Upper GI

On the average, how much will abdominal orgeans drop in the erect position?

1-2"

What is the ratio of water to barium for a thin mixture of barium sulfate?

1:1

Dosages of Barium sulfate for: Newborn to 1 year

2-4 oz

What is the average weight of the adult human liver?

3-4lbs

What is the minimum amount of time that the patient should be NPO before an upper GI?

8 hrs

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: Also called cardiospasm

Achalasia

Stricture of esophagus

Achalasia

Which specific structure of the gastrointestinal system is affect by HPS?

Antral muscles at orfice of pylorus

What structures create the two indentations seen along the lateral border of the esophagus?

Aortic Arch and Left Primary Bronchus

Which procedure is often performed to detect early signs of GERD?

Endoscopy

Biologic catalysts that speed up the process or digestion are called

Enzymes

Body position when the body fundus is filled with air or gas

Erect

"Wormlike" Appearance of esophagus

Esophageal Varices

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: May be secondary to cirrhosis of the liver

Esophageal varices

What two terms refer to radiograph examination of the pharynx and esophagus?

Esophagogram or Barium Swallow

Three structures that pass through the diaphragm

Esophagus, Inferior Vena Cava, Aorta

Peristaltic activity is found in what structures?

Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine

Which region of the GI tract is better visualized when the radiologist uses a compression paddle during an esophagram?

Esophogogastric junction

What is the name of the soft tissue structure that separates the right from the left lobe of the liver?

Falciform Ligament

TF: The body of the stomach curves inferiorly and posteriorly from the fundus.

False

TF: The patient must be NPO 4 to 6 hours before an esophagram.

False, 8 hrs

What is the purpose of gas with a double contrast media technique?

Forces barium sulfate against mucosa for better coating

The three main subdivisions of the stomach

Fundus, Body and Pyloric

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: May lead to esophagitis

GERD

Irregular filling defect within stomach

Gastric Carcinoma

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Double-contrast upper GI is recommended for this type of tumor

Gastric Carcinoma

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Inflammation of lining of stomach

Gastritis

Speckled appearance of gastric mucus

Gastritis

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Blood in vomit

Hematemesis

Gastric bubble above diaphragm

Hiatal Hernia

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Portion of stomach protruding through the diaphragmatic opening

Hiatal hernia

A high and transverse stomach would be found in a ___ patient.

Hypersthenic

A J-shaped stomach that is more vertical and lower in the abdomen with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3-L4 would be found in a ____ patient.

Hyposthentic/Asthenic

Why should the tech review the patients chart before the beginning of an upper GI?

Identify allergies, Ensure proper study is ordered, clinical history

Three primary functions of the digestive system

Intake/Digestion, Absorption, Elimination

The C-loop of the duodenum and pancreas are ___ structures.

Intraperitoneal

What position is the patient usually placed during the water test?

LPO (slight)

Any residues of digestion or unabsorbed digestive products are eliminated from the ____ as a component of feces/

Large Intestine

In which hand does the patient usually hold the barium cup during the start of an upper GI?

Left Hand

Peristalsis is an example of which type of digestion

Mechanical

How is the bucky slot shield placed in its correct position for fluoroscopy?

Moving the tray to the end of the table

Three divisions of the pharynx

Naso, Oro, Laryngo

What is the acronym NPO stand for?

Nothing By Mouth

Seven major components of the alimentary canal

Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum/Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

What type of contrast medium should be used if the patient has a history of bowel perforation?

Oral, water soluble iodinated contrast media

Name the two anatomic structures implicated in the phrase "romance of the abdomen"

Pancreas and C-Loop duodenum

Which three pairs of salivary glands are accessory organs of digestion associated with the mouth?

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Synonymous with gastric or duodenal ulcer

Peptic Ulcer

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Only 5% of ulcers lead to this condition

Perforating ulcer

Body position when the body of the stomach is filled with barium

Prone

The division of the stomach that is divided into two parts

Pyloric Antrum and Pyloric Canal

Which abdominal quadrant contains the gallbladder?

