UNLV Biology 196 Chapter 9

____ and ____ performed an experiment that demonstrated the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication. (Last names only please)

Meselson, Stahl

The 30-nm fiber is comprised of______ units organized into a more compact structure.

Nucleosome

DNA is a macromolecule composed of monomers called _______.

Nucleotides.

______ fragments are a series of DNA segments made on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Okazaki

DNA polymerase synthesizes short fragments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication. These are called what?

Okazaki Fragments

According to the conservative model, DNA replication produces

One molecule with two paternal strands and another molecule with two daughter strands.

A linear DNA stand contains two ends: the 5' end has a free _______ group, while the 3' end has a free ______ group.

P ; OH

In a DNA strand, adjacent nucleotides are held together by covalent bonds known as ______ bonds.

Phosphodiester

The enzyme DNA _______covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication.

Polymerase

Which enzyme is required to initiate DNA synthesis on a bare template strand?

Primase

What can serve as genetic material in viruses?

RNA or DNA

How is ribose different from deoxyribose?

Ribose is found in RNA, while deoxyribose is found in DNA.

Match the mechanism of DNA replication with its correct illustration.

A. Semiconservative B. Conservative C. Dispersive

Two DNA strands in a double helix that run in opposite directions from one another are said to be _____ .

Antiparallel

The covalent linkage of a sequence of ______ allows DNA to store information.

Bases

In Escherichia coli, what enzyme adds DNA nucleotides during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase III

As a result of the ____ mechanism of DNA replication, the new double-stranded DNA contains one parental strand and one daughter strand.

semiconservative

Erwin Chargaff showed that

the amounts of A/T and C/G are equal

The presence of ____ would definitely identify a substance as RNA.

Uracil

____ and ____ proposed that the structure of DNA was a double helix. (Last names only please)

Watson, Crick

The ability to predict the DNA sequence in one strand based on the sequence of another strand is referred to as

complementarity

The pairing of C with G exemplifies the definition of

complementarity

DNA replication relies on the ______ of DNA strands according to the _____ rule.

complementarity; AT/GC rule

The lagging strand is made

discontinuously in the opposite direction of the replication fork.

DNA must be compacted in order to

fit in cells

Purine bases include _____ and ______. (no abbreviations please).

gaunine, adenine

____ are a group of proteins that DNA wraps around to compact itself and to form nucleosomes.

histones

The orientation of sugar molecules within a DNA strand is referred to as a _____________. For example, a strand is said to be 5' to 3' or 3' to 5.

directionality

The replication process is completed when the enzyme DNA _______ forms a covalent bond between adjacent DNA fragments.

ligase

Match the criteria for genetic material with the relevant aspects of Griffith's work.

(GRIFFIIIIIIITTTHHHHH!!!!!) Information - The transformed cells pick up material from dead cells. Replication - the substance that produces the capsule can be copied Variation - Bacteria have the ability to produce a capsule or not Transmission - The transforming principle is passed via binary fission

A chromosome is composed of two macromolecules. Which ones?

1. DNA 2. Protein

Which of the following are nucleic acids?

1. DNA 2. RNA

The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy experiments involved mixing substances with rough bacterial cells. Select all of the combinations of substances that they added to the rough bacterial cells.

1. DNA + protease 2. DNA 3. DNA + RNase 4. DNA + DNase

Which of the following helps explain the remarkably high fidelity for DNA replication?

1. DNA polymerase is unlikely to catalyze bond formation between adjacent nucleotides if a mismatched base pair is formed. 2. DNA polymerase can identify and repair mismatched nucleotides 3. The hydrogen bonding between AT and GC pairs is more stable than between mismatched pairs

Rank the five levels of structural features of DNA. Start at the top with the most complex (or largest), and end at the bottom with the least complex (or smallest)

1. Genome 2. Chromosome 3. Double Helix 4. DNA strand 5. Nucleotide

Select all of the following that are purine bases.

1. Guanine 2. Adenine

An octamer of histone proteins contains two of each of the following

1. H2A 2. H4 3. H3 4. H2B

Which of the following are examples of the histone proteins found anywhere in chromatin?

1. H2B 2. H4 3. H1 4. H2A 5. H3

In order for the genetic material to fulfill its role is cells, it must meet which of the following criteria?

1. Information 2. Replication 3. Transmission 4. Variation

Which of the following are enzymatic features of DNA polymerase?

1. It can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction 2. It is unable to begin DNA synthesis on a bare template strand

Injection of which of the following in Griffith's experiments would cause the death of mice? Select all that apply.

1. Live smooth bacteria + live rough bacteria 2. Live smooth bacteria 3. Dead smooth bacteria + live rough bacteria

Chromatin makes up eukaryotic chromosomes and is a complex of:

1. Proteins 2. DNA

The proposed models for DNA replication included

1. Semiconservative replication 2. Conservative Replication 3. Dispersive Replication

The components of a nucleotide are:

1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Base

Which of the following are properties of the DNA double helix proposed by Watson and Crick?

