Unmanned Systems
exclude themselves from any crew duties
-baby was up last 3 nights -took nighttime medicine
how many degrees of freedom can unmanned aircraft move through 3-D space?
1,2,3 or6 6
ensure multirotor center of gravity is accurate
1. hold aircraft by opposing motor arms and look for imbalance 2. verify safe 3. check temperatures
pusher canard tractor flying wing
1. prop in back, allow unobstructed view 2.horizontal tail position near nose 3. prop in front 4. no fuselage or horizontal tail required, simple
Internet search: What is the UNICOM frequency at BWI airport? (Use SkyVector)
122.95
how many hours before flight should a pilot restrain from drinking alchol?
8
Fatigue from lack of sleep or exhaustion can be as harmful to human performance as alcohol and drugs. Remote pilots should try to get ___________ hours of sleep before showing up to work.
8, eight
Refer to the following news headline and write down which regulation was broken: "Drone Spotted Over Arizona Wildfire, Forcing Setback" Example: 14 CFR ________
91.137
the FAA publishes the (blank) which are designed to provide airmen with a clear understanding of aviation rules as well as give standardized guidance on how to comply with a rule or regulation
Advisory Circulars
Why were weapons later added to the Predator?
After the attacks on September 11 it was used as a hunter-killer UAS
Category 1 small unmanned aircraft cannot have
Any exposed rotating parts that would lacerate human skin
for UAS implementation into the National Air Space (NAS), what are two options that are primary safety datalink flight requirements for UAS implementation
Correct- near real-time telemetry from the UAV near real-time flight commands to the UAV
Systems UAS have poor reliability and lack maintenance standards, so system failure poses a large risk to UAS operation. Remote pilots should assess the following system components before deeming their UAS "airworthy" and embarking on a flight:
Firmware Repairs or modification Energy state Data link
In addition to shutting down and poor communication, what are some additional signs of task saturation? (Select all that apply)
Fixating, Compartmentalizing
the FAA has nine regional centers around the country as well as field offices in every states called the (blank) or (blank).
Flight Standards District Offices, FSDO
a common classification for UAS is
GTOW Gross Takeoff Weight
What does "M" stand for in terms of frequencies?
Medical
when too much weight is added to an aircraft it will fly at a reduced rate and (blank)
NOT bank angle
to keep an electromechanical device mounted on an aerial platform so that the sensor is pointed in the same general direction, regardless of the attitude (pitch roll yaw) of the platform see a blank
NOT platform stand stabilization gimbal
simplex datalink
Operates in one direction only
This system receives RF signals and converts it to a readable format for the ground station to use.
Other support equipment is associated with a GCS, in addition to the equipment inside the GCS and the GDT.
The body's chemical reactions to the demands placed on it. The body will release chemical hormones that will correspond to a short-lived boost in energy and strength. This increase is often referred to as increased arousal. This is an example of _________ stress.
Physiological
What types of data are transmitted via the telemetry interface? (Select all the apply)
Position Altitude Battery Charge or Fuel Levels Video Feed Speed Orientation
How is short-term and long-term memory retrieved?
Short-term memory is stored and then retrieved sequentially while long-term memory is stored and retrieved by association, context, or emotion.
Match the example to the datalink type:
Simplex datalink: Radio Half-duplex datalink: Walkie-talkie Duplex Datalink: Telephone
Who would most likely be using a remote terminal?
Someone involved in the operation but not in the command and control of the aircraft
Wavelength
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave, top of a wave to the next top
What facilitated the need to replace manned reconnaissance flights?
U-2 pilot was shot down over the Soviet Union and imprisoned in 1960.
How can heat stroke be avoided?
Use environmental conditioning like sunshades or a/c vehicles on site
a remote pilot operating under part 107 is restricted to operations only
VFR
weight, lift, thrust, and drag
Weight: The total gross weight of all aircraft components (airframe, payloads, and fuel) Thrust: The driving forward force of the aircraft's propulsion system Lift: The aerodynamic force created by the airfoil Drag: A force that arises from moving the aircraft through the air
Safety for Datalinks
With the onset of the UAS implementation into the National Airspace System (NAS) and the process of doing so, UAS professionals and FAA regulatory requirements make safety a must.
one of the most important factors affecting overall aircraft performance is
air density
What is found in both a manned cockpit and a UAS remote pilot display?
airspeed
Backup _________
batteries
high frequency carrier waves are able to carry more information because there are more waves and the waves are
closer to each other
what frequency should be monitored if you are close to an airport that does not have a tower?
common
the communication strategies we have discussed so far are designed to make you efficient; however, one thing that can be detrimental is
conflict
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter move right?
decrease 2&3
The density of air ______________ as an aircraft climbs and altitude ______________.
decreases, increases
For future UAS beyond-line-of-sight operations, ________ technology is essential.
detect and avoid DAA
multispectral imagers
detect crops/ plant disease
maneuverability is the quality of an aircraft that permits it to be maneuvered (blank) and to withstand the stresses imposed by those maneuvers
easily
what is the role of the RPIC remote pilot in command whose aircraft is preprogrammed to execute commands?
evaluates the situation and makes timely decisions
passive sensor- does not rely on an energy source provided by the sensor itself
examples: EO RGB cameras, infrared, and ultraviolet cameras. a lot of photography, GoPro high-resolution still and video camera
True or False: A PIC may use binoculars to keep the UA within line-of-sight.
false
(blank) air creates lift
faster
GCS Types of Control Stations Include:
handheld/tablet laptop gcs mobile gcs fixed-faciity gcs
in aviation, altitudes are described in up to 900 feet
hundreds
as the temperature (blank) air density decreases
increases
as a UAS pilot if you are tryiing to locate missing persons yo would use blank remote sensing payload
infrared
class G airspace
is uncontrolled
a characteristic of stratus clouds is that they may form in stable air and produce
light mist or drizzle
primary function of RADAR and LIDAR sensors is to
measure distances
to qualify for an FAA Part 107 remote pilot license, which is a necessary requirement?
pass TSA background check
Powerplants are the aircraft's primary ___________ systems.
propulsion
power supply
provides the energy needed for movement and control
When a series of waypoints are linked together it is called a _______.
route
the motive force used to deflect these control surfaces is provided by a small electro-mechanical device called a
servo
How many degrees of freedom can a UA move through?
six
New and old information is used to ___________ a problem.
solve
if your company has been asked to conduct 400 ft AGL mapping project of a farm under A
special use airspace
Adding heavier payloads to a sUAS can adversely affect performance and _________ and will require additional flight testing to document new aircraft performance characteristics, conducted by or with the help of the aircraft's manufacturer.
stability
the center of gravity depends on the distribution of aircraft weight therefore putting all the weight at the center of gravity creates a (blank) aircraft
stable
which of these is not one of the ways that the FAA ensures the safest air commerce system?
standardizing Airport Operations
The fuselage (body of the aircraft) houses most of the equipment and acts as the basic ___________ for other parts of the aircraft
structure
why is the cost of the vehicle and maintenance of hybrid UAS high than fixed wing or multirotor?
the vehicle and flight control system are more complex because it has to carry the extra weight of the critical lift propulsion system and a power source
the blank is a type of image taken form a uas that easily highlights the differences in temperature
thermogram
on a radio the correct way of saying an altitude of '300' feet is
three hundred
a fixed wing aircraft relies on forward (blank) to produce lift
thrust
frequency is how many radio waves are generated per second
true
the term used to describe the greatest horizontal distance an object can be seen with the naked eye is
visual line of sight
Accident Reporting -FAA Accident Definition
"A serious injury that requires hospitalization or any loss of consciousness; or any property damage (excluding the UAS) that exceed $500 in value."
GCS -FAA definition of a Ground Control Station
"An interface used by the remote pilot to control the flight path of the small unmanned aircraft; the structure or system (ground, marine, or air-based) that controls the UAS and its interface to the aircraft and external systems."
if your company has been granted special permission from ATC to operate three miles west of Lincoln Nebraska's main runway and the tower informs you that the runway has switched to runway 36, what should you expect as a remote pilot? Select ALL that apply
- an aircraft flying a visual traffic pattern could fly over your operation at 600 feet AGL -Aircraft to approach and depart from north and south
robotic aircraft can be controlled by combination of the following
- direct remote- - control - preprogrammed - supervisory - autonomous
sustained flight includes
- hovering above person - flying back and forth over and open air assembly - circling above an uninvolved person in such a way that the small unmanned aircraft remains above some part of that person
in order to get a remote pilot certificate, there are three requirements that must be met. What are they?
- pass an aeronautical knowledge exam - 16 years of age - complete a TSA background check
DC electric motor rechargeable lithium based batteries
- widely available - affordable -produce no emissions -ideal for precise control -quiet
Not acceptable to fly UAS over people
-10 or fewer people -the UAS is high enough to not pose a danger -less than 30 seconds
proceed with flight and monitor themselves for change
-8 hours of sleep but with headache
step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 exception
1. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) is published to Federal Registry 2."proposed" rule is open for public comment for a specific period of time 3. Industry stakeholders, aviators and the general public submit comments regulator 4. Regulator considers comments and drafts a response for why it accepts or rejects comments. Exception: a rule can be published without public input if there is an immediate need and the regulator doesn't foresee comments, they can publish a direct final rule
1. Ku Band 2. K Band 3. S,L Bands 4. C Band
1. able to trespass most obstacles and convey great deals of data, suffers more propagation losses, usually used for high speed links 2.possesses large frequency range and conveys large amounts of data, Is sensitive to (environmental ) interference's, Requires powerful transmitters 3.doesn't allow datalinks with transmission speeds above 500 Kilo Bits Per Sec, large wavelength signals can penetrate into (terrestrial) infrastructures 4. requires a relatively (large) transmission and reception antenna
order when lift is created 1 2 3
1. area in which the air is moving narrows or widens, then air speeds up or slows down 2. air speeds p, pressure goes down 3. faster-moving air above exerts less pressure on the wing than the slower-moving air below
Radiation Advection Ice Evaporation/Steam Frontal
1. brought about by cooling the air adjacent to the ground 2. forms when near surface air is moved horizontally over a cooler underlying surface 3. formed when the underlying surface that cool air is flowing over the sufficiently cold 4.the air mass become saturated when a warm and moist underlying surface evaporates 5. occurs when warm rain falls into a layer of cold and moist air
match events in correct order
1. first airline was established in St. Petersburg FL 2. US Postal Service transcontinental airmail route 3. Air Commerce Act established Aeronautics Branch 4. Establishment of Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) and Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) 5. Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) set up as independent government agency 6.DOT created and housed the FAA National Transportation Safety Board
1. SOP checklists 2. other pilots 3. wx briefing 4. flight manual 5. VO 6. safety glasses 7. people 8. ancillary equipment
1. procedures 2. informational resources 3. informational resource 4. procedures 5. people 6. equipment 7. people 8. equipment
events of cold front in order
1. the cold dense air wedges under the warmer air and forces it upward 2.warm air ascends cools and the water vapor in it condenses and creates a cumuliform cloud 3. cumuliform clouds can bring showery precipitation and possibly thunderstorms
inertial measurement unit barometer magnetometer global positioning system
1. uses mini gyroscopes and linear accelerometers to obtain vehicle velocity and position 2. uses static and dynamic air pressure to help determine aircraft's airspeed and altitude 3. a tiny electrical sensor that acts as a compass for situational awareness and navigation 4. uses satellites to provide accurate navigational data
1. Yellow 2.Blue
1.turn and bank directional gyro attitude indicator altimeter VSI airspeed 2.engine indications
what is the dew point depression and cloud base when the temperature is 50 F with a dewpoint of 40 F?
10 F dew point depression and 2000 ft cloud base
the FAA requires the certificate holder to report any accidents directly to the FAA within (blank) calendar days of the occurence
10 calendar days
aircraft entering a traffic pattern normally enter at a pattern altitude of feet AGL
1000
US chart supplement- find pattern altitude
1000 AGL
The maximum authorized ground speed for an sUAS is 87 knots. What is the maximum authorized ground speed in miles per hour?
100mph
class c airspace is generally airspace from
1200 feet AGL to 4000 within 10 NM of the airfield
The aircraft emergency frequency for civilians is ____ MHz. (This information may not be found in the content, use online resources to find the answer.)
121.5
if you wish to monitor air traffic at KEDE what is the CTAF?
123.0
The FAA defines "Visual Line of Sight" as the horizontal distance where the remote pilot in command (RPIC) can see the sUAS' location and determine the system's attitude, altitude, and direction of flight with an unaided eye.
14 CFR Part 107
most skeletal structures are supported by guy wires, which are very difficult to see in good weather, and can be invisible at dusk during periods of reduced visibility. these wires can extend about feet horizontally from the structure
1500
what should initial radio communication with the tower occur?
15NM out from airport
What is one of the requirements for qualifying for a part 107 certificate?
16 years or older
What is the LOS range for small Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) UAS?
2-3 miles
after novices get some time under their belts, they become what we call an advanced beginner. These are people with less than hours in type, but are able to perceive situations outside of operating the system
200
the minimum distance of small unmanned aircraft from clods must be 500 feet below the cloud and (blank)
2000 feet horizontally from the clouds
In what year did the FAA's Flight Standards Service develop a UAS policy?
2005
not responding within days of the federal aviation administration inquiry will cause your request to be withdrawn.
30
most people can store seven to nine items and for only about
30 seconds
the FAA defines daytime as the hours between (blank) minutes prior tp official sunrise and (blank) minutes after official sunset (blank)time
30, 30 , local
A category __ of small unmanned aircraft was added that may be eligible for operations over people and moving vehicles.
4
the maximum altitude that a remote pilot can fly a sUAS under Part 107 flight rules, clear of obstacles is
400 feet AGL
max altitude for a sUAS is
400 feet AGL or within 400 feet laterally from a structure
sUAS may not fly higher than _______ above ground level (AGL) unless they are flying above a structure like a cell tower or antenna, in which they may fly _______ feet laterally from the structure.
400, 400
remote pilots should also be aware that helicopters are often below feet AGL when approaching the heliport
500
class G typically extends from the surface to 1200 feet AGL. However the FAA has established a minimum safe altitude of
500 ft AGL
under no circumstance should a remote pilot fly a UAS over or under a tradition aircraft without
500 ft clearance
during flight operations under 14 CFR Part107, sUAS are required to stay (blank) feet below the base of any cloud and clear all clouds by (blank) feet horizontally
500, 2000
minimum clearance of (blank) feet below a cloud and (blank) feet horizontally from any cloud
500, 2000
how many degrees of freedom can an unmanned aircraft move
6
Alcohol can impair a remote pilot's ability to perform flight duties. FAA law requires that remote pilots be free from the effects of alcohol and not ingest alcohol within the ___________ hours prior to flight.
8, eight
"Drone Pilot Drops 'Anti-Media' Leaflets Over NFL Games" Ex. 14 CFR ________
91.145
What special authority is the RPIC granted in case of emergencies?
A RPIC can violate any regulation in order to protect the life and property of others
What is the first thing a business should create to support the safe process of managing and improving an aviation-based system?
A Safety Management System (SMS)
Ground Data Terminals (GDT)
A UAS Ground Data Terminal (GDT) supports data transfer communications with airborne sensors equipped with a datalink.
Match the definitions for a waypoint and an orbit:
A Waypoint: A geographic location programmed in sequence for a flight route An Orbit: A loiter location
What did the modern PCB evolve from and why?
A hobbyist RC controller because it was an easy and familiar interface.
What are the components of a GCS? (Select all that apply)
A portable computer with flight planning software, A set of electronic joystick devices, Switches for pilot inputs, A wireless uplink transmitter, A wireless downlink receiver
Helicopters
A single primary lifting rotor, called the main rotor, consists of two or more blades where the AOA of each blade can be controlled individually or collectively. Changing the AOA changes the direction of the lift vector from the main rotor and enables the vehicle to move in roll and pitch. A tail rotor is used to counteract the torque generated by the rotating rotor and allows the helicopter to be controllable in the yaw axis
redundant datalink option
A transceiver relays flight control information via an independent transceiver
Which step in the datalink transmission process represents the downlink?
