industrial revolution

unions, luddites, and chartists movement

proletariat

urban industrial working class (new thing)

tenement

very crowded, very dirty living space