Untimed Questions 5: Conditioning and Learning

The "law of effect" states: Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself. Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated.

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are: Ivan Pavlov and John Watson B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike David Premack and Albert Bandura Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning? In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning. In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning. In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen? It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus. It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned response. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned stimulus. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned response.

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? Renewal effect Law of effect Reinforcer devaluation effect Preparedness

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed. The nagging punishes Jaspreet and makes it less likely that he will make his bed When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced His parents would be better off making his bed for him Time out would negatively reinforce Jaspreet

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when: aggressive models were rewarded aggressive models were punished non aggressive models were punished non aggressive models were rewarded

aggressive models were punished

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans. depressive disorders anxiety disorders learning disabilities personality disorders

anxiety disorders

Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning? best friends teachers police officers same age experts

best friends

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that: children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children. the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick that observation had no impact on behavior children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally? unconditioned. conditioned. discriminative. neutral.

conditioned

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)? conditioned compensatory responses reinforcement responses taste aversion conditioning operant conditioning

conditioned compensatory responses

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the: unconditioned stimulus conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal. motivationally concerned goal-directed goal-valued evaluative

goal-directed

When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: habit learned behavior association conditioned response

habit

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior? positive reinforcement. positive punishment. negative reinforcement. parental reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior? positive punishment. parental reinforcement. positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement.

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of: negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment positive reinforcement

positive punishment

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: negative reinforcement negative punishment positive punishment positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement

Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to: observational learning classical conditioning avoidance conditioning positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement?

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________. neuro-conditioning organism biology preparedness adaptation

preparedness

According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise. qualitative mathematical natural quantitative

quantitative

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________. rewards; consequences reinforcers; punishers right; wrong positive; negative

reinforcers; punishers

What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context? renewal effect context cues extinction recovery

renewal effect

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: say the same things and do what they observed the adults did say the same things but do the opposite of what the adults did behave with no predictability as to what they say or do neither say nor do what they heard or observed the adults did

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. social models a set of rules reinforcements a complex game

social models

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning? elimination renewal effect spontaneous recovery obedience

spontaneous recovery

Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control. learning teacher reinforcement stimulus

stimulus

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. reward; punishment stimulus; behavior command; reflex behavior; stimulus

stimulus; behavior

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates: stimulus generalization incremental learning taste aversion operant conditioning

taste aversion

In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when: it is time to throw a party the response signals the stimulus-outcome relationship is in effect the outcome signals the stimulus-response relationship is in effect the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when: the response signals the stimulus-outcome relationship is in effect the outcome signals the stimulus-response relationship is in effect the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect it is time to throw a party

the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what? the strength of association the extinction of a stimuli the change in context the adaptation of learning

the strength of association?

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called? operant conditioning vicarious conditioning vicarious punishment vicarious reinforcement

vicarious reinforcement