A transmitter on the aircraft relays status information back down to the GCS antenna. This status information may include pertinent information, such as engine RPM, position information, altitude information, air speed, video images, GPS data, etc.
match the letters with the appropriate airport marking
A- runway intersection/ mandatory hold short D-hold short F- taxiway edge B- ILS critical area
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process of evaluating a given set of circumstances and determining the best course of action.
weather conditions including temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation, and visibility is provided by which service
ASOS
What are two LANs that use a bridged network?
AV LAN and GCS LAN
A pre-flight check of winds display a balmy 10 mph speed, but upon arrival at the takeoff site, winds have increased to 22 mph aloft. The OEM says the aircraft can operate in winds of 25 mph. What risk mitigation/s alternative should be used?
Accept- because even though it's close, the winds are still within the aircraft operational capabilities, but keep an eye on increasing winds speeds and act accordingly.
Short-term stress is your body's immediate reaction to a perceived threat or danger. This immediate reaction to danger is often referred to as the "fight or flight" response and may occur if something goes wrong or nearly goes wrong during the flight. This is an example of _________ stress.
Acute
todays UAS are equipped with (blank) that continuity monitor the aircraft's altitude attitude, location , and speed
Advanced electronic flight control systems
Conditions Affecting Pilot Performance The condition of the UAS operator can adversely affect an operator's performance.
Adverse Mental State: Refers to factors that include those mental conditions that affect performance (e.g. stress, mental fatigue, motivation). Adverse Physiological State: Refers to factors that include those medical or physiological conditions that affect performance (e.g. medical illness, physical fatigue, and hypoxia). Physical/Mental Limitation: Refers to when an operator lacks the physical or mental capabilities to cope with a situation and performance is affected (e.g. visual limitations, insufficient reaction time).
Here are the requirements for an sUAS to maintain VFR:
Altitude Type of Airspace Flight Visibility Cloud Clearances 400' AGL Class G (day) 3 statute miles 500' below 2,000' horizontal
Analog modulation can be accomplished using three different techniques:
Amplitude Modulation (AM) + Frequency Modulation (FM) + Phase Modulation (PM
James, a Part 107 pilot recently purchased a sUAS that has a total weight of 120 lbs. What is needed before James can fly his new vehicle?
An FAA Exemption
remotely controlled
An active remote pilot has been physically removed from the vehicle and placed in either another vehicle or on the ground
How does the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) help with UAS and other aircraft in the NAS self-separate?
An aircraft can determine its exact location via GPS and transmit this information back to other aircraft and ATC.
What does the gyroscope measure? "Data from the gyroscope and accelerometers are fed into a small computer controller, where these sensed accelerations and a gravitational estimate are integrated over time to obtain the current vehicle velocity which can be used to obtain the vehicle's position."
Angular accelerations around the pitch, roll, and yaw axes of the aircraft
During UAS flight operations, who communicates externally with FAA, customers, and first responders?
Any member of the UAS crew, besides the remote pilot in command
GCS Elements Launch and Recovery Element
As an LRE center, the ground station serves the roles of ensuring safe and efficient takeoff and landing operations and usually require the remote pilot to be able to manually fly the aircraft in the event that quick control is needed during an emergency to land it.
RF Communications and Limits
As you already know, UAS datalinks are propagated by an uplink and downlink.
class (blank) is reserved for the busiest airports
B
Which airspace classes always require authorization to use? (Select all that apply)
B,C,D
In which airspace do UAS operations require approval? (Select all that apply) Class B Class C Class D Class E surface area designated for an airport Class G
BCDE
In what way is electronic Line of Sight (LOS) different from electronic Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS)?
BLOS has link establishment through satellite or relay
Why is a sense and avoid system important?
Because a remote pilot is not located in the aircraft and therefore cannot see and avoid other aircraft in the vicinity.
Why is the Omni Antenna usually used by small UAS?
Because it is inexpensive and reliable
due to the increased number of devices that use radio waves to produce and receive information and the greater number of users, it is now necessary for operators to use microwave radios that work with higher modulation radios (FM & PM). Why can high frequency carrier waves carry more information?
Because there are more waves and the waves are closer to each other
Why must vehicle control commands be made electronically?
Because there is no pilot on board
Why did the U.S. Navy scrap Project Fox?
Because they didn't trust the accuracy of UAS
Radio waves can be affected by natural and unnatural environmental influences, including rain, terrain, and noise. What is data rate measured in?
Bits Per Second (Bps)
How should information be organized in the display design?
By priority
FAA approval known as is needed for UAS to operate specific airspace for a defined purpose -Part33 -Part 135 -Unmanned Advisory Circular -Certificate of Waiver or Authorization(COA)
COA
Passive Radio-Wave Tracking Device -
Can be tuned to specific radio frequencies and fitted with a special antenna in order to pick up signals from small radio transmitters
Dispensable Payload -
Can either be delivered to a location, or flown over a specified area and dispensed or dropped
An uplink: (Select all that apply)
Carries information/commands input by the remote pilot at the ground station to the AV via data packages, Information includes flight plan changes, manual turns, descent and climb information, and payload manipulation
if your job has been asked to complete a wildlife survey job at 400feet AGL near Lake Drummond, at a location B what airspace and special considerations need to be made prior to the flight?
Class G airspace over a special conservation area, pilots are asked to voluntarily avoid these area by at least 2000 feet
Part 107 requires that there be a minimum of 3 statute miles from the remote pilot's vantage point to prominent unlit objects and that sUAS stay 400 feet below the base of a cloud while clearing clouds by 2,000 feet horizontally.
Cloud coverage and visibility can be predicted by referring to aviation reports issued by the closet aviation reporting station. An alternative method for predicting cloud coverage and visibility is using landmarks with known heights and distances to determine the weather.
What equipment can typically be found in a midsized UAS mobile GCS? (Select all that apply)
Command and control equipment, Payload manipulation and imagery collection equipment, Mission planning software/equipment
What are the roles a GCS may be used for? (Select all that apply)
Command center with vehicle takeoff and landing connectivity/control Correctly checked Science or mission center Correctly checked Payload operating and control Correctly checked En-route command and control facility Correctly checked Forward control or handoff facility
There are two broad categories of CRM concepts: Communication Process and Decision Behaviors Team Building and Maintenance. Sort the CRM concepts below:
Communication Process and Decision Behaviors-inquiry /advocacy/ assertion, self critic, briefings, conflict resolution, communications in decision making Team Building and Maintenance- stress reduction, interpersonal relationship, leadership/followership, workload management
Complexity of Systems Operators can also spend too much attention trying to operate or control the UAS in part due to:
Complex menu structure or control schemes that require more concentration on control than on the environment Overly complex checklists or procedures can divert attention to the methods and away from the flight
What can you do to mitigate RF interference during your UAS operation?
Conduct a site or map survey beforehand
What are the four skills leaders employ?
Conflict resolution, Authority, Mentoring, Operational analysis
Inquiry Asking questions should be second nature, but individuals are often shy or not wanting to speak up. CRM empowers every crew member to speak up (in a respectful manner) and ask questions when there is: Confusion And one more __________ between reality and the plan
Confusion And one more Discrepancy
Which word is associated with the letter "C" in the CARE model?
Consequence
Control Link Security
Control link security is the third technological factor affecting full-scale UAS integration into the NAS. The data link or control link is the radio frequency tether between the unmanned aircraft and the control station and this tether can be severed ("loss of link"), due to exceeding system limits, malicious intent, or frequency crowd-out
Detect and Avoid (DAA) is a technology that proponents believe would enable a UAS to detect other aircraft and obstacles using an on-board sensor, and then have a computer prioritize and track these threats as they approached the UAS. This technology is divided into two categories:
Cooperative DAA would uses a system where all aircraft transmit information to one another about their location and vector and a computer would use this information to make decisions and perform maneuvers. Non-cooperative DAA would work similarly to cooperative DAA, except these UAS will use sensors to detect aircraft that are not broadcasting information.
situational awareness: Match the technique to the correct order for regaining SA:
Correct First: Reduce workload Second: Reduce threats Third: Compartmentalization
Crew Briefings are an extremely important type of communication
Crew briefings can be a way to develop a shared mental model that will increase team effectiveness and set a common set of goals Briefings should be organized and cover items that are important or differ from standard procedures; remember that all briefings should be brief Ask for contributions from other team members to establish "buy in" and ensure everyone has a common vision
Currency is different from experience in that: .
Currency relates to the present where experience relates to accumulated skills over time
To calculate density altitude the following parameters are needed: (Select all that apply)
Current barometric pressure, Air temperature, Dew point, Field elevation
the most popular and cost effective propulsion systems used today include a (blank) and rechargeable lithium batteries
DC electric motors
half-duplex datalink
Data can be transmitted in both directions, but not at the same time
Why might flying multiple unmanned aircraft at the same time cause radio frequency interference?
Data can bleed-over from the other crew's frequency band if the drones have similar frequency requirements
REMEMBER:
Datalinks are the life blood to UAS safety. Without datalink accuracy and continuity, the AV will most likely act as a kite falling to the ground without an attached string.
Mentoring Leaders must take time to instruct and:
Demonstrate skills and techniques Emulate professional standards Recommend solutions Motivate people to succeed
where do pilots find important information about the areas where they intend to operate?
Dep of Transportation
Physical Site Visit First, Note the location of manmade obstacles and trees Second, Find a safe launch and recovery area What two other things should you do during a physical site visit?
Determine the effect of any mechanical winds, Determine the location and path of the sun
Display Unit + Telemetry Interface + Geo-Fencing + Contingency Plan + Mission Plan + Reliable Power Source
Display Unit - Can be packaged as a handheld device, like a mobile phone or other portable unit easily viewed by the remote pilot First-Person View (FPV) allows the remote pilot to simulate the same visual perspective as a manned pilot Telemetry Interface - The way in which the remote pilot communicates back and forth with the UAS Includes radios and antennas Geo-Fencing - Mapping out a geographical area in which to fly the UAS with proper clearances and safety protocols in place Provides safety to the public as well as legal protection for the remote pilot Keeps UAS within a designated region Contingency Plan - A backup plan in case there is a breakdown in the communication between the UAS and GCS For example, pre-programming your unmanned aircraft to return to base automatically in the event of a critically low-battery or lost link Mission Plan - Ensures that the flight is conducted safely and meets all mission goals Reliable Power Source - Always have a backup generator available in the event of an emergency
Display Design
Display design is based on information critical to the operation of the aircraft including aircraft attitude, altitude, position, airspeed, ground speed, GPS, link strength, engine RPM, onboard battery power, flight plan, and lost communications flight plan.
What are some ways to prevent dehydration?
Drink at least 2 to 4 quarts of water every 24 hours, Carry a container to measure daily water intake, Drink water before you feel thirsty, Limit daily intake of caffeine and alcohol
What should you do if you feel the effects of heatstroke or notice it in a fellow crew member?
Drink four glasses of water immediately and get out of the heat
Internet Search: What two options can you use to request FAA permission to fly in controlled airspace?
Drone Zone, LAANC
Most Common Bands for UAS Operations .
Due to large amounts of data relay and the complexity of unmanned aircraft, many organizations have developed their systems so that they use the frequency bands that have the most performance advantages. X Bands are reserved for military use
UAS Robust Datalink Configuration
Due to the nature of the missions conducted, The Global Hawk usually operates in both line-of-sight (LOS) and beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) conditions. Launch and recovery operations close to the GCS are conducted in LOS and once the Global Hawk has reached the lateral limits of the ground data terminals' LOS range, the system switches to the BLOS communications architecture.
what energy is used in the remote-sensing process to detect measure and collect reflected emitted or absorbed energy by different objects?
EMR electromagnetic radiation
Crew briefings should cover environmental conditions and identified hazards. What additional topics should be covered? (Select all that apply) Compensation for
Emergency procedures, Contingency plans, Roles and responsibilities of each person involved in the flight operation
___________ information is stored.
Encoded
If there is a problem in either the down link or the uplink, the situation may develop into a lost link, which is common in almost all UAS operations from time to time. Lost link can be caused by: (Select all that apply)
Equipment failure Correctly checked Terrain masking Correctly checked Power limitations Correctly checked Interference Correctly checked Elevation Error/ Antenna Azimuth
Public Perception and Acceptance
Even if all of the technological challenges facing UAS were solved tomorrow, public perception and acceptance would still stand in the way as a barrier to full integration. While UAS advocates champion the low cost and efficiency of UAS for taking over dull, dirty, and dangerous traditional aviation operations, critics are focused on the safety of airspace and privacy of the citizenry.
There are three explanations for why UAS are less reliable than traditional manned aircraft:
Explanation 1The UAS design competes with traditional aircraft and needs to be cheaper and acquired much faster. Example: UAS do not have the same level of redundancy and testing as traditional aircraft Explanation 2 There are no standards for the design and development of UAS. Example: UAS designers can use non-certified equipment which are not as reliable and may compromise the capability of a UAS. Explanation 3There is a lack of developmental and operational testing. Example: Many manufacturers rush UAS to market without testing the system and fixing deficiencies or problems in the system
Which word/s is associated with the letter "E" in the CARE model?
External Factors
Match to definition to the correct system: Use sensors and computer to provide feedback Relies on human sensations to give the pilot the info needed to make proper control inputs Fly-by-wire systems Closed-loop systems
Fly-by-wire systems- Use sensors and computer to provide feedback Closed-loop systems-Relies on human sensations to give the pilot the info needed to make proper control inputs
VTOL What application is this hybrid vehicle well suited for and why?
For delivering heavy payloads for long distances because of the efficiency of wing-borne flight
What type of modulation is shown?
Frequency Modulation Phase Digital Amplitude
The modern PCB still has the two main control sticks that work identical to RC sticks.
Further PCB evolution has attempted to replicate and integrate the hobbyist RC with a video game controller.
Which is the only airspace that is always uncontrolled?
G
How are load factors applied to an aircraft measured?
G's- acceleration of gravity
Accurate navigational data, used by the flight control system, comes from your ________________
GPS
one of the first UAS used INS Inertial Navigation System for guidance, What updated technology improved the accuracy and capability of UAS?
GPS
what technology developed as a result of Inertial Navigation System INS led to technology used today?
GPS
what sensors does this UAS use to fly?
GPS, Sonar and camera, inertial measurement unit IMU
Assertive Communication
Good CRM should be assertive, not passive or aggressive and everyone should have a strong belief in themselves and the subject matter.
What describes a pilot control box?
Handheld device with a keyboard
Category 4 eligible small unmanned aircraft must:
Have an airworthiness certificate issued under Part 21 of FAA regulations Be operated in accordance with the operating limitations specified in the approved Flight Manual or as otherwise specified by the AdministratorThe operating limitations must not prohibit operations over human beings Have maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, or inspections performed in accordance with specific requirements in the final rule
Why would a UAS be allowed to operate during civil twilight?
If the UA has anti-collision lighting
Which is a scenario in which IFR would apply and sUAS wouldn't not be able to operate? If it's starting to drizzle and the RPIC is looking through a light mist If the weather is foggy and visibility is low, so the aircraft is flying through clouds and minimum visibility is not maintained. If the sun is shining without any cloud cover and is creating a reflection on the screen the RPIC is using to control the UAS, making it difficult to see
If the weather is foggy and visibility is low, so the aircraft is flying through clouds and minimum visibility is not maintained.
third pillar of workload management?
If the workload is balanced among the members of the crew the safety margin will be increased
Match the behavior to its definition
Reflection: The result of radio waves bouncing off the surface of an object and changing direction Refraction: The bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, due to a change in speed Diffraction: When radio waves bend and move around an object and can cause quiet, or dead zones Scattering: When radio waves are are individually reflected and spread in different directions Absorption: When radio waves are consumed by an object, can occur by terrain or atmospheric conditions Wave Propagation: The way in which radio waves move from the source antenna to the receiving end Free Space Path Loss (FSLP): The loss in signal strength of an EM wave, dependent on distance
Match the type of robot control to its description:
Remote Control / Teleoperated: Robot is programmed to execute commands sent by a human RPIC who is usually remote Preprogrammed control: Robot's software program contains the commands & logic to perform the task without a RPIC Supervisory control: Robot can perform complex tasks semi-autonomously or when RPIC inputs a command Autonomous control: Robot can make complex decisions, apply higher-order tasks, and employ strategies
laptop GCS
Includes a keyboard which provides more computing capability and interface ability Has enhanced automation capability With moving map software and graphic interfaces, the remote pilot can easily create or change flight plans Is often used in conjunction with a PCB which allows the remote pilot to use real-time flight monitoring, intuitive interface (click and fly), and customizable waypoints.