1. The DNA strands obey the AT/GC rule 2. The DNA strands are antiparallel

In order to complete synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, the following must occur. Place these items in the correct order. Start with the earliest on top.

1. The removal of RNA primers 2. The synthesis of DNA in the area where the primers have been removed. 3. The covalent joining of adjacent fragments of DNA

In the Avery, McLeod and McCarty experiment, which of the following mixtures would yield smooth colonies when planted? Select all that apply.

1. Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract 2. Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract + protease 3. Type R bacteria + type S DNA extract + RNase

In experiments by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, what experimental mixtures converted type R bacteria into type S bacteria? Select all that apply.

1. Type R bacteria plus purified DNA from a type S strain 2. Type R bacteria plus purified DNA from a type S strain plus RNase 3. Type R bacteria plus purified DNA from a type S strain plus protease

Which of the following are pyrimidine bases?

1. Uracil 2. Cytosine 3. Thymine

Place the steps of eukaryotic chromosomal compaction leading to the metaphase chromosome in the correct order. Start with the earliest (Least compact) step on top.

1. Wrapping of DNA around histones 2. Formation of a 30-nm fiber via histone H1 and other DNA binding proteins 3. Anchoring of radial loop domains to the nuclear matrix 4. further compaction of radial loops to form heterochromatin.

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCTT-3'. The complementary sequence would be

3'-TACGAA-5'

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 20% thymine. The molecule would have to contain ___% guanine.

30

Nucleosomes are organized into a more compact structure known as the _____ with the help of the histone protein _____.

30-nm fiber ; H1

The human somatic cell contains _____ chromosomes.

46

The number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell is ____.

46

If a strand of DNA has a T nucleotide, the complimentary strand will have which nucleotide paired with T?

A

Griffith's experiments demonstrate that the formation of the _____ to produce smooth (S) bacteria is governed by the genetic material.

Capsule

______ analyzed the base composition of DNA from different species and proposed that the amount of adenine in each case is equal to the amount of Thymine.

Chargaff

A nucleosome is a repeating structural unit of eukaryotic

Chromatin

In order to fit into cells, DNA must be

Compacted

When cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes become ____ to aid in proper alignment.

Condensed

A strand of DNA or RNA is composed of a linear array of nucleotides held together by _____ bonds.

Covalent

_____ Synthesis begins at a site within a chromosome called origin of replication.

DNA

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that only purified

DNA can convert type R bacteria into type S.

During what process are the parental DNA strands used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands?

DNA replication.

The _____ model suggests that DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with the parental DNA.

Dispersive

The interaction of two strands of DNA via Hydrogen bonds results in a structure called the

Double Helix

The level of DNA structure that resembles a spiral staircase is the

Double Helix

Purine bases have a _____-ring stucture and include adenine and ______. On the other hand, Pyrimidines have a _____-ring stucture and include cytosine, thymine, and ______ .

Double, Guanine, Single, Uracil

The term _______ is used to describe the less condensed regions of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Euchromatin

Match the proteins involved in DNA replication with their function.

Helicase - Causes DNA stand separation at the origin of replication. topoisomerase- Relieves coiling in DNA strands ahead of the replication fork single-strand binding protein- Prevents the two DNA template strands from re-forming the double helix

The highly compacted regions of chromosomes are called

Heterochromatin

DNA polymerase III

Is the major replication enzyme.

What statement about the genetic material is true?

It is DNA in all living organisms, but can be RNA in viruses.

Of the following choices, which are base paired properly?

Key (Alphabetical, reverse alphabetical) A C G T (alphabetical) T G C A (Reverse alphabetical) A - T C - G

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is synthesized continuously while the _____ strand is synthesized as small fragments that are connected to each other to form a continuous strand.

Leading, Lagging

The DNA backbone is composed of alternating

Sugars and phosphate groups

What end of a DNA strand that is paired with the strand shown in this figure would be at the top?

The 3' end

The genome is

The entire complement of an organism's genetic material.

Which of the following is found in DNA and not RNA?

Thymine

In a DNA double helix, one strand runs 5' to 3' in one direction, while the other goes 3' to 5' in the same direction. This characteristic describes the ______ nature of two stands.

antiparallel

Watson and Crick used a ___ -and- ____ approach to deduce that the structure of DNA was a double helix.

ball, stick

The enzyme DNA _____ is needed to begin DNA synthesis on a bare template strand. This enzyme makes a short segment of _____called a primer that is complementary to a DNA sequence on the template strand.

primase, RNA

The difference between purine and the pyrimidines is that

purines have a double ring stucture and a pyrimidines have a single ring structure.

DNA polymerase cleaves the bond of connecting the first two phosphates in an incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate causing the release of a molecule of ________ (ppi).

pyrophosphate

DNA replication proceeds outward from two _________ _________, which are the sites where template strands are unwound and new DNA is synthesized.

replication forks

Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA by

using the ball-and-stick model