RUQ

Another term for a negative contrast medium is

Radiolucent Contrast Media

What is the major benefit of using a compression paddle during an upper GI study? (Radiation Safety)

Reduces exposure to arms and hands of the radiologist

A churning or mixing activity present in the small bowel is called

Rhythmic Segmentation

Which lobe of the liver is larger, the right or the left?

Right

Another term for the mucosal folds of the stomach is

Rugae

Four accessory organs of digestion

Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

Its presence indicated a possible sliding hiatal hernia

Schatzki's Ring

What patient condition prevents that use of water-soluable contrast medium for an Upper GI?

Sensitivity to iodine

Absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in the ____, although some substances are absorbed through the lining of the _____.

Small Intestine, Stomach

Name the two abdominal organs most dramatically affected, in relation to location, by body habitus

Stomach and Gallbladder

Body position when the fundus of the stomach is filled with barium

Supine

Is the mixture of barium sulfate a suspension or a solution?

Suspension (Colloidal)

Three cardinal principles of radiation protection

Time, Distance, Shielding

TF: Barium sulfate never dissolves in water.

True

TF: Certain salts of barium are poisonous to humans, so barium contrast studies require a pure sulfate salt of barium for human consumption during GI studies.

True

TF: Mechanical digestion includes movements of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

True

TF: The esophagogram usually begins with fluoroscopy with the patient in the erect position.

True

TF: With the use of digital fluoroscopy, the number of post-fluoroscopy radiographs ordered has greatly diminished.

True

"Lucent-Halo" sign during upper GI

Ulcers

Which imaging modality is most effective in diagnosing HPS while reducing dose to the patient?

Ultrasound

Which term describes the radiographic study of the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum?

Upper GI Series

A breathing technique in which the patient takes in a deep breath and bears down is called

Valsalva Manuever

When is the use of barium sulfate contraindicated?

When mixture may escape into peritoneal cavity

Enlarged recess in proximal esophagus

Zenker's Diverticulum

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: Large outpouching of the esophagus

Zenker's Diverticulum

The speed with which barium sulfate passes through the GI tract is called gastric

motility

Why should ciagarette use and gum chewing be restricted before an upper GI?

Both activités tend to increase gastric secretions

Four radiographic tests that may be performed to detect signs of GERD?

Breathing exercises, Water Test, Compression Paddle, Toe-Touch Manuever

What device (found beneath the radiographic table when correctly positioned) greatly reduces exposure to the technologist from the fluoroscopic x-tray tube?

Bucky slot shield

What is the major advantage for using double contrast medium technique for esophagrams and upper GIs?

Better coating of mucosa to see polyps, diverticula or ulcers

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Undigested material trapped in stomach

Bezoar

What is the name of the liquid substance that aids in digestion and is manufactured in the liver and stored in the gallbladder?

Bile

What is the minimum level of protective apron worn during fluoroscopy?

0.5 mm Pb/Eq apron

What is the chemical symbol for barium sulfate?

BaSO4

What is the most common form of positive contrast medium used for studies of the gastrointestinal system?

Barium Sulfate

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: Replacement of normal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium

Barrett's Esophagus

Which device on a digital fluoroscopy system converts the analog into digital signal?

CCD

What substance is most commonly ingested to produce carbon dioxide gas as a negative contrast medium for gastrointestinal studies?

Calcium or Magnesium Citrate

The three classes of substances that are ingested and must be chemically digested are

Carbs, Proteins, Lipids

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: Most common form in adenocarcinoma

Carcinoma of esophagus

Stomach contents are churned into a semifluid mass called

Chyme

Which term is describes food once it is mixed with gastric secretions in the stomach?

Chyme

The act of swallowing is called

Deglutition

Which one of the three cardinal principles is most effective in reducing exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure?

Distance

Pathologic condition for upper GI series: Blind outpouching of the mucosal wall

Diverticula

What part of the upper GI tract is a common site for ulcer disease?

Duodenal Bulb

What term describes the junction between the duodenum and jejunum?

Duodenojejual

Pathologic condition for Esophagram: Difficulty in swallowing

Dysphagia