What does "I" stand for in terms of frequencies?
Industrial
What technology eventually became Global Positioning System (GPS)?
Inertial Navigation System
What are some basic types of electrical interference? (Select all that apply)
Interference from natural sources such as lightning, solar ejections, etc., Noise from electrical equipment, Noise generated by electronic devices such as computers
GCS Telemetry and Commands
Internal to most ground stations is a basic computer.
A downlink: (Select all that apply)
Is established when information is correctly and continuously transmitted by the AV transmitter to the ground station receiver, Information includes video or payload information, engine RPM, aircraft attitude, aircraft GPS-sourced location, engine temperature, battery life, and other AV health information
Chemical Sampling Sensor -
Is flown into a cloud of gas to collect and analyze a sample of the gas onboard the aerial platform
Why is the LAN helpful in a GCS?
It allows information-sharing to the crew in the GCS, but not with the rest of the world.
Why are near real-time flight commands important?
It enables a pilot a to take immediate corrective action if necessary.
Why is real-time telemetry important?
It immediately tells the user the status of the aircraft, including if something is wrong.
Why was the Aerodrome not considered the first UAS?
It lacked control and guidance
Why was the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Forest Service's use of a UAS to study volcanic activity at Mount St. Helens in Washington so important to the industry?
It marked the crossover of UAS from military use to scientific use
On June 5th you crash your sUAS into a powerline line and cause thousands of dollars' worth of damage. By what date do you need to report this accident to the FAA?
June 15th
Phase Modulation (PM)
Keeping the amplitude of the signal constant, the phase varies to carry the required information or signal. The angle or phase of the carrier wave is varied in a proportional and instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. PM occurs in the FM range.
Hazardous Attitudes
Resignation Anti-authority Impulsivity Invulnerability Macho Unporf
Certificates of Waivers are exemptions that may be granted for a pre-determined list of operational limits in Part 107. The FAA has automated the waiver application and authorization process with the creation of LAANC
LAANC, the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability, which is discussed more in the next module.
How can automation negatively impact your awareness as an operator? (Select all that apply)
Lack of trust, Switches the operator from active to passive, placing them "out of the loop", Creates complacency
Confusion is a lack of understanding that can be caused by:
Latency of information Lack of sensory stimulation The way information is displayed Non-standardized Control Stations can lead to operator confusion
How might receiving errors be made? (Select all that apply)
Listening with a preconceived notion, Poor attention, Getting ahead of the sender, Missing non-verbal signals, Not asking for clarification if confused
Which weather resources provide current weather?
METAR
_____________ is defined as "the quality of an aircraft that permits it to be __________ easily and to withstand the stresses imposed by those motions."
Maneuverability, maneuvered
mobile gcs
Many GCSs have been installed in mobile-hardened shelters that contain multiple other systems to support the mission in an effort to consolidate and integrate ancillary systems into one focal point.
Margin of Safety
Margin of Safety is the gap between your abilities and task requirements.
what is one of the rules of part 107?
May not fly over a person who is not participating and not under a safe cover
What method could be used to track reliability?
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
Memory
Memory is nothing more than information retrieval. Our ability to store information in our short-term memory is limited; most people are able to store seven to nine items in the short-term memory and only for about 30 seconds. Long-term memory can last forever.
What is the magnetometer sensitive to?
Metal objects located on or around the aircraft
Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) + Miniature Air Vehicles (MUAVs) + Small UAS + Light UAS + Large UAS
Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) - Under 4.4 pounds Ex. Sensefly eBee Miniature Air Vehicles (MUAVs) - Under 44 pounds Ex. Inspire 1 Small UAS - Less than 55 pounds Ex. ScanEagle Light UAS - Air vehicles that are heavier than 55 pounds, but not in the same class as the large research and military UAS Ex. Shadow Large UAS - Comparable in weight and performance to traditional aircraft Ex. Global Hawk
What advances made producing UAS successful? (Select all that apply)
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Micro-processors, Small-lightweight Inertial Measurement Units (IMU), GPS navigation, Closed-loop stabilized flight control systems, High-capacity Lithium-based batteries
Match the Gross Takeoff Weight (GTOW) for each of the FAA's classifications of UAS:
Micro: 0-4.4 pounds Small UAS: 4.4 pounds- less than 55 pounds UAS: 55 pounds and over
What are the components of the IMU? (Select all that apply)
Miniature gyroscopes Linear accelerometers
Which crew fly the longest segment of an operation?
Mission Control Element
When selecting datalink hardware, what main factors should be considered? (Select all that apply)
Mission, Aircraft size, Financial budget
What is a disadvantage of using the Direction Antenna over an Omni Antenna?
Most directional antennas cannot track an air vehicle landing or taking off
Antenna
Most sUAS will use a transceiver; one located in the aircraft and one located on the ground, which is a data radio that combines both the receiver and transmitter in one unit and utilizes the same antenna.
It is important to note that remote pilots are not authorized to communicate on ATC radio frequencies.
NOT
To transmit environmental information for long periods of time, drop a ________ in an area of interest.
NOT electro-magnetic meter spriometer
An electro-optical camera, using its own Electromagnetic Radiation (flash) for illumination at night is ________.
NOT hyperspectral passive
As an unmanned aircraft pilot, you know how your unmanned vehicle takes off and maintains flight. What happens as the aircraft moves through the air? These changes result in the upward force called lift, which is affected by how air behaves.
NOT lateral and vertical ..... aerodynamic downward force is created by the weight of the vehicle
compared to objects at cooler temperatures blank EMR wavelengths are emitted form objects at higher temperatures
NOT longer NOT higher shorter
an images geolocation data contains
NOT sensors footprint dimensions NOT distance from operator
what is used to transmit digital imagery from the remote sensing platform to a ground station
NOT thermo graphic imager try hyperspectral sensor
in the agricultural environment, blank imagers are used for detection of crop distress
NOT thermocouple NOT digital multispectral
Time-critical aeronautical information with an airport's condition, changes to normal operations, and potential hazards to flight is known as ________.
NOTAMS
When a remote pilot is looking for information about an airport's condition and potential hazards to flight where should he look?
NOTAMS
all airmen including UAS remote pilot are supposed to check the for hazards and TFR
NOTAMS
the remote sensor pointing straight down from the aircraft in a line perpendicular to earths surface is known as
Nadir
Any accidents that occur during a UAS operation must be reported to the FAA within 10 calendar days of the occurrence, by the remote pilot certificate holder, either online via FAA's website or by phone via regional operation center. When filling out an accident report, prepare to provide the following information:
Name, contact information, and airman certificate number of the RPIC sUAS registration number Location of the accident Time and date of the accident Persons injured and extent of injury Property damaged and extent of damage Description of the incident
The top datalink safety requirements for UAS operating in the NAS are: (Select all that apply)
Near real-time telemetry from the UAS, Near real-time flight commands to the UAS, Sense and avoid system on the UAS, Get you home algorithm for lost link scenarios within the UAS, Nosewheel camera system transmitted from the UAV
Noise
Noise, commonly referred to as Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), is a constant interference that is emitted by most electronic devices, like cell phones and radios, and even natural occurrences like solar storms. Shielding (insulating) around the components of a system can help control radiated radio-frequency interference. The standard procedure for flying is to first de-conflict area RF.
cooperative DAA- ADSB
Non cooperative DAA- -infrared -ultra sonic -sonic
Match the currency to the correct experience level:
Novice: 30 days with instructor Advanced Beginner: 30 days Competent: 45 days Proficient: 90 days Expert: 90 days
Match the amount of UAS time to the experience level:
Novice: Limited to none Advanced Beginner: Less than 200 hours Competent: 200 to 500 hours Proficient: Greater than 500 hrs or 2 years of flying Expert: At least 1,500 hrs Or over 5 years of flying
loss
Occurs when the wavelength shortens, and the signal is diminished. An attenuator can be used to reduce the amplitude of an RF transmission.
Advocacy Communication
Opening or attention getter - Address the individual. "Pilot" or "Bob," or what name or title will get the person's attention. State your concern - Express your analysis of the situation in a direct manner while owning your emotions about it. "I'm concerned that we may not have enough altitude to clear the obstacle." State the problem as you see it - "We are at 40 feet and the tower is 60 feet tall." State a solution - "Let's climb 30 more feet." Obtain agreement (or buy-in) - "Does that sound good to you, Pilot?"
In addition to environmental change, weather, aircraft or terrain and system, function, status or performance, what other things that Situational Awareness can refer to? (Select all that apply)
Operational changes, like objectives
Commission Error: ________ for a minor warning or change that has caught us off guard.
Overcorrecting
What exactly does a payload operator do?
Pans, zooms, and tilts the payload camera or sensor for the desired imagery capture
There are four factors that, if changed, will cause a change in the UAS's situation and force you to make a decision and act:
Performance of key personnel Operation being conducted System status Environment Action can be analytical or automated.
ADM uses risk management as a technique to make good pre-flight decisions in an effort to reduce the need for stressful or complex decisions while airborne. Risk management is a systematic process for identifying, assessing, and ultimately prioritizing hazards and their potential impact. Safety conscious remote pilots will use the POSE checklist for pre-flight risk management:
Personnel Operational plan System's components Environment
if any member of the public feels that the regulations as published in the CFR are too onerous or that their system or type of operation cannot comply with the published regulation then she/he may
Petition the FAA for an exemption from any regulation
Encoding information: Sensory input is encoded into:
Picture (Visual) Sound (Acoustic) Meaning (Semantic)
Macho -
Pilots have a tendency to show how good they are. People tend to associate this attitude with males (especially those who display alpha male characteristics) but such an attitude can also happen in females. It occurs when pilots are trying to prove themselves in the wrong way, which often results in taking unnecessary risks. Example: "Come on! I can do this."
What type of pilot is LAANC available to? (Select all that apply)
Pilots operating under the Small UAS Rule Part 107 Correctly checked Pilots operating under the exception for Recreational Flyers
Stress, fatigue and controlled substances can alter your mental state and affect human performance. Match the effect of an altered mental state next to its description:
Poor Coordination: The inability to move different parts of your body together well or easily Poor Timing: Appearing to perform a task as usual, but the timing of each component is slightly off Distraction: Something that makes it difficult to think or pay attention Poor Perception: Concentrating attention on movements or objects only in the center of vision
Some of this ancillary equipment may include: Four-wheel vehicle for towing the AV or conducting car-top launches External engine-cooling system for the AV Catapults or launch devices And three more below
Power _________ for the ground station -generator Backup _________ -batteries Mobile _________ racks -fuel
Experience, Motives and Expectations Alternative motives can lead to an incorrect interpretation of stimulus or simply seeing what we want to see.
Preconceived notions Hidden agendas Accommodation to the idea of another
Match the best defense for each hazardous attitude:
Resignation: Stay proactive & reactive: You're not helpless; you can make a difference. Use resources Antiauthority: Follow the rules, they are usually right Impulsivity: Not so fast; think first, then act. Hack the clock. React smoothly, not fast Invulnerability: Remember accidents can happen to ANYONE! Macho: Remember taking chances is foolish and unprofessional. Self-evaluate your actions Unprofessional Attitude: Remember this is a very real aircraft flying. You are responsible for it and liable
Unprofessional Attitude -
Small UAS pilots, especially with backgrounds in traditional aircraft, have a tendency to not see the importance of treating the UAS as an air vehicle, not just a tool or toy. This attitude allows the operator to take on risk and push the limits of the UAS or disregard signs of poor airworthiness. Example: "It is just a tool to be used."
Internet search: Under what section would you need to apply for an exemption if you wanted to operate a UAS heavier than 55 pounds?
Special Authority for Certain Unmanned Systems (49 U.S.C. §44807).
Airworthiness Airworthiness is maintained by keeping the aircraft in its original certified condition.
Start with documentation Examine the structure Lights and antenna Electrical connections Control surfaces Straps, fasteners, tie downs, or connections Propellers and/or rotors Motor Batteries Data link Ground control station Navigation Properly programmed Registration markings Ground support equipment
There are many different types of robotic mechanical structures, each designed to accomplish the primary task of the robot.
Stationary - Can be used for any type of assembly or inspection work Wheeled- Can be used for mobility through level and clear terrain Legged - Can be used for mobility through rocky and uneven terrain Swimming - Can be used for collecting information in or from the water Airborne - Can be used for accessing areas that are too dull, dirty, or dangerous for humans
Match the application to the mechanical structure it would be best suited for:
Stationary: Assembling a car in a factory Wheeled: Rolling into a house to inspect the aftermath of a fire Legged: Carrying soldier's gear through mountain trails Swimming: Searching for someone who had drowned Airborne: Collecting data on gasses rising from volcanoes
more information
Strategizing Information We can encode information by creating new procedures or constructs in our mind. These new procedures can help us function, navigate, or perform simple tasks. Generalizing Information We encode some information by generalizing information by associating it with other "like" objects or episodes. Automating Information We encode and retrieve some information automatically, meaning we processed the information with little or no effort.
Stress
Stress is the body's response to the demands placed on it and it can cause even the most professional remote pilots to make poor decisions. It can come from physical, physiological, or psychological sources and is either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Internet search: What are two ways to report an accident to the FAA?
Submit report via DroneZone Contact your nearest FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
CRM: Match the group climate objective with its definition:
Support: Giving help when needed Cooperation: Open and positive communication, mutual agreement of priorities, actively working together Consideration: Sensitivity to the emotional well-being of crew, awareness of nonverbal communication Conflict solving: Articulation of different solutions with an open mind and a common purpose
At select airports, when you need a report that tells future airport conditions for a five mile radius, you look for the ________.
TAF
Which weather resource provides area forecasts for a 24-hour period?
TAF
when you need information about wind, visibility, significant weather, and the probability of precipitation and thunderstorms, what report do you obtain
TAF
Workload Management The principles of workload management are based on three pillars:
Teamwork is based on interdependence Teams will develop strategies for dealing with task overloads
What type of information are you looking for in a 3D model of the environment? (Select all that apply)
Terrain Adjacent properties Roads Buildings Low towers Ground cover
Radio Frequency Band Allocations
The FCC assigns each station its own frequency and a license to use it. All FM stations are transmitted on bands between 88 MHz and 108 MHz. AM stations operate on bands from 535 kHz to 1,700 kHz.
Mission Control Element (MCE)
The MCE is the entity that is handed aircraft control from the LRE and its crew ensures mission continuity of the system. The MCE will usually work rotating shifts and enable the aircraft to loiter longer on station.
What name was the Scout sold to the U.S. Navy under?
The Pioneer
What is a benefit of using S, L bands instead of K bands?
The S, L band transmitter requires less power than in K band
What office was created to deal with the increased demand and the safe integration of UAS into the NAS?
The UAS Program Office
Resignation -
The acceptance of something undesirable but inevitable. When operations in the control station don't go as planned or when confusion arises, it is human nature to blame it on fate. However, in aviation 'leaving it to fate' might (and most likely will) compromise the safety of the flight. It is essential for all pilots to remain proactive and also reactive. Example: "Forget it, I give up." "What's the use? I can't make a difference"
What happens when loss of link occurs?
The aircraft executes a pre-programmed logic
What happens if airspeed falls below the stall speed of the wing?
The aircraft would stall and possibly crash
gain
The difference in the amplitude of two signals aka the resultant increase by amplitude of the signal. Antennas focus the radiated RF into a narrower pattern in such a way that there appears to be more power coming from the antenna in the targeted direction.
A radio wave is an EM wave sent out with the use of a transmitter. How is the wavelength of a radio wave measured?
