United States History: Chapter 2 Assessment

Define viceroy. Where did the viceroys have power?

A viceroy was a high ranking Spanish official appointed by the Spanish crown to govern the massive empire of New Spain. There were two viceroys, one for Spain's northern holdings and one for Spain's southern holdings.

How did colonists in Spanish America categorize members of society? Explain your answer.

Colonists in Spanish America categorized members of society according to their race and how much of their ancestry was Spanish.

Which documents suggest a religious motive for establishing colonies?

Document A only

Which documents are most likely advertisements?

Documents A and B

What role do you think economics played in the establishment of European colonies in North America?

For instance, trade became popular in the colonies and some lands have been purchased while other areas were conquered by force. Many goods were traded including animals and plants.

How did France's American colonies differ from Spain's American colonies?

France's American colonies differed from Spain's in that they were more focused around trade than raw resource extraction, exploitation of native labor, and the establishment of a mass imperial project. (They also had much fewer people.)

What led to the outbreak of King Philip's War? What results did it have?

King Phillip's War started due to the continued expansion of European colonists into Native American lands and efforts by Europeans to force Native Americans to give up their customary ways of life. As a result of this war, many colonial towns were burned and the New England Native Americans were effectively shattered as independent landed groups.

What was life like for Native Americans who lived on or near Spanish missions?

Life for Native Americans living near Spanish missions was, in general, not very pleasant. They would have been subject to constant conversion attempts, forced to provide labor for the Mission, and constantly under the watch of Spanish soldiers.

Why did the Spanish colonists begin importing enslaved Africans?

New World colonists started importing enslaved Africans to serve as labor when, in the case of the Spanish, the native peoples began dying at alarming rates or, in the case of the English, when fewer and fewer Englishmen and women were willing to come to the New World as indentured labor.

How did James Oglethorpe make Georgia different from other Southern colonies?

Oglethorpe made Georgia different from other English colonies by setting strict rules for colonists that banned alcohol, slavery, and the working of land that did not belong to the worker.

What were the goals of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies?

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies were established to be havens for Puritans escaping England and paragons of colonial cities.

Was Rhode Island more similar to other colonies in New England or to those in the Middle Colonies? Give several reasons to support your answer.

Rhode Island was more similar to the Middle Colonies than the other New England colonies because it was religiously tolerant and had a separation between church and state, unlike the New England colonies which were religiously intolerant and had powerful churches linked with the government.

How did royal colonies differ from proprietary colonies? Give an example of each type.

Royal colonies were those under the direct control of the royal family of the home country, whereas proprietary colonies were those controlled by a individual person or group in possession of a royal grant. For example, Pennsylvania was a proprietary colony of William Penn, whereas Virginia became a royal colony when the crown took it over from the Virginia company.

Who was Samuel de Champlain? What relationship did he have with the Native Americans.

Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who operated in modern day Canada. He had an interesting relationship with the Native Americans; he and the French were allied with several groups, but, in helping their allies, he made enemies with the powerful Iroquois.

What were the causes and effects of Samuel Champlain's battle with the Iroquois in 1609?

Samuel de Champlain's battle with the Iroquois in 1609 was caused by obligations resulting from his alliance with Native American groups who were opposed to the Iroquois. As a result of the battle, the Iroquois would be hostile to the French and continually raid their lands and attack them until they were eventually defeated

How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain strengthened its American colonies by establishing stronger military control through the use of forts, by using missionaries as unifies and quasi-rulers in certain areas, and by establishing the vice royalities of New Spain in order to govern its vast territories.

What idea did the English in Virginia and Massachusetts hold about the way that the Native Americans interacted with the land of North America? How does their treatment of Indians reflect their attitude?

The English in Virginia and Massachusetts believed that Native Americans were not capable of using North American lands in a beneficial and effective manner. As such, they did not think twice about taking Native American lands through violence and thought that they were completely justified in expanding their holdings, killing Natives, and generally treating them terribly.

What was the Mayflower Compact? What was its most important principle?

The Mayflower Compact was an agreement made between the colonists on the Mayflower in which they agreed to form a government and obey its laws. Arguably the most important principle was that of self-government.

What were characteristics of the Middle Colonies?

The Middle Colonies were characterized by relative diversity in terms of religion and point of origin, economies supported by farming and trade, comparative friendliness with Native American groups, and large numbers of families.

Who were the Quakers? What ideas did Quakers support?

The Quakers were a group of radical Protestants who believed in pacifism, a greater role for women in church and society, tolerance, not having clergy, and an "inner light" which could guide them to faith.

How did colonial governments in New Spain, New France, and in the 13 British colonies differ? What similarities were there?

The colonial governments of all three empires featured royally appointed governor-figures and the king as the highest power. The French and Spanish shared similar colonial governments in that they did not have popular assemblies, but the church played arguably a larger role in the government of the Spanish colonies than in that of the French. Government in the English colonies varied, but generally featured a degree of self-government and/or right of assembly, things not found in the governments of the other two empires.

What were the characteristics of the government and the economy in the Southern Colonies?

The economy in the Southern colonies was dominated by cash-crop agriculture while its government generally took the form of an appointed royal governor serving with an assembly.

What effect did the fur trade with Europe have on relations between Native American groups?

The fur trade gave many Native American groups access to European goods and manufactures, increasing their power in wars and relations with other Native American groups. The trade also sparked many conflicts between Native American groups as they fought for control of limited numbers of beavers and hunting areas.

Document B suggests that England valued its New England Colonies for

commercial reasons