The distance between two adjacent points on the wave
The airfoil has several parts:
The front (the part that faces the relative airflow) is called the leading edge. The opposite end is called the trailing edge. An imaginary line from the leading edge to the trailing edge is called the chord line. You will notice that the airfoil is curved on the top. This curve is called the camber of the airfoil, or the asymmetry between the bottom and top surfaces of the airfoil. The camber line is the halfway point between the top and bottom of the airfoil's surface
Aerodynamics and Performance There are many varieties of UA. However, for this discussion, we will focus on fixed-wing and rotary-wing vehicles. Each of these UA can be described by their basic component:
The fuselage (body of the aircraft) The airfoil Stabilizing and control surfaces (fixed-wing only) Powerplants
Ground Control Station (GCS) Equipment `
The ground control station is the brain of the unmanned aerial system and its purpose is to keep the pilot out of the plane. The type of ground station is heavily dependent on the mission, payload data processing element (if required), datalink system complexity, remote pilot mobility requirement, AV handoff to remote station requirement, and other factors. A GCS can range from a small independent handheld Pilot Control Box (PCB) to a robust two-station Mission Control Element (MCE) coupled with a Launch and Recovery Element (LRE).
autonomous
The human is removed from active or direct control
What is a disadvantage of using a visual observer?
The maximum range a UAS can travel is limited by the observer's eyesight, not the performance or energy of the UAS.
Common UAS Propulsion Systems
The most popular and cost-effective propulsion systems used today are those using the Brushless DC electric motor and rechargeable Lithium-based batteries.
Category 1, Category 2, and Category 4 remote pilots are prohibited from operating a small unmanned aircraft in sustained flight over open-air assemblies unless
The operation meets the requirements of remote identification broadcast modules established in the Remote ID Final Rule The operation meets the requirements of standard remote identification
Amplitude Modulation (AM) +
The ordering of a varying amplitude of a high-frequency carrier wave in consistency with the information to be transmitted, keeping the frequency and phase of the carrier wave unchanged. The amplitude of the carrier wave modulates the amplitude of the output wave.
Internet search: Define the general right of way rule, except water operations, according to 14 CFR § 91.113
The pilot shall give way to aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear
Impusivity
This occurs when pilots feel the need to do something, anything, immediately. People who display this attitude work on the concept that 'doing something is better than doing nothing'. Example: "Hurry up, Do it QUICKLY!"
Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL)
This type of UAS is a hybrid, possessing the take-off and landing features of a multi-rotor UAS and the flight features of a fixed-wing aircraft. Multiple vertical lift rotors are attached to a fixed-wing vehicle platform, allowing the UAS to take off vertically and transition to wing-borne flight. Once the UAS reaches a forward velocity sufficient to produce the required lift from the wing, some or all of the lifting rotors either shut down or rotate to a horizontal position where they produce forward thrust for the vehicle.
What is the primary responsibility of a launch and recover crew?
To fly the aircraft to a point where it can be handed off to another control element that will take it from there and fly the mission.
Aircraft Recovery Recovery of the aircraft is just as diverse as takeoff. Some recovery devices and ways that an AV can touch down safely are:
Traditional runway Net Wingtip catch Parachute VTOL
Under Load
Under load situations happen when there is a relatively low amount of activity for an extended period of time. If you are flying a long endurance UAS, or flying a systematic flight plan on autopilot, the mental demands can be underwhelming and result in a lack of attention and focus. Although your stress level is very low, so is your level of arousal, resulting in the same low level of performance.
Which items should be inspected before a flight? (Select all that apply)
Unmanned Aircraft Control Station Datalink equipment Payload Ground support equipment FAA documentation
What should you do if you want to fly in controlled airspace near airports not offering LAANC?
Use the manual process to apply for authorization on DroneZone
fixed-facility gcs
Used for larger, more advanced systems May include multiple Satellite Communication (SATCOM) terminals and antennas Generally used in locations where continuous operations are sustainable and the mission set is constant.
maximum redundancy datalink option
Uses a dedicated transmitter and receiver for both the flight control system link and for the payload Does not use a transceiver
Chemical Detection Sensor -
Uses multi- or hyperspectral sensors that can identify certain chemicals, based on their spectral response and transmit critical environmental data back to a ground station to determine if the environment is safe
simplified datalink option
Uses one transceiver for the telemetry down/uplink limited video-command ability Fixed camera
basic redundant datalink option
Uses two transceivers which allow for an independent uplink and downlink of general telemetry and information (up and down), and payload (up and down) link
Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries are:
Very economical, Can provide a low-weight and high-density power source, Produce no emissions, Very quiet, Used in: cell phones, laptops, electric cars
provide information about areas where pilots can operate a sUAS
WRONG -NFC
what is the maximum authorized ground speed for a sUAS?
WRONG none
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter yaw in clockwise direction?
WRONG not nor decease increase 23
after registering your sUAS the FAA registration numbers must be placed
WRONG on the visibility vest used by the RPIC
you no longer need a certificate of waiver for two types of flight operations. What are they?
WRONG ops over 55, ops UAS at night within the defined rule
(blank) information transmitted through a downlink
WRONG-commands WRONG- UAV control
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional. Match the definitions:
Wavelength: The distance from one top of a wave to the next wave top Frequency: How many waves are generated per second
Radio Frequency Interference
Weak signals, in the presence of strong undesired naturally occurring or human-generated signals, are difficult to detect and receive.
Category 1 eligible small unmanned aircraft must:
Weigh less than 0.55, including everything on board or otherwise attached Not contain exposed rotating parts that would lacerate human skinThe remote pilot must ensure that the rotating parts, if exposed, would not cause lacerations to human skin. This may be accomplished by installing protective devices before operating over people.
during pre-flight planning, the manufacturer's specifications of (blank) must be considered
Weight and balance
Sky wave reflection is: (Select all that apply)
When radio waves below 1 GHz in frequency bounce off of charged particles in the earth's ionosphere, Similar to a light beam being directed from one angled mirror to another in order to light up a dark place
telemetry
When the data packages are related to aircraft flight data they are called telemetry.
During what time period were UAS designed as offensive weapons and more recognizable as cruise missiles rather than unmanned aircraft?
World War II 1939-1945
which is FALSE
Yawing causes the UAS to maintain direction.
according to the regs does an FPR first-person view camera satisfy the "see and avoid" requirement?
Yes with an VO
when a person is not actively focusing, their focal point is about 30 feet away. when fixed and focused on a point in space, what is their maximum visual acuity?
a circle 8 degrees in diameter a circle 20 degrees in diameter- wrong a circle 2 degrees in diameter a circle 10 degrees in diameter
for systems what are about 6 feet in wingspan or diameter, we should be able to see that system at about
a half of a mile
what is the situation called when a problem with the uplink or downlink occurs during data transmission?
a lost link
the federal aviation administration may grant a certificate of waiver when it is needed for
a predetermined list of operational limits under part 107 such as flight over people
Brushless DC electric motors are:
a reliable source of propulsion
active sensor
a sensor that emits EMR an measure the reflected energy examples: RGB cameras, using a flash or another source of illumination, RADAR (radio detection and ranging). imaging RADARs used in remote sensing "illuminate" the ground at radio wavelengths. basic principle of RADAR is the transmission of EMR, typically in the microwave portion of the EM spectrum.
According to FAA Part 107 a remote pilot may operate a sUAS from which two of the following situations?
a watercraft/ moving vehicle in sparsely populated areas
selective
ability to focus on a specific stimulus despite the presence of distractions
sustained
ability to focus on a specific stimulus for a long period of time
the FAA must
accept a means of compliance before an applicant an rely on it to declare compliance with the requirements of this rule
What type of information can a pilot expect to hear if listening to an ATC radio frequency? (Select all that apply)
active runways clearances taxi routes
What can the vehicle's flight control system use to change the flight path of a UAS to avoid obstacles and other aircraft?
active sensor data
when yo are not focusing, the focal point will be about 30 feet away
actively
how do additional rotors help in the event of a motor/rotor failure
add level of propulsion and vehicle redundancy
The leader will maintain his/her authority (unless incapacitated) but should ___________ any concerns and ___________ their reason to rejecting a challenge.
address, explain
the study of the forces and resulting motion of objects moving through the air is known as
aerodynamics
precipitation static is caused by
aircraft in flight coming in contact with uncharged particles
when selecting datalink hardware an important factor that needs to be considered is
aircraft size
a major contributing factor to lift is the tilt or angle of the
airfoil
When a UAS is flying in turbulence, the UAS operator is unable to feel the severity of the effects in a physical sense, so engineers have installed warning lights and annunciator ______ when data from the AV indicates a dangerous or irregular flight condition.
alarms
prior to any flight, a pilot will do a self-assessment using the IMSAFE memory aid. What does A mean?
alcohol
Information should be in alignment and not scattered haphazardly.
alignment
Check off all of the Remote Pilot Certificate Requirements that your currently meet: At least 16 years of age Able to read, speak, write, and understand English Possess a government issued photo ID (needed to take the aeronautical knowledge exam) Passed an aeronautical knowledge exam given at an FAA Knowledge Center Completed a TSA background check
all of the above
flight control system monitors (4)
altitude, location, attitude, speed
a closed- or restricted- access site could be
an area that contains physical barriers, personnel, or both, as appropriate, to ensure no inadvertent or unauthorized access can occur
a carrier wave is defined as
an electromagnetic (EM) wave modulated to convey a signal
A systematic approach to determining the best response or way to counter the change is an example of an ____________ response
analytical
Information is ___________.
analyzed
Contingency management is part of the planning function of the GCS that the crew can perform in the event of an ___________. It may include automatically switching to satellite communication.
anomaly
Radio interference can be the result of ________.
another user operating on the same or similar band as the drone being flown
Remote pilot Don is irritated when the flight department manager, who isn't even a remote pilot, asks him to go through a pre-flight checklist before every flight. Don ignores this request. What hazardous attitude is Don presenting?
anti-authority
wave propagation
any of the ways in which waves travel from the source antenna to the receiving end
Omission Error: Situations where we ________ the UAS is processing information and making decisions but it is not.
assume
Information is either encoded, strategized, generalized, and/or ___________.
automated
Running of a procedure or checklist to counter the change is an example of an ____________ response
automated
the device that helps keep an aircraft flying straight and level is
automatic gyroscopic stabilizer
A small unmanned aircraft may be directed through manual manipulation of flight controls or through commands using ____________ .
automation
Illness or the symptoms of illness can affect your performance and put others at risk. Pilots should ___________ flying if they are sick or showing signs of physical signs of illness.
avoid
Absorption bands
bands of EMR, very low transmissivity, generally on the earths atmosphere
four parameters are required to calculate density altitude
barometric pressure, dewpoint, air temp, and field elevation
lithium-based batteries are highly flammable and capable of ignition. A battery fire could cause an in-flight emergency. Lithium battery fires can be caused when a battery short circuits, is improperly charged, is heated to extreme temperatures, is damaged as a result of a crash, or mishandled. Which a clear indication of an unsafe battery conditions
battery casing distorted
Why are most UAS displays spread out more laterally than a tight manned cockpit display?
because they are easier to set up
why are tri-copters less efficient than multi-rotor vehicles with an even number of rotors?
because they have to use a vectored thrust to control yaw
refraction is defined as
bending of waves as they pass form one medium to another, due to a change in their speed
an unaided eye refers to a lack of vision-enhancing equipment, such as
binoculars
measurement of the data rate (amount of data transferred), is in
bits Per Second (Bps)
NOTE: If you are planning an operation in controlled airspace that requires a waiver AND an airspace authorization you must apply for both through the FAA's DroneZone.
both
A remote terminal
can be used to view real-time imagery relayed directly from the AV.
sensors
can perceive physical parameters such as light, pressure, chemical changes, magnetic fields, and electro magnetic radiation like heat or radio waves
2 advantages of rotary-wing UAS
capable of VTOL and hovering they can perform aerial tasks in areas where there is limited space for takeoff and landing operations
UAS remote pilots should pay particular attention to ___ NOTAMs for GPS outages and TFRs.
center
before any flight the RPIC should verify that the aircraft is correctly loaded by determining the
center of gravity by calculating weight and balance
in this next exercise, we will look at . remember, this is when a visual stimulus is introduced, and the observer does not notice it.
change blindness
What is wind shear?
change in wind speed or direction of flow, creating mechanical turbulence
we can look at professionalism as a set of that differentiate professional occupations from other occupations
characteristics
A prolonged level of stress that exceeds the individual's ability to cope. If this stress occurs repeatedly can turn into stress. Sources of chronic stress can be physical, physiological, or psychological. This is an example of _________ stress.
chronic
aerial photography job under A (oakland)
class C over populated area
tower inspection of 1731 foot tower just west of A
class E
town of Findlay under area A
class E
uncontrolled airspace or is not designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E.
class G
if your company has been asked to complete a tower inspection job at an unidentified area on the chart above, located at coordinates 48 degrees north, 101 degrees, and 16 minutes west, what is the airspace, type of tower, and max altitude of the tower?
class G wind tubine at 2676 ft MSL
is a purposeful activity of exchanging information and meaning across space and time using various technical and natural means
communications
Although air is made up of several gases, it has the properties and behaviors of a fluid. It can be ___________ and expanded. Air can also flow and has viscosity and pressure attributes that are important to the study of aerodynamics.
compressed
because of this limited focal area, it is important for remote pilot and visual observers to scan the environment and not keep their eye fixed on a positions
continously
Displayed items that are different should contrast with other information that is not related.
contrast
Stabilizing and ___________ surfaces (fixed-wing aircraft only) used to deflect the airflow over the airfoil in order to induce movement or stability.
control
this malfunction is presented when the remote pilot is performing their link checks. This malfunction usually represents a poor control link and or malfunction of the autopilot.
control inputs not synchronized
class B airspace is known as what type of airspace?
controlled
a warm front is a boundary that moves toward the (blank) air mass
cooler
what two factors contribute to an omni antenna being a common type of antenna for almost all UAS types?
cost, reliability
distinct, puffy clouds that are vertically developed are known as (blank) clouds
cumulus
Firmware: Check that all software and firmware are _______ and installed on all parts of the UAS, including the air vehicle and ground control station.
current
we know that in traditional aviation, two experts put together can be very situation
dangerous
Which step in the datalink transmission process represents the uplink?
datalink information is sent from the transmitter to the receiver in the aircraft via radio transmission. This data information is usually deliberate commands made by the remote pilot.
stratiform and cirrus clouds can extend several hundred miles in advanced of he surface front and foretell a frontal passage several (blank) in advance
days
If the UA is overweight, what change can the remote pilot expect?
decrease in maneuverability
as altitude increases, air temperatures and air density
decreases
unmanned aircraft performance (blank)as air density decreases and temperature increases. This causes unmanned aircraft wings and propellers to move through the air faster to generate the same amount of lift
decreases
is the critical loss of water from the body caused by hot climate, high winds, humidity, or diuretic drinks, such as coffee, tea, alcohol, or caffeinated soft drinks
dehydration
this type of damage is mode of failure of composite materials. In Iaminated materials, repeated cyclic stresses, impact, and so on can cause layers to separate, structure of separate layers with significant loss of mechanical toughness
delamination of bonded surfaces
what term defines the temperature at which water vapor in the air must be cooled for condensation to occur?
dew point
many factors affect an unmanned aircrafts performance, such as changes in weight and balance. However, some components may not perform in the same way as when the UAS was new. This reduction in performance can be due to exceeding the service life of the component or a more serious malfunction. A good first indication of this type of malfunction is
diminishing flight time capability
cargo or agricultural spray are known as blank payload
dispensible
Stress caused from demands and issues at home or work can ___________ remote pilots and limit their performance. Be honest with yourself and the company you work for if there are changes in your stress levels that could distract or reduce your performance.
distract
attention is that ability or attempt to focus on multiple stimuli at the same time or what we call multitasking
divided
Medication or illegal drugs can alter a remote pilot's mental capacity and perception and should be prohibited, including any medication that causes ___________ . Remote pilots should refrain from flying until the effects of the medication have worn off.
dizziness
Repairs or Modifications: Check the system for any repairs regarding modifications from the manufacturer's original design. All work needs to be _______ in a maintenance record and a full-system functional flight check should be conducted.
documented
While flying a sUAS a pilot must make sure that the unmanned aircraft ___
does not interfere with manned aircraft
A _______ provides channels that transmit UAS status (or telemetry) and transmit sensor data to the ground station receiver and/or the satellite.
downlink
what terms define communications form the air vehicle to the ground control system?
downlink
where do aircraft typically enter the visual traffic pattern?
downwind abeam the midpoint of the airfield
the force that arises from moving an aircraft through the air is known as
drag
common names for these umanned, airborne robots?
drones, RPAV, UAS, UAV
What type of datalink allows information to flow back and forth simultaneously, like a telephone?
duplex
Which type of datalink is preferred for UAS?
duplex datalink because the flow of information between the operator and aircraft is continuous with very little time delay.
the letter E in the IMSAFE mnemonic means
eating
followers and leaders should keep their in check and exercise flexibility to try and perform their duties with efficiency and excellence
egos
to generate point cloud derivative products for 3-D models, use blank sensors
either passive or active
alternate sources of electrical power are also being considered with one example being the use of fuel cells to produce the electrical power to run (blank) motor propulsion systems
electric
Robots share a common architecture that consist of three primary elements, including electronic systems and motive sources that are controlled by the __________ systems and include an electric power source.
electronic
there are three primary elements of unmanned aircraft aircraft systems. they are the mechanical structure, (blank) and (blank)
electronic systems, software program
how are commands sent to ensure control of air vehicle that does not have an on-board pilot?
electronically
The (blank) of a fixed-wing aircraft control surface can induce a moment around the lateral axis
elevator
the (blank) is the fixed wing aircraft control surface that creates movement around the lateral axis
elevator
If at any point the task load exceeds your ability, the margin of safety is _______________ and you will make _______________ .
eliminated, errors
to ensure safety before each flight, a crew briefing should be held to discuss environmental conditions, contingency plans, and
emergency procedures your culture of safety altitude restrictions training needs
A datalink's strength or range can be limited by ________.
environmental factors, towers, distance, power, and antenna type
the purpose of a datalink is to
establish reliable communications between the UAV and ground control station (GCS)
Information is used to ___________ obstacles and risks.
evaluate
we know that both and are important to our performance and perception
experience and expectations
regardless of whether experience is measured in years of experience, flight hours or flight cycles, a remote pilot's level of u and will directly affect performance
experience and proficiency
UAS have been granted special airworthiness certificates under the (blank) category and (blank) categories
experimental, restricted
Air density is directly related to the generation of airfoil thrust
false
Robotic watercraft designed for underwater exploration are referred to as Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV)
false
True or False: If you are unable to determine visibility or cloud coverage using aviation reports or other reliable sources, use your best judgement to conduct your commercial operation and stay away from the clouds.
false
True or False: sUAS can be flown from a moving aircraft if it's over a sparsely populated area.
false
True or False: sUAS can be operated from a moving boat as long as the boat is far away from the shoreline.
false
True or False: sUAS can be operated from a plane if the plane is flying more than 400 AGL.
false
True or False: sUAS can carry cargo for compensation and be operated from a moving land vehicle as long as the area is sparsely populated.
false
the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a network of satellites orbiting the earth
false
the speed of the wind at ground level is usually much more than it is at a higher altitude
false
the technology that enables UAS to sense other aircraft and obstacles known as Global Positioning
false
wind is the (blank) variable that the small UAS remote pilot must be aware of prior to flight
first
a (blank) type of s UAS functions best when power by an internal combustion engine
fixed wing
altitudes at and above 18000 feet MSL standard day, altitudes are expressed as
flight levels
The type of flight control system developed in the 1950s and 60s to relax the stability of an aircraft in an effort to make it more maneuverable is known as ________.
fly by wire
A (blank) is a boundary that separates two air masses or different densities
front
a (blank)is the dividing line between contrasting air masses
front
Mobile _________ racks
fuel
Eating and proper nourishment is vital during pre-mission time and field operations. Skipping meals and dehydration can lead to fainting, distraction, and possibly hospitalization. Remote pilots should arrive to work ___________ and with plenty of extra food and water.
full
the object or event is ; however due to the pilot focusing on another aspect of the visual scene, the change is missed
fully visible
the (blank) of the unmanned aircraft contains most of the equipment and acts as the basic structure.
fuselage
which component acts as the basic structure of a UA and houses most of the equipment?
fuselage
A mechanical structure or frame on which motors, actuation devices, __________ , pulleys and other ancillary devices are mounted.
gears
Power _________ for the ground station
generator
there are two advances in technology that helped drive the growth of unmanned aircraft. what are they?
global positioning system GPS closed loop stabilized flight control systems and NOT SMS
you and your friend want to hire out your service and recieve compensation, by transporting property. What is one requirement important you must be aware of?
gross takeoff weight must be less than 55 pounds
communication by Unmanned aircraft systems datalinks moves back and forth from the air vehicle to the
ground control station
to measure the angular accelerations around the pitch roll and yaw axes of an aircraft use a (blank)
gyroscope
prior to a fight to make sure the air vehicle proceeds to a landing airport what do you need to do if a lost link situation occurs?
have a previously programmed lost communications flight plan
Tri-copters
have only three sets of lifting rotor and therefore operate differently than a multi-rotor with an even number of rotors; the tail rotor pivots laterally, using a servo to change the lift vector to control the yaw axis of the vehicle.
cargo transport is authorized; however remote pilots are not authorized to transport (blank) materials and cannot cross state boundaries
hazardous
it is interesting to point out that just like manned aircraft the takeoff and landing phase of a fixed wing small UAS is the most (blank) phase of the flight, with the landing causing the most damage to aircraft and sensors
hazardous
performance will also be affected by the condition of the remote pilot. which of the following can affect decision making and cognitive performance
heat mental illness fatigue stress
thermal imagers aka infrared cameras
heat emitting objects in low light conditions. used by law enforcement, firefighters
helicopters are ideal for carrying (blank) payloads, because the diameter of the main rotor is quite large compared to the size of the fuselage, but the power required by the tail rotor to counteract the torque of the main rotor makes them less efficient than other types of rotary-wing small UAS
heavy
Cloud Ceiling is defined as _______________.
height, above ground level, of the lowest layer of clouds
proficient remote pilots have a view of operation
holistic
one of the most frequent cause factors for aviation accidents is
human error
humidity classification temperature classification
humid- maritime moist, continental temperature-tropical warm, polar cool, artic
a (blank) is an unmanned vehicle that is a combo of a fixed-wing and a rotary-wing aircraft
hybrid
a remote pilot should expect (blank) if the temperature approaches 32 F and their UA is flying through visible moisture
icing
when should remote pilots advise the FSS tower or airport management of the presence of wildlife?
if they observe deer, birds, or other large animals in close proximity to aircraft movement areas
Which structure requires a remote pilot to rely on images from GCS internal displays to establish SA?
in
what must occur for a RPIC to deviate from 107 rules and regulations?
in flight emergency
control systems
include electronic components that contain programming and intelligence, enabling the robot to perform tasks.
mechanical system
includes the structure and actuators such as motors that convert electrical power into mechanical movement
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter move backward?
increase 1&2
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter move left? "rolls are accomplished by increasing the speed of one set of motors and decreasing the motors on the side of the lateral movement. the rate of roll and speed of the motors are preprogrammed"
increase 2 &3
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter move forward? increase the rpm 1&2 increase the rpm 2&4 increase the rpm 3&4 decrease the rpm 3&4
increase 3 &4
what control inputs must be made to make the quadcopter climb straight up?
increase all
to overcoming lift induced drag (blank)
increase the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air
___________ traffic congestion
increased
one factor that the entire aviation industry is dealing with is the automation of aircraft and flight duties
increased
Airfoils are installed with some degree of tilt, known as the airfoil's incidence angle. Tilting the wing upward __________ lift to a certain point. As the airflow accelerates over the airfoil, low pressure above the wing increases and the slight downward deflection of the air leaving the trailing edge of a wing generates lift.
increases
semantic memory is an individual's general knowledge about the world, the individual's identity with the past
independent of
remote pilots need to take advantage of resources, such as weather briefings, ATC, the FAA,a dn other pilots increase situational awareness and positively affect decision-making
informational
blank is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter that senses heat energy
infrared band
ADM is an important part of any UAS remote pilot's training and will serve you well
initial
Another primary element that robots share is that they are controlled by a software program that runs on a computer or microprocessor onboard to control the robot and contains a set of __________ that are executed, allowing the robot to perform its assigned task or tasks.
instructions
the hazardous attitude is an example of a person believing that accidents only happen to other people
invulnerability
the name of the combination of satellites, scattered around the earth creating a seamless network of coverage that allows continuous unbroken communications worldwide is
iridium network
a characteristic of a rotary wing aircraft is that it
is capable of vertical takeoff and landing
the electromagnetic spectrum
is used to classify all possible frequencies and wavelengths and wavelengths of EMR. electromagnetic spectrum is divided into general categories, based on wavelengths that include gamma radiation, x-ray radiation, ultra violet radiation, visible radiation, infrared, microwave, and radio.
With fly-by-wire, the pilot enters commands through a _________ device.
joystick
internal combustion engines are well sited as powerplant for (blank) fixed-wing UAS required to travel (blank) distances or stay on a station for (blank) durations
large, long, longer
Wings and propellers must move through the air faster to generate the same amount of _______ when there is a decrease in air density that reduces unmanned aircraft performance.
lift
the force that influences how the UA takes off and maintains flight is
lift
The airfoil is the principle ___________ mechanism for the aircraft. In airplanes, this is the wing on rotorcraft, the airfoil is the main rotor(s).
lifting
the type of active sensor used in a remote sening payload is
light detection and ranging lidar
Procedures should reflect strict link establishment criteria and include link _______ standards.
limitation
our ability to store information in our short-term memory is
limited
this type of damage represents a high risk and is presented to the remote pilot in the form of leaks, drips, seeps, bubbles, streaks, and or stains, found on and around the small UAS. Select the correct answer from the choices below.
liquid or gel leaks
Radio Frequency Radio waves have the ___________ wavelengths of those in the EM spectrum. For unmanned systems, radio waves are used to transport information to and from the air vehicle.
longest
normal ware and tear is to be expected with a sUAS' repeated use. However vibrations or poor maintenance could lead to this condition that is easily preventable with a proper preflight inspection and if ignored could have catastrophic results.
loose or missing hardware
lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries have also become very economical and can provide a (blank), high-density power source for small UAS motors and electronic components
low-weight
mature stage cumulus stage
m- strongest wind, most frequent lighting, heavy rain c- no lightining/ thunder, defined edge of mid to upper portions of the cloud will become wispy
Remote pilot Sally has been flying sUAS for a few years and feels that she's pretty good at it. She decides to show off her skills by flying a maze-like course between houses in her neighborhood and inevitably crashes into one of the houses. What hazardous attitude is Sally presenting?
macho
a remote pilot's rental state can be by stress, fatigue, and controlled substances.
made worse
what electronic device is used to measure the magnetic field around the aircraft?
magnetometer
Determine the performance of small UA by using charts and data published by the
manufacturer
people who hold part 61 pilot certificate (other than a student pilot certificate) and have completed a flight review within the previous 24 calendar month in accordance with 14 CFR 61.56
may continue, under 14 CFR 107.65 (c), to complete either initial or recurrent training covering the area of knowledge specified in 14 CFR 107.74
Prior to a flight, when a person takes prescription medication or illegal drugs, what is affected?
mental capacity and perception
special use airspace is designated as a MOA. What does MOA stand for?
military operation area
gray line under area A nd what are the implications for a s UAS operation under 107
military training route
the design of a UAS is all based on
mission
select two factors that influence your decision about the type of datalink hardware you purchase
mission requirements aircraft size your geography
Each wave carries information, however, _______ data packages can be transmitted in a _______ period in high frequency.
more, shorter
increase of rpm of F2 and F3 increase rpm of F3 and F4
move the quadcopter laterally and to the left moves the quad copter forward
review the robotic component and assign it to one of the three robotic functions- battery
movement is the ability of the robot to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. must have at least one degree of freedom
review the robotic component and assign it to one of the three robotic functions- Brushless DC motor
movement is the ability of the robot to convert electrical energy into mechanical. must have at least one degree of freedom
severity scale
negligible- less than minor, less than minor system marginal- minor injury, minor damage critical- severe injury, major damage catastrophic- results in fatalities, total loss
the person who patented the use of radio waves to remotely control vehicles is
nikola tesla
Determine if the following incident should be reported as an accident to the FAA: A RPIC loses control of a sUAS and it crashes into the neighbor's garden, destroying a container of daisies.
no
radio frequency interference (RFI) is commonly known as
noise
What are some ways that Barriers to Communication might be occur? (Select all that apply)
noise, static, simultaneous transmissions, fatigue and stress, incomplete message or terminology, fatigue, stress, lack or rapport/credibility of sender
your company has been awarded a contract for a bridge inspection south east of Edenton (KEDE). Now you must answer the following question, is the Northeastern Regional Airport Towered?
nope
if a remote pilot or visual observer cannot identify objects at a known distance or at distances marked on a map, what should the remote pilot do?
not conduct flight
also, when we conduct CRM training, we need to focus on emergency procedures, but flight scenarios that are routine and normal
not only
As a remote sUAS pilot, you must yield the right of way to all aircraft and airborne vehicles. Yielding the right of way means ________.
not passing over, under, or ahead of aircraft unless well clear
this type of malfunction is presented when flying in either straight or level flight or when performing a hover. This may be the first indication that the propulsion system or motor is about to fail.
noticeable sound (decibel) change
What are two acceptable reasons to lose VLOS momentarily
operational necessity safety of flight
during operation of an unmanned vehicle, load factor and the stress on the wings or rotors may increase when the
other than straight and level
Which structure constitutes the highest risk-factor?
out
the ESCs vary voltage and current to each of the electric motors based on the (blank) from the flight control system
output
(blank) drag is created by resistance placed on the aircraft as it moves through the air
parasite
The FAA certificate establishes operating limits for commercial UAS
part 107
when tracking tagged wildlife, wandering or lost adults or children suffering from cognitive conditions, the type of remote sensing payload to use is
passive radio- wave tracking device. remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon
Another function of the GCS is payload monitoring and control. This is usually accomplished by the ____________ ____________. The payload operator can manipulate the camera via the station controls, zooming, panning left/right/up/down, and switching from video [Electro Optical (EO)] to infrared by the flip of a switch. The payload operator and AV remote pilot work together with the tools in the GCS to provide the best collection imagery possible.
payload operator
we all have limits but external factors and behaviors can change our ability to (check all that apply)
perceive information process information perform a task
Change blindness is a _______ phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
perceptual
what is affected when the water content (humidity) of the air increases and becomes less dense?
performance
all pilots use a alphabet when talking to ATC or other aircraft.
phonetic
Your body's response to physical demands and strain. This stress can be created from physical exertion like lifting heavy objects, or ground control station setup and teardown. This type of stress can also be created by physical non-exertion such as noise or vibration. This is an example of _________ stress.
physical
axis that the elevons
pitch and roll
knowledge based errors are also errors, but they are due to a lack of knowledge or poor perception, known also as mistakes
planning
UAS performance adversely affected by too much weight
poor rate of climb generation of incorrect flight statistics
Transmitter Power and Amplitude
power is the measurement of amplitude over time. Antennas may be active or passive.
Other pilots ___________ with tasks
preoccupied
The FCC assigns each station its own frequency and a license to use it. All FM stations are transmitted on bands between 88 MHz and 108 MHz. AM stations operate on bands from 535 kHz to 1,700 kHz.
prevent RF interference, Prevent damage to select receivers
To operate a sUAS in Class B airspace, what must the the pilot be sure of?
prior authorization from ATC is established
what does a remote pilot need to operate an unmanned aircraft in class C and D airspace?
prior authorization from the FAA
measuring risk- risk assessment combines
probability with severity
Operator holding an FAA accepted declaration of compliance must, on request
provide to the FAA such declaration and any other document record or report required to be kept in accordance with regulations
Information that is related should be in close proximity to each other and easy to see.
proximity
Leaders and followers alike should _____________ acknowledge mistakes and _____________ .
publicly, move on
automation can negatively impact our situational awareness by (select all that apply)
putting the remote pilot "out of the loop" lack of systems understanding complacency and loss of vigilance
What type of waves did Nikola Tesla use to remotely control vehicles and mechanisms?
radio waves
reflection is defined as
radio waves bouncing off the surface of an object and changing direction
what is the greatest advantage of a directional antenna transceiver over an Omni antenna transceiver?
range
to help reverse the hazardous attitude of impulsivity, a pilot should use the antidote .
react smoothly not fast
an unmanned aircraft carrying excessive weight experiences reduced cruising speed shorter range and
reduced maneuverability
means of compliance
refers to the chosen method the applicant uses to show that its small unmanned aircraft would not exceed the applicable injury severity limit on impact with a human being and does not contain any exposed rotating parts that could cause lacerations
if a skill is not practiced or performed on a basis, or it has been a long period of time between when you have performed this skill, it can degrade your ability
regular
Who must have in their physical possession and readily available their remote pilot certificate?
remote pilot person manipulating the control owner
Elements should be repeated that are related, such as altitude and airspeed.
repeated
Operations in class B, C, D, or within the lateral boundaries of class E airspace designated for an airport _____.
require authorization through LAANC or DroneZone
Energy state: Ensure there is enough energy to complete the planned operation, plus a _______ .
reserve
systematic process of identifies, assesses, and prioritizes hazards and their potential impact
risk management
the process of identifying, assessing and prioritizing hazards and their potential impact is known as
risk management
(blank) platforms are ideal for precision mapping, forestry, surveying, construction, structures inspections, and other application where platform stability is important for precise data collection
rotary-wing
factors of include: improper communications, incorrect or misunderstood clearances, cockpit workload, hold-short instructions, lack of airport familiarization, wrong radio frequencies, and misunderstood landing and hold-short operations.
runway incursions
it is critical that a pilot keep a visual sweep inside of the airport environment to prevent .
runway incursions or midair collisions
The RPIC must decide whether an aircraft is airworthy, or suitable to conduct a _____ flight.
safe
The Global Hawk achieves BLOS by using a _______ Iridium link and an Inmarsat SATCOM link which provide complete global coverage.
satelite
flying BLOS has become more common within the UAS industry. This type of capability requires ________ or relay technology. Without BLOS technology, a remote pilot would not be able to control an AV beyond a few hundred miles.
satellite
the three types of aerial platforms best suited for remote sensing
satellites, aircraft, and unmanned aircraft
Match the example to the type of memory:
semantic Memory: Knowing that the sky is blue Procedural Memory: Knowing how to ride a bike Episodic Memory: Remembering your first day of high school
review the robotic component and assign it to one of the three robotic functions- IMU inertial measurement unit
sensing allows the robot to perceive physical parameters such as heat or pressure
Robotic Functions sensing movement signal processing
sensing- allows robot to perceive physical parameters such as heat or pressure movement- ability of robot to convert electrical to mechanical energy. a robotic system must have at least one degree of freedom signal processing- allows robot to convert signals from the system's sensors into information that allows the robot's computer to control movement
Control towers, hangers, terminals A path for aircraft at an airport used for connecting different areas The area where aircraft are parked or serviced, sometimes referred to as the "ramp" Has a different two-digit number on each end that corresponds to a degree on a compass Runways Taxiways Aprons
service building Taxiways Aprons runways
What is the small electrical device that is used to move the above-mentioned control surfaces by converting an electrical signal into a rotary motion called?
servo
Each wave can carry information, but more data packages can be transmitted in a ______ period in high frequency.
shorter
review the robotic component and assign it to one of the three robotic functions- flight controller
signal processing allows robot to convert signals from the system's sensors into information that allows robots computer to control movement
review the robotic component and assign it to one of the three robotic functions- GPS
signal processing allows robot to convert signals from the system's sensors into information that allows robots computer to control movement -wrong
Datalinks There are three types of datalinks:
simplex half-duplex duplex
There are four types of UAS hardware RF-link configurations that are used to create redundancy (backup systems) and efficiency in the equipment onboard an unmanned aircraft:
simplified, basic redundant, redundant, maximum redundancy datalink options
All pilots must maintain ___________ ___________ to prevent runway incursions and midair collisions.
situational awareness
errors are execution errors, also called slips
skill based
what two ways can you make this quad yaw to the right?
slightly decrease M1 and M3 increase M2 and M4
After the UAS has completed the fixed wing phase of the flight the vehicle (blank) and transitions back to powered lift using the vertical lift rotors where the aircraft can be landed vertically
slows
runway incursions happen more often than pilots realize because there is a high volume of aircraft traversing a area at a pace
small, fast
Keep in mind that gain may also simultaneously result in loss. The greater the gain of an antenna, the ______ the effective angle of use. This is because power is reduced from other directions and the radiation is refocused in the intended direction.
smaller
Acrid, sharp smell and may be accompanied by higher than normal electrical load or abnormal behaviours of electrical components
smell of electrical burning
What can be produced by a stable air mass?
stratus clouds and light mist or drizzle
Data link: Test the ability to input commands and receive telemetry and ensure a _______ link with little to no interference when viewing the signal strength.
strong
Some damage can be detected by the remote pilot's sense of smell. These vapors are highly flammable and endanger not only the UAS flight but also the crew.
strong fuel smell
This type of damage to unmanned is often caused by corrosion, erosion, normal stress and accidents and mishaps. Repeated or excessive forces....
structural or skin cracking
Using your best guess and referring to the table, where does the regulation for waiver policy and requirements (to deviate from standard Part 107 regulations) fall under
sub chapter F General Flight Rules
Using your best guess and referring to the table, where does the regulation for registering sUAS fall under?
subchapter C- Aircraft Regulations
Using your best guess and referring to the table, where does the regulation for restricted airspace fall under?
subchapter E- airspace design
Luke is a sUAS remote pilot in command who operates inside Class B, C, or D class airspace. What does he need to do to request permission to enter an airspace?
submit a request via DroneZone or LAANC
what must you do to obtain the RPIC under 107
take 107 Aeronautical Knowledge Test at an FAA testing facility
Which sub-component of the ground station communicates the health and status of the aircraft, such as attitude, airspeed, altitude, and heading?
telemetry
the status of an aircraft including attitude, altitude, and heading is provided through which process
telemetry
what's is the amount of electromagnetic radiation emr emitted from an object dependent
temperature
What kind of analysis does mission planning software allow an RPIC to conduct to determine ground elevations?
terrain analysis
transmissivity
the ability of EMR to pass through the atmosphere, and it can easily pass-
divided
the ability or attempt to focus on multiple stimuli at the same time (multi-tasking)
Modulation
the process of changing from one key to another or The process of melding low frequency data to be transmitted onto a high frequency wave
the apron is the area where aircraft are parked or serviced. This area is sometimes referred to as .
the ramp
major contributing factors to lift
the tilt angle of the airfoil
what does the "RP" in Sierra Vista Libby AAF (FHU) data block tell pilots approaching or operating at this Class D airfield?
the traffic pattern is non-standard
while operating under part 107, remote pilots are required to maintain visual line of sight between the pic and
the unmanned aircraft
as a result of stress, a pilot may experience fatigue. what can this affect?
timing and perception
If stress is prolonged, the short-term chemical responses will be replaced with fatigue and lower performance. Fatigue is the lack of energy and motivation (both physical and mental). This is different from drowsiness, a term that describes the need to sleep. Fatigue will affect your ability to perform and causes poor ____________ and ____________ .
timing, perception
remote pilots can spend time trying to operate controls
too much
The datalink, in a metaphorical sense, is the eyes and hands of the pilot. A _________ approach is necessary for everyone in the company or organization to emulate regarding datalink safety.
top-down
what type of airport actively controls air traffic?
towered
The RPIC arrives at the takeoff location and a thick fog rolls in, significantly reducing visibility. What risk mitigation/s alternative should be used?
transfer-move operation to another day when it's not foggy
could also include choosing another day due to poor weather or selecting another UAS if the primary system is not airworthy
transferring
A sensor is a device that detects events and then produces a corresponding output of the event.
true
As part of a Part 107 flight, remote pilots should ensure that all necessary documentation is available for inspection.
true
During the birth of unmanned aircraft, systems were designed as offensive weapons and more like cruise missiles rather than unmanned aircraft.
true
Lift induced drag can be overcome by increasing the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air.
true
Lift is the aerodynamic force created by the airfoil.
true
Line of Sight (LOS) means that the radio wave will reach its destination if there are no obstacles in the way and if the curvature of the earth is not blocking the signal
true
The laws of physics and aerodynamics are the same for quadcopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
true
True or False: A PIC may use prescription glasses to keep the UA within line-of-sight.
true
True or False: A sUAS may transport cargo as long as the materials they carry are not hazardous and they don't cross state boundaries.
true
True or False: Even though robotics are used in unmanned vehicles, the remote pilot in command, must have the ability to command the aircraft to land immediately?
true
True or False: Helicopters are ideal for carrying heavy payloads.
true
True or False: Helicopters require a lot of power and are less efficient than other types of rotary-wing UAS.
true
True or False: The Final Rule allows for operations over moving vehicles.
true
True or False: The payload operator and remote pilot usually work together symbiotically, to ensure sensor imagery quality and capture.
true
True or False: sUAS can be operated from a moving car as long as the operation area is sparsely populated.
true
UAS use same aerodynamic principles and design features as manned aircraft
true
a major contributing factor to lift is the tilt or angle of the airfoil
true
a small unmanned aircraft may be directed through manual manipulation of flight controls or through commands using automation
true
an unmanned aircraft systems' ground control station(GCS) consists of a portable computer with flight planning software, electronic joysticks for pilot input, a wireless uplink transmitter, and a wireless downlink receiver
true
successive data packages relating the health and status of the aircraft such as attitude, airspeed, altitude, and heading are transmitted electronically via radio frequency. when related to aircraft flight data, these data packages are called telemetry
true
the inertial measurement unit (IMU) a key component of a UAS flight control system, is a small electronic device made up of miniature gyroscopes and linear accelerometers
true
visual line of sight refers to the greatest horizontal distance at which prominent objects can be viewed with the naked eye true or false
true
when the UAS is flying straight and level the airfoil must create enough lift to equal the UAS weight and any downforce generated by the horizontal tail and elevator
true
Wind velocities at 400 feet AGL tend to be __________ winds near the surface.
twice as much
If a UAS uses a transmitter and receiver configuration, ____ antennas are required to be mounted on the AV and ____ antennas are required to be located with the ground station.
two, two
how many antennas are required to be mounted on the AV and located with the ground station for a UAS using a transmitter and receiver configuration?
two, two
how do civil aircraft pilots state the aircraft identification?
type, model or manufacturer's name, followed by the digits/letters of the registration number
one of the rules of flying a sUAS under Part 107 is that the pilot in command PIC must be able to see the aircraft
unaided
An _______ allows the ground station and the satellite and/or onboard AV receiver to control the AV and its payload
uplink
upon taking off from the runway, the aircraft enters the leg.
upwind
lidar
uses same principle as RADAR, except it has a pulsed laser of ultraviolet, visible or near infrared light to detect, scan, and image objects. primary advantage of using active sensor like lidar or radar is that EMR can be used to penetrate cloud cover, smoke, and forest canopies. LIDAR measures distance, and has accurate IMU for pitch roll and yaw.
Aircraft at ___________ altitudes
various
to ensure proper weight and balance of the sUAS you are flying, check (blank)
vehicle manufacturer documentation
a rotary wing aircraft takes off and lands (blank) and hovers in midair
vertically
in precision agriculture applications blank EM elctromagnetic band are typically used
visible and near infrared
the electromagnetic EM band used in precision agriculture applications are blank
visible and near infrared
during preflight inspection the remote pilot might notice soot tracings or black marks on electrical components or their adjacent surfaces When power is applied there could be a smell or sparking
visual indications
after this is accomplished and you have verified that the UA is safe to fly, you can check the temperature of your motors on one side of the aircraft are (blank) than the other side, indicating an unbalanced aircraft
warmer
fixed-wing small UAS are particularly sensitive to changes in
weight & Balance (W&B)
the operational and performance information provided by the manufacturer instructs a pilot about performance of an aircraft and data pertaining to (blank)
weight and balance
If a maneuver is being performed and the sUAS happens to fly under another aircraft, the remote pilot must ensure that his air vehicle is ______________.
well clear of the other aircraft
What are two ways in which the Center of Gravity may shift during a flight?
when fuel is used when a payload is expended
Microwave reflection is: (Select all that apply)
when higher frequency waves bounce off of smooth objects, Like a ball bouncing off a wall
if you call any ATC facility on a radio, what format should you use to relay your communication? Arrange in correct order
who they are, who you are, where you are, and what you want
what is an abrupt change in the speed or direction of air flow that creates mechanical turbulence?
wind shear
this malfunction is presented when the remote pilot is performing their link checks. this malfunction usually represents poor link and or malfunction of the autopilot. select the correct answer form the choices below. - control inputs not synchronized -noticeable sound (decibel) change - diminishing flight time capability
wrong -not sound :(
the electromagnetic spectrum there are seven basic bands of EMR including GAmma, visible, infrared, and micrwave and the other three are
x ray ultraviloet
For the UAS, there usually are displays of the basic flight instruments depicted in _______________ and engine indications depicted in _______________ .
yellow, blue
Determine if the following incident should be reported as an accident to the FAA: An sUAS flies into power line and the surrounding area loses power for a couple of hours.
yes, report to FAA
Determine if the following incident should be reported as an accident to the FAA: A sUAS crashes through the windshield of a car and the driver drives into a tree. He has some minor lacerations but is otherwise okay.
yes, report to faa
According to Part 107, what should a remote pilot do if a manned aircraft is flying in the vicinity of the UA?
yield right of way
Managing the Risk After assessing the risk in any UAS operation there will always be hazards that the RPIC deems a threat to the safe operation of a UAS, generate alternative solutions to counter any problem in flight. The TEAM mnemonic can be used to determine suitable risk mitigation alternatives:
Transfer: Find another person, place or system Eliminate: Cancel the operation Accept or avoid: Accept if the company has made the decision to proceed in the face of identified hazards but Avoid if the hazards will result in the violation of a regulation or company policy Mitigate: Reduce the severity or impact of a hazard by putting in place a control or measure.
Techniques for maintaining SA include trusting your gut feeling, staying focused, and breaking up complex tasks. What are some other? (Select all that apply)
Trap errors at the onset, Maintain a sterile control station and operating area
Line of Sight (LOS)
UAS communications largely depend on Line of Sight (LOS) operations, meaning that the transmitter needs line of sight for the receiving antenna, to adequately receive and retrieve the information. LOS means that the radio wave will reach its destination if there are no obstacles in the way and if the curvature of the earth is not blocking the signal.
how would you phrase your message, if you wish to alert the tower that you are flying at 1400 MSL?
UAS level at one thousand four hundred feet
A station is an air-ground communication facility, operated by a non-ATC private agency advisory service, such as non-flight services
UNICOM
stratus cloud- gray, layered forms in stable air with light mist or drizzle stratocumulus- possess characteristics of both stratus and cumulus clouds often appears as closely spaced clusters or rolls of clouds with clear sky in between nimbostratus- thick and dark but similar to a stratus cumulus- distinct puffy, vertically developed, like cotton balls, in the absence of extensive vertical development, associated with fair weather, falling precipitation includes lightning and thunder cumulonimbus- developed in an unstable environment aloft and can extend to vast altitude cumuliform- often follows the diurnal cycle of solar heating
you should anticipate (turbulence) below cumulus clouds
Which word is associated with the letter "A" in the CARE model?
Alternative
CRM is a management system that makes optimum use of all available resources - equipment, procedures and people - to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations and should be integrated into all phases of an operation. Basic Assumptions:
-CRM training is based on the fact that a high degree of technical proficiency is essential for safe and efficient operations. -CRM training is most effective within a training program centered on clear, comprehensive Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). -CRM training should focus on the functioning of crewmembers as teams, not as a collection of technically competent individuals. -CRM training exercises should include all crewmembers functioning in the same roles that they normally perform during operations. CRM training should include effective team behaviors during normal, routine operations.
Under Part 107, sUAS may not transport hazardous materials. According to 49 U.S.C. 5103, the term "hazardous material" includes: fill in the blanks Hazardous _______ _______ temperature materials _______ pollutants
-Hazardous substances -Materials designated as hazardous in the Hazardous Materials Table -Materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in part 173 of this subchapter." Hazardous _______waste marine_______ temperature materials elevated_______ pollutants
Based on their proficiency, remote pilots should create a list of personal minimums, including: (Select all that apply) -Minimum pay scale -Maximum wind they will operate a s-UAS in -Minimum visibility -Line-of-sight distance -Uniform preferences -Type of mission they are willing to accept
-Maximum wind they will operate a sUAS in -Minimum visibility -Line-of-sight distance -Type of mission they are willing to accept
what term describes the effective use of all available resources- human, hardware, and information- prior to and during flight to ensure the successful outcome of an operation?
-SMS- wrong -CRM -a Safe flight plan -risk management
handheld/tablet
-Used for many small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) that are simple and small -Typically, just a pilot control box (PCB) with a small tablet attached -Transmits control information to the AV on a single uplink -Normal Range: .5 to 2 miles Line of Sight (LOS)
to successfully adapt CRM concepts to the operation of a small unmanned aircraft, what must CRM be integrated into?
-all maintenance procedures -the communication process- wrong -the flight portion of the flight - all phases of the operation
preflight safety risk management process. after identifying hazards....
-assess the risk -mitigate unacceptable risks - mitigate any acceptable - weigh risk versus reward - make a final go or no-go decision - review your decision
__________ takeoff speed __________ rate of climb __________ maximum altitude capability __________ operational range __________ maneuverability __________ controllability __________ stall speed __________ landing distance
-increased -poor -lower -limited -reduced -diminished -higher -increased
In the National Airspace System, which two events cause the issuance of a temporary flight restriction?
-movement of the president -sporting events
Acceptable to Fly UAS over people
-people under cover/ building -people are participating in UAS operation
When using fly-by-wire, the following processes occurs:
1 1 Commands are sent to the flight control computer, which also receives altitude, airspeed and six degrees of freedom position, rates, and accelerations about the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical axes of the aircraft. 2 2 These inputs are combined and run through a set of flight control laws that determine the appropriate output signals for the aircraft's control actuators. 3 3 The aircraft is kept stable, on course, and within the operational flight envelope.
Datalink Transmission Process:
1 1 Datalink information is relayed from the computers in the GCS (usually via cable) to the transmitter. 2 2 Datalink information is sent from the transmitter to the receiver in the aircraft via radio transmission. This data information is usually deliberate commands made by the remote pilot. 3 3 A transmitter on the aircraft relays status information back down to the GCS antenna. This status information may include pertinent information, such as engine RPM, position information, altitude information, air speed, video images, GPS data, etc.
The FAA has proposed steps to making analytical decisions:
1 Identify personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight 2 Learn behavior modification techniques 3 Learn how to recognize and cope with stress 4 Develop risk assessment skills 5 Use all resources 6 Evaluate the effectiveness of one's ADM skills
Computer Process:
1 The computer has software that is compatible with the AV onboard autopilot. 2 2 The remote pilot types a command into the computer. 3 3 This message is converted into an RF signal and transmitted up to the AV. 4 4 The onboard flight computer on the AV receives the command and sends the requested data by RF down to the receiving antenna, which is collocated with the GCS. 5 5 The computer in the GCS easily interprets the RF signal, converts it to a data format, and displays it for the remote pilot.
All robots share three primary elements in their architecture:
1. A mechanical structure or frame 2. Electronic systems and motive sources 3. Software program that runs on a computer or microprocessor on-board
1. RC remote control 2. Preprogrammed control 3. Supervisory control 4. autonomous control
1. A trained RPIC evaluates the situation, makes timely decisions, and performs complex tasks 2. an industrial robot performing an inspection of parts on a moving conveyor belt 3. RPIC programs a UAS flight path and supervises and makes updates during robot's movements 4. a robot makes complex decision and strategizes to complete tasks
The Second Age: World War II 1939-1945
After witnessing the Queen Bee in action, Lt. Commander Delmar Fahrney built a UAS program for the U.S. Navy with the code named "Project Fox". Fahrney was the first person to use the term "drone" in deference to the De Havilland Queen Bee. Fahrney teamed up with television inventor Dr. Vladimir Zworykin and the two demonstrated that UAS could be guided be television Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, an assault drone was developed. The The TDR-1 took flight in 1943 and could be controlled via a ground control station or a "mother ship" aircraft. This was the first UAS to be successfully piloted from another aircraft and to provide a real-time image from the UAS, utilized by Zworykin's television technology. By the end of `1944 they have dismantled Project Fox and many TDR-1 systems were dumped in the ocean. Germany also invested in UAS, launching Project Cherry Stone in a project designed to create a long-range missile which produced the "Vergeltungswaffe Einz" (Vengeance Weapon One or V-1 for short). During the year of 1944, the Nazis launched over 10,000 V-1s, via a ramp launching mechanism towards Britain. During this age of UAS, most systems were designed as offensive weapons and more recognizable as cruise missiles rather than unmanned aircraft, with the exception of the Radioplane OQ-2. Designed by British actor and WWII pilot Reginald Denny who add remote control to model aircraft, the Radioplane OQ-2 was a two-cylinder piston engine, remote-controlled aircraft that used a catapult to launch and a parachute to recover. The U.S. Army and Navy ordered over 15,000 units, making the OQ-2 the first mass produced UAS in the world.
Match the movements to the correct control surfaces that create them:
Aileron: Rolling moment around longitudinal axis, deflect the wing's trailing edge control surface Elevators: Pitching moment around the lateral axis of the aircraft, move up or down Rudder: Yawing moment around the vertical axis, deflect left and right
Datalink AV Onboard Hardware Integration How data packages are turned into usable information on a UAS:
Air Data Terminal (ADT) system contains a transceiver and antenna, located in the AV Data is then sent to or from the modem. The modem manages data distribution for the transceiver and provides a hardwire link to the flight computer or interface module. The processors compress the data in a digital to RF format, so that it will fit within the bandwidth limitation of the downlink.
Other Important Feedback Tools: Air data system or Barometer + Magnetometer + GPS
Air data system or Barometer - Typically installed on fixes-wing aircraft, the system uses sensors to provide the controller with static and dynamic air pressure, which in turn can be used to determine the aircraft's airspeed and altitude. Magnetometer - A tiny electronic device that is used to measure the magnetic field around the aircraft, acting as a compass which can be used for both situational awareness and navigation. GPS - A system that constantly monitors the vehicle's latitude, longitude, and altitude and calculates the aircraft's speed over the, heading, rate of climb, and other parameters.
Sub-components of the Unmanned Aircraft (UA) include:
Air frame or structure Control surfaces that allow the system to navigate through the air Form of propulsion Energy source and distribution network to control surfaces and other components Form of intelligence, typically in the form of an autopilot Sensors that allow the autopilot to know the attitude and position of the aircraft Half of the communication equipment required for the data link
Which mediums can radio waves travel by during wave propagation? (Select all that apply)
Air, Space, Water, Cable, Fiber Optics
What are the four essential components of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)? Aircraft Control station Anti-collision lights Control link between the control station and the aircraft Payload Tether
Aircraft Control station Control link between the control station and the aircraft Payload
Match the UAS component and its definition:
Aircraft: Any device that is used for flight in the atmosphere Control station: Classified by the location of the remote pilot to the UA Control link: Has sub-components to transmit commands and telemetry between the control station and UA Payload: The business end of the UAS and the operational purpose for the aircraft being airborne
Environment Assessing the environment for potential risks is a major part of proper pre-flight planning and can help a remote pilot avoid physical obstacles or conditions that could lead to an incident or accident. The following environmental considerations should be made:
Airspace Using an aeronautical chart or program, learn about the physical location of the job. Sectional charts can provide information regarding local airports, power lines, airspace, towers and obstacles over 200 feet, ATC communication frequencies, airport elevations, and traffic patterns.
a-211 on an aeronautical chart is known as
Alert Area
What are the two benefits of effective listening to air traffic control directions?
Allows for safe operations to and from airports throughout the world Keeps air traffic separated
duplex datalink
Allows information to flow back and forth simultaneously
Match the launch method to its description:
Catapult: A bungee that is stretched and hurls the AV in to the air Rail: Tubing and compressed air provides ridged directional-assisted control to launch the AV Kinetic Energy: Used to launch a fixed-wing UAS from an area with little to no room for takeoff Car top: AV is attached to top of vehicle until it reaches takeoff speed and detaches into flight Conventional takeoff roll: Fixed-wing air vehicles have wheels and can conduct a rolling takeoff from a runway Air drop: UA is attached to the wing or belly of an airplane and is released at altitude Hand throw: RPIC throws the UA into the air or runs with it until it's fast enough to fly on its own Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL): Allows the aircraft to takeoff straight up on its own power
Which category of small unmanned aircraft routinely operating over people may not contain exposed rotating parts that would lacerate human skin? (Select all that apply)
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Ops over people Class 1-4 eligibility
Category 1 eligible aircraft - Remote pilots are prohibited from operating a small unmanned aircraft as a Category 1 operation in sustained flight over open-air assemblies unless the operation meets the requirements for standard remote identification or remote identification broadcast modules established in the Remote ID Final Rule. Category 2 eligible aircraft - Remote pilots are prohibited from operating a small unmanned aircraft as a Category 2 operation in sustained flight over open-air assemblies unless the operation meets the requirements for standard remote identification or remote identification broadcast modules established in the Remote ID Final Rule. Requires means of compliance and declaration of compliance by applicant Remote pilots must not operate the small unmanned aircraft over open-air assemblies of human beings. Remote pilots may only operate the small unmanned aircraft above any human being if operation meets one of the following conditions:The operation is within or over a closed- or restricted-access site and all human beings located within the closed- or restricted-access site must be on notice that a small unmanned aircraft may fly over them The small unmanned aircraft does not maintain sustained flight over any human being unless that human being is directly participating in the operation of the small unmanned aircraft; or located under a covered structure or inside a stationary vehicle that can provide reasonable protection from a falling small unmanned aircraft Must have an airworthiness certificate issued under part 21. Must be operated in accordance with the operating limitations specified in the approved Flight Manual or as otherwise specified by the Administrator. The operating limitations must not prohibit operations over human beings. Must have maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, or inspections performed in accordance with specific maintenance requirements detailed in the final rule. Remote pilots are prohibited from operating a small unmanned aircraft as a Category 4 operation in sustained flight over open-air assemblies unless the operation meets the requirements of standard remote identification or remote identification broadcast modules established in the Remote ID Final Rule.
Operations Over Moving Vehicles The FAA finds that operations over people in moving vehicles can be conducted safely, subject to certain conditions. Class1-3 Class 4
Category 1, Category 2, and Category 3 operation - The small unmanned aircraft: May not maintain sustained flight over moving vehicles May fly over transit operations Must remain within or over a closed- or restricted-access site, and all human beings located inside a moving vehicle within the closed- or restricted-access site must be on notice that a small unmanned aircraft may fly over them; or Must not maintain sustained flight over moving vehicles The small unmanned aircraft: Have an airworthiness certificate issued under part 21 of this chapter Be operated in accordance with the operating limitations specified in the approved Flight Manual or as otherwise specified by the Administrator. The operating limitations must not prohibit operations over human beings located inside moving vehicles
Which category of aircraft may not cause injury to a human being that is equivalent to or greater than the severity of injury caused by a transfer of 25 FPE upon impact from a rigid object?
Category 3
Which category of aircraft must have maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, or inspections performed in accordance with specific requirements in the final rule?
Category 4
Category 2 eligible small unmanned aircraft weigh more than 0.55 pounds but do not have an airworthiness certificate under part 21. They must not:
Cause injury to a human being that is equivalent to or greater than the severity of injury caused by a transfer of 11 foot-pounds of kinetic energy (KE) upon impact from a rigid object Contain any exposed rotating parts that could lacerate human skin upon impact with a human being Contain any safety defects
Category 3 eligible small unmanned aircraft must not:
Cause injury to a human being that is equivalent to or greater than the severity of injury caused by a transfer of 25 foot-pounds of kinetic energy (KE) upon impact from a rigid object Contain any exposed rotating parts that could lacerate human skin upon impact with a human being Contain any safety defects
What information should be communicated between crew members?
Changes in the environment, System status, Popup hazards
what specific airspace must a remote pilot... obtain permission to enter
Class B, D, E specifically designated for an airport
Airspace that is generally from the surface to 2500 feet Above Ground Level (AGL) is known as ________.
Class D
if your company has been asked to complete an aerial photography job on Virginia Beach at location A what airspace and special considerations need to be made prior to flight? (Oceana NAS, class D)
Class D airspace, the remote pilot will need permission from ATC to enter
400 ft AGL in a field under area A
Class G
photography job at 200 ft AGL under area A what airspace and special considerations need to be made prior to flight?
Class G
When, if ever, is it acceptable to drop cargo from an sUAS?
If it doesn't create a hazard to people or property
Operational Plan Every UAS flight will have either a formal or informal plan that may be complex or simple and conceptual. Factors and pitfalls to consider when drafting an operational plan include:
External Pressures - Pressures from management or customers can put into place latent failures that could result in an incident or accident. Rushed Planning - A mission may be assigned at the last minute, or you may have internal motives to rush through the planning process. * Remember that every flight deserves the required time to meet all planning requirements. Difficult Operations - Evaluate the flight path, complexity, scale, and duration of the flight to assess its difficulty. Plans that exceed the system's capabilities - The complexity and scale of the operation directly ties to risk. Last-minute changes - Last-minute changes may include new additions to the crew or spectators, new SOPs or checklists, and a change in location. * Don't assume that risks and hazards are the same
Match the correct countermeasure to each pitfall:
External Pressures: Use Standard Operating Procedures that define roles, responsibilities, & planning process Rushed Planning: Deal with the pressure to rush in the same way as external pressures Difficult Operations: First, evaluate the flight path for obstacles in the air and in the ground track of the UA Plans that exceed the system's capabilities: Check that the plan will not require aircraft performance exceeding system's capabilities Last-minute changes: Complete a new assessment if any variable changes
Why might a GPS lose its satellite signal? (Select all that apply)
Extreme cloud cover, Building obstructions, Sunspots
Why is environmental control important in a GCS?
Extreme temperatures or moisture could exceed the computer systems manufacture's recommended operating temperature and result in a system malfunction.
which government organization regulates communication by radio, television, satellite and cable?
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Which are examples of difficult operations? (Select all that apply) Flight near people Flight over adjacent property Flying over buildings Flight on a mountain Flight over water Flight near high terrain Flight in an open field
Flight over adjacent property, Flying over buildings, Flight over water, Flight near high terrain
A remote pilot in command, owner, or person manipulating the flight controls of a small unmanned aircraft system must:
Have in that person's physical possession and readily accessible the remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating and identification when exercising the privileges of that remote pilot certificate. 2 2 Present his or her remote pilot certificate and identification upon a request from the FAA, NTSB, TSA, or any Federal, state, or local law enforcement officer. 3 3 Make available, upon request, to the FAA any document, record, or report required to be kept under FAA regulations. 4 4 Upon request, must allow the FAA to test or inspect the small unmanned aircraft system, the remote pilot in command, the person manipulating the flight controls of a small unmanned aircraft system, facilities, technical data and, if applicable, the visual observer to determine compliance with the rule.
What did Elmer Sperry invent and what did it do for aircraft?
He invented the automatic gyroscopic stabilizer, which helped to keep an aircraft flying straight and level.
What is another name for Analytical Responses?
Headwork
Overload/Task Saturation
High workloads or overloads can result in high stress levels. As the workload increases so will the pilot's ability to perform, until he or she reaches the tipping point where both arousal and performance come crashing down. The amount of work someone can handle is dependent on their faculty and ability and anyone who states that they are "overloaded" are in need of immediate help.
HMI concepts: Match the description to the correct human machine interface:
Human In the Loop: Explains and relates the human aspect of being in the GCS and controlling the AV Human On the Loop: Explains a human is involved in the overall action, but removed from direct control loop Human Out Of the Loop: Describe UAS operations and flight without humans monitoring or being in control of the AV
Human in the Loop
Human Machine Interface (HMI) is the study of how humans use equipment for a specific purpose, and it gauges the efficiency of those interactions for improvement; it is very closely correlated with human factors.
Coping with Stress You can employ one of several strategies to deal or cope with stress. Some strategies are more effective than others.
Ignore the problem -not effective Example: "The risks are not serious if I don't take any corrective action." Minor Protective Actions -not effective Example: "I can't ignore the problem, but the risks seem low. If I select the most available alternative or protective action, I hope this works." Avoid the Problem -not effective Example: "There may be a better way, but it is not realistic to hope that I will find it!" or "I may not want to know the answer." Panic -not effective Example: "There does not appear to be sufficient time to solve the problem." Vigilance -effective Example: "I know there is a problem and I know there is enough time to solve it efficiently." Embody a positive attitude and maintain a constant belief that sufficient time exists to solve the problem. Have high confidence in your ability to find a solution to the problem. Recovery Method -effective "There is clearly a major problem with my UAS, let me steer the aircraft to an open area, stabilize its flight, and then determine and apply corrective action for the underlying problem." 1. Aviate 2. Navigate. 3. Communicate
Personnel When preparing for a flight, remote pilots may use the I'M SAFE acronym to assess their health and readiness to conduct a UAS operation.
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eating
The Third Age: The Cold Wars 1945-1988
In 1949 Charles Draper created the Inertial Navigation System (INS), which eventually became the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation in the 1970s.This autonomous and reliable inertial navigation would play a major role in the guidance, control, and navigation of UAS that would be developed in this area, significantly increasing accuracy and capability of UAS. The Cold War, which was conducted through intelligence, espionage, and proxy wars, necessitated the need for the U.S. military and intelligence agencies to gather information and reconnaissance. In response, the Lockheed built the U-2, a high-altitude reconnaissance plane designed to overfly and take pictures of the Soviet homeland. When a U-2 pilot was shot down over the Soviet Union and imprisoned in 1960, The Eisenhower administration was eager to find a replacement to manned reconnaissance flights. In 1962 a Firebee targeting drone was converted into a reconnaissance UAS names the AQM-34, which was deployed over Cuba, Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Vietnam. From 1964- 1975, it flew over 3,500 combat missions in Vietnam. In 1971, the U.S. Air Force launched the Compass Cope program to spur innovation in high-altitude, long-endurance systems. A product of this program is the modern-day Global Hawk. Amid the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, the Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI) began working on a UAS that would be used both as a decoy and provide "tactical" intelligence. In 1977, IAI had produced a 120-pound UAS code named Scout, which would see combat action in the Lebanon War of 1982. No longer considered cruise missiles, the Cold War marked the change in UAS development and deployment as surveillance and reconnaissance tools.
The Fourth Age: Military Expansion 1988-2001
In 1988, the United States military's UAV Joint Program Office (JPO) defined different classes of UAS and wanted to develop close-range, short-range, medium-range, and endurance UAS, out of which came the birth of small systems. Engineer Abraham Karem started Leading Systems Inc. and was eventually awarded a Defense Advanced Projects Agency (DARPA) contract to develop and test a composite aircraft name Amber that could fly at medium altitude for 40 hours. Although spending cuts led to a cancellation of the Amber project and the bankruptcy of Leading Systems Inc, Karem had already started working on the GNAT-750. Karem sold Leading Systems Inc. to General Atomics and went to work for the company himself. During the Balkans conflict of the 1990s, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) purchased two GNAT-750s to provide Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). After recognizing the ISR potential of the GNAT-750, it was reconfigured with a new nose section and outfitted with a satellite dish and modem and named the Predator. In 1971 Dr. Paul MacCready created AeroVironment, a diversified aeronautics and engineering company which would eventually transition the human-powered Gossamer into a series of unmanned solar-powered aircraft. The first of AeroVironment's sUAS was the Pointer, a small, man-portable, hand-launched system that enabled ground units to see over the next hill.
Concepts to Remember: Incidence Angle + Downwash + Lift Induced Drag + Angle of Attack + Parasitic Drag + Stability + Control + Directional Stability + Power Available + Six Degrees of Freedom + Roll + Yaw + Pitch
Incidence Angle - The degree of tilt on a UA's airfoil Downwash - When the wing is tilted, the airflow pushes on the bottom of the airfoil and is diverted down Lift Induced Drag - A consequence of lift, the divergence of vectors works against the forward motion of the airfoil. Lift induced drag can be overcome by increasing the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air Angle of Attack - The angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative motion of the aircraft as it moves through the air Parasitic Drag - The resistance placed on the aircraft as it moves through the air. Parasitic drag increases as the airspeed increases, and can be made worse by the design of the aircraft or by attaching pylons or other payloads to the wings of a fixed-wing aircraft Stability - The tendency of an aircraft to fly in a prescribed flight condition Control - The ability of the remote pilot or machine agent to change the aircraft's flight conditions Directional Stability - Improved stability the aircraft around an axis which is perpendicular to its direction of motion. Typically, UAS have lower directional stability at lower speeds Power Available - The difference between the power or thrust available from the UAS's powerplant Six Degrees of Freedom - A UA can move through 3_D space with six degrees of freedom, consisting of movement along and rotation around the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical axis Roll - Rotation around the longitudinal axis Yaw - The condition when the aircraft rotates around the vertical axis Pitch - A frontal rotation of the aircraft around the lateral axis
Provide/perform human interface + Mission Planning + Mission is Managed + During Flight + Payload Control + Manage comms and disseminate data + Perform external communications + Provide/perform human interface
Provide/perform human interface - The provide/perform human interface aspect provides input for UAS communications, payload processing, mission management, and mission planning. Mission Planning - The mission planning aspect from human interface provides output to the mission plan and is stored in automation for further use or is disseminated via the LAN for further manipulation or analysis to other users in the GCS. This is part of a mission planning loop. Mission is Managed - After initial planning, the mission is managed from the GCS. During this phase, commands are sent to the AV, and payload (sensor). Mission plan parameters may also be manipulated or changed, if the real-time situation dictates. During Flight - During flight and part of managing the mission is providing command and control of the AV from the GCS. Payload Control - Outputs of this phase include controlling the payload: the provision of AV flight commands and commands to manipulate the pan/tilt/zoom of the onboard sensors. Manage comms and disseminate data - The GCS must manage communications and disseminate data. Information from the sensor is processed in (real time) and disseminated to the appropriate users. Perform external communications - From the GCS, the crew may also need to perform external communications via voice communications with the external crew members, customer(s), or company. The GCS must be able to accommodate function, room, and capability to conduct this also. Provide/perform human interface - The provide/perform human interface aspect provides input for UAS communications, payload processing, mission management, and mission planning.
Mental stress resulting from difficult work or personal situations. Pressures, such as conflict with significant others, financial worries, or work problems can produce a cumulative level of stress that exceeds that person's ability to cope with the situation. Anxiety, decreased performance, and distraction can occur. This is an example of _________ stress.
Psychological
Check off all of the components in a basic GDT:
RF amplifier, tracking filters, transmitter/receiver, diplexer
Datalink GCS Hardware Integration Transmitting and receiving data from the Ground Control Station:
RF frequency waves are received by the GCS antenna Bidirectional communications are conducted through the modem. The processors compress the data in a digital to RF format, so that it will fit within the bandwidth limitation of the down-link.
to ensure that a sUAS is safe before operation the is required to perform system checks before each flight
RPIC
Absorption is defined as
Radio waves consumed by an object
Which word is associated with the letter "R" in the CARE model?
Reality
The First Age: The Early Years 1896-1939
Samuel Pierpont Langley invented a steam-powered aircraft, known as the Aerodrome, which launched from a boat on the Potomac River and flew for almost a mile in 1896. Nikola Tesla files a patent for radio control one year after first launch of the Aerodrome, the patent was for a way of remotely controlling vehicles and mechanisms using radio waves. During World War I, the first heavier-than-air UAS took flight and the first known UAS to be remotely controlled was the Aerial Target and was designed as a cruise missile. The Royal Flying Corps teamed up with the Sopwith Company to the first full-scale remotely piloted aircraft- a 14-foot wingspan aircraft packed with explosives that could run for two hours and was guided into a designated target. This aircraft was called the Sopwith Aerial Target and was designed to be a cruise missile. In 1917, Dr. Peter Cooper and Elmer A. Sperry invented the automatic gyroscopic stabilizer, which helped to keep an aircraft flying straight and level. Sperry converted a U.S. Navy Curtiss N-9 trainer aircraft into an automatic aircraft nicknamed the flying bomb, aka the Automatic Aircraft, which was deemed the first operationally capable cruise missile. Charles F. Kettering, Sperry, and Orville Wright worked together to build the Kettering Bug, a small biplane equipped with a 300-pound bomb that was pre-programmed to dive vertically towards a pre-programmed target. The Fairey Queen was used between the world wars and was used for firing practice, prompting the British Royal Navy to invest in the production of a targeting UAS. The de Havilland Aircraft Company created the Queen Bee which had a ground control station and a large radio transmitting, enabling the pilot to enter commands and pneumatic servos which controlled the aircraft's rudder, elevator, and throttle. These capabilities made the Queen Bee the first successful and operational UAS ever built.
Beyond Line-of-Sight (BLOS)
Satellites can be used to extend LOS, by acting as a relay between the ground control station and the air vehicle. This is known a Beyond Line-of-Sight (BLOS).
What does "S" stand for in terms of frequencies?
Scientific
Types of Memory:
Semantic Memory - An individual's general knowledge about the world, independent of the individual's identity with the past. Procedural Memory - Non-declarative knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations. Episodic Memory - The retention of information about the "where" and "when" of life's events.
Match the antenna and frequency requirement to each hardware RF-link configuration:
Simplified Datalink Option: two antennas and two frequencies Basic Redundant Datalink Option: two transceivers, two antennas, and two frequencies Redundant Datalink Option: three antennas and three frequencies Maximum Redundancy Datalink Option: two transmitters and two receivers
Multi-rotors
Slight changes in the rpm of a pair of rotors will induce moments around the pitch, roll, and yaw axes. To increase the payload capacity of a multi-rotor vehicle, additional pairs of rotors can be added, as long as there is an even number of rotors and that alternate in direction. Coaxial rotors can replace a single rotor on each arm of the vehicle, with each one rotating in opposite direction to counteract the torque of the other rotor.
The Present Age: The Golden UAS Age 2001-Present
The rapid deployment and wide-scale proliferation of UAS in the Global War on Terrorism did not only transform military airpower. In 2004, after recognizing the capabilities of this new type of aircraft, the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Forest Service used a UAS to study volcanic activity at Mount St. Helens in Washington. In 2005, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) joined forces to incorporate UAS into their data-gathering operations, using them for climate research, weather and water resources forecasting, ecosystem monitoring and management, and coastal mapping. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Customs and Border Protection (CBP) started using Predator B to conduct surveillance along the U.S. border while the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) used UAS to assist in operations, including anti kidnappings, fugitive manhunts, national security missions, and anti-drug trafficking interdictions. In response to these new applications, the FAA's Flight Standards Service developed a UAS policy (05-01) in 2005, establishing approval procedures for public UAS to access the National Airspace System (NAS). State and local agencies also began see value in sUAS for operations, such as firefighting, crime scene re-creation, and assisting special tactics units or first responders. In 2007, The U.S. Department of Justice awarded over $1 million to local law enforcement agencies in Alabama, Arkansas, and Florida. By 2008, the FAA's UAS Program Office issued Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01, which laid out operational restrictions and formalized the application criteria for the Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA), a document allowing UAS to operate in a specific airspace. In 2012, the 112th Congress passed the FAA Reauthorization Act, also known as public law 112-95, mandating that the FAA establish rules and expedite the integration of commercial UAS into the NAS, create test sites around the United States to enable UAS manufactures to legally test their systems, and carve out special provisions for model aircraft and publicly owned UAS. In early 2014, the FAA released a notice of proposed rulemaking, outlining a new federal aviation regulation regarding sUAS- 14 CFR Part 107, which replaced the application process by establishing operating limits for commercial UAS and a new airman certificate for sUAS. In 2016 the FAA established the UAS registration process for both commercial UAS and model aircraft enthusiasts
Photogrammetry
The science of taking measurements of Earth's surface from photographs. can take cloud photos via triangulation. measurements are made from these models, used for accuracy of positional data. uses variety of passive or active sensors
Frequency Modulation (FM) +
The signal is levied on a carrier wave whose frequency increases or decreases with the frequency of the signal. Used for transmitting electrical signals that have a limited ability to travel on their own. In this type of modulation. The amplitude of the signal modulates the frequency of the carrier.
How does the FAA define "night"? (This information may not be found in the course content, use online resources to find the answer.)
The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time."
This modulation can be accomplished via analog or digital modulation. With digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete digital signal. Digital Modulation Process:
The transmitter generates the carrier wave. 2 2 A modulator circuit encodes the data stream on the carrier wave where the signal is broadcast through an antenna into the atmosphere. 3 3 A receiver, tuned to the carrier frequency, picks up the signal, where it is decoded by a demodulator
How are robust systems like the Global Hawk able to reduce the risk of lost-link situations and maintain communications integrity?
They use many redundant and backup systems
When were these fly-by-wire flight controls developed and why?
They were developed in the 1950's and 60's to decrease stability and make military aircraft more maneuverable.
Forward Ground Control Station
This GCS is usually a small manned portable laptop configuration with an antenna, used by the military, allowing the remote pilot to take a control and, then, handoff of a launched AV that will be recovered elsewhere.
directional antenna
This antenna focuses a beam of concentrated RF in a desired direction and the remote pilot or other ground operator configures an azimuth and elevation for the transmitter to radiate in and for the antenna to receive the RF. This antenna has longer-range capability.
omni antenna
This antenna transmits and receives continuously in a 360-degree direction. It has a relatively short range but is not complicated like other long-range antennas and the remote pilot does not have to aim for azimuth or elevation.
Invulnerability -
This attitude is more common in remote pilots who have transitioned from traditional aircraft or those with video game experience. Because mishaps in aviation do have a rather low percentage probability, many pilots rest on this fact and take success for granted. This sense of invulnerability can cause remote pilots to overlook minor, but crucial, changes. Example: "Nah I don't think it'll happen to me."
Anti-authority -
This attitude usually surfaces from people who have non-conformist tendencies. Pilots who express such an attitude are usually resentful towards advice from supervisors and colleagues. They also tend to disregard operating procedures, rules, and regulations. However, there is a fine line that lies between 'anti-authority' and the natural prerogative to question authority, especially when there is an error suspected. Example: "Why should I listen to you?"
5 levels of experience novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert
novice- Tends to adhere to all rules they learn or formal plans that are made. advanced beginner- Treats all tasks separately but with equal importance. They are unable to prioritize, manage time or predict outcomes of various actions. competent Begins to understand planning- prioritize and sequence tasks to achieve a goal or objective. Proficient - Has a holistic view of the operation, objectives, and can perceive deviations from the normal pattern of work. They are adaptive. Expert- So comfortable with operational skills that they reduce their reliance on standard operating procedures or guidelines. They make judgments based on their understanding and intuition.
The two most used types of antennas are ___________________
omni and directional
There are two primary types of antennas:
omni, directional
Which structure allows the UAS to complete a faster decision cycle, reduce manning requirements, and supports a hierarchical command and control environment?
on
no person may act as a RPIC or VO for more than
one unmanned aircraft operation at one time
may partake in an emergency airborne inspection of a manned aircraft
only remote pilots who have been specifically authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration
