Urban Sociology Final

define community

- A group of interconnected people with a shared sense of identity and commitments which may or may not be based in a particular geographic space - Not bound by space

Property Crime definition

- Consists of taking money or property from another without force or the threat of force against the victims - Buglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson are examples of property crimes - Property crimes make up about three fourths of all crime in the United States - In 2015, there were an estimated 14.1 million property crimes, including 2.9 million household burglaries and 564,160 motor vehicle thefts

Ways that urban culture is varied

- Culture changes from place to place. With change in location comes change in the lifestyle. Even within cities - Geographic locations play a very important role in building and sustaining a culture - Social and racial demographics also play an important role. - Urban culture also evolves over time - Within the wider city culture, there can be several subcultures

Know what urban planners do

- Determine the best uses of land and resources for homes, businesses, and recreation. - Devise ways to renovate slums, expand cities, modernize transportation systems, and distribute public facilities such as schools and parks. - Design new communities and develop programs to revitalize and expand existing cities.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

- Formerly in the House and Home Financing Agency - In 1965 - A department within the government that is devoted to establishing and maintaining housing for everyone regardless of socioeconomic status - Formerly in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965 - Tasked with development and execution of policies on housing and metropolis - In the 1960s and 70s, developed several policies with development and execution of policies on housing and metropolises -Evidence from past decades showed that public housing had created economically and racially- segregated communities -Dispersal programs (housing units scattered throughout less impoverished, racially-integrated neighborhoods) - Section 8 program (1974) housing vouchers for use in private housing rental markets & subsidized housing in privately-owned buildings - Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program (1986) provided tax credits for affordable housing developments

Substandard housing definition

- Housing that has severe structural or environmental issues - Especially plumbing and heating - Homes with severe or moderate structural problems such as malfunctioning plumbing or heating is a major US public health issue, particularly among urban dwellers or people of color - Pests or rests - Lead paint

Anomic

- Not high on neighboring - Not high on interaction - Not high on linkages

Parochial

- Really high neighboring - Really high interaction - Not high on linkages Jamaica Plane

Residential segregation definition

- degree of physical separation of different social groups given geographic area - affected by race and income/class - The systematic denial of various services or goods by the government or the private sector, either directly or by selectively raising prices. - It is referred to most commonly when referring to property values and home ownership.

stepping stone

- more affordable; people live there before they move somewhere else Brighton

Breakdown theories vs Solidarity theories

1. Breakdown theories/theorists (pessimistic) - Argue that institutions, customs, codes, habits, values, and blielefs of people in urban places are divided or fractured - Under these conditions, people are either fighting with or avoiding each other→ breeds disuntiy and diminishing of urban culture - Includes Marxist/political economists and postermodernists 2. Solidarity theories/theorists (optimistic) - Argue that social world (insitutions, customs, codes, habits, values, and beliefs of people) in urban places is an evolving work in progress - No need to tear it down; people don't have to get along or agree all the time. In general people do get along - Includes Chicago School human ecologists and urban culturalists

urban planning

•The design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of different activities within it.

what is urban policy

•Urban policy refers to the cluster of policies that are aimed at influencing the development of urban areas and urban lives. •Can covers wide-ranging subjects, from child care to racial segregation, homelessness to public pension reforms, foreclosures to municipal budgets, food deserts to income tax refunds

Absolute vs relative poverty

- Absolute poverty refers to a lack of basic necessities, such as food, shelter, and income. - Relative poverty refers to a situation in which some people have less than the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society. - Relative poverty emphasizes the inequality of income and the growing gap between the richest and poorest Americans.

Define resource desert

- Any area wherein its inhabitants are unable to obtain a resource within reasonable distance relative to other areas, either because the resource has left or was never there - Space and geographic location become barriers to access to resources - Usually affects areas with higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities, low economic appeal, high poverty, and high crime rates in urban contexts, but is present in rural areas - Food deserts (most researched) - Green deserts - Pharmacy deserts

Define urban culture

- Any of the behavioral patterns of the various types of cities and urban areas, both past and present - It is a median through which people can share their expression of thought, feelings, talents, and in the process educate others

Violent crime definition

- Defined as actions that involve force or the threat or the force against others and includes aggravated assault, murder, rape, and robbery - In the United States, males are more likely to be victimized by a stranger, whereas women and femmes are more likely to be violently victimized by a friend, an acquaintance, or an intimate partner - Intimate violence (violence at the hands of someone known to the victim) is primarily committed against women and femmes in both the developed and developing worlds

Gentrification

- Defined as the process of neighborhood change which results in the replacement of lower-income residents with higher-income ones - It has changed the character of hundreds of urban neighborhoods in America over the last 50 years - Gentrification has occurred in waves: the urban renewal efforts in the 1950s and 1960s and the "back-to-the-city" movement of the late 1970s and 1980s. - Thought to be a double-edged sword - Most often associated with the disproportionate pressure it puts on marginalized poor, elderly, or minorities. - The benefits of neighborhood revitalization are not equally distributed; more benefits for higher-income neighborhoods; symbolic boundaries - Increases real estate values, tax revenues, and commercial activity

White-collar crimes definition

- Describes crimes committed by someone of high social status, crimes for financial or economic gain or crimes within a particular organization - Such acts include credit card fraud, insurance fraud, mail fraud, tax evasion, money laundering, embezzlement, and theft of trade secrets. - Corporate crime may also include illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support - White-collar crimes cost taxpayers more than all other types of crime

Three categories of public policy

- How is it let- Public or Private - What is it based in/on- Place of People - Is it social or economic?

Two main causes of environmental problems

- Humans create environmental problems through intentional efforts to exploit or manage nature. - Ex: Rivers that are dammed, straightened, or treated as sewers may create unintended downstream environmental problems - Ex: Removal of rain forests to harvest wood or to create farmland decreases the number of plants and trees that absorb carbon dioxide, leading to higher amounts of greenhouse gases in the air - Ex: Poaching, hunting animals for their fur, tusks, etc. creates endangered or extinct species which disrupts natural ecosystem - Human pursuit of economic development, growth, and jobs has also led to the degradation of the environment - Ex: Air, water, and soil pollution in heavily industrialized countries- caused by mining, manufacturing, and transportation

Three dimensions of communities

- Identity→ sense of connectedness to place - Interaction→ strength and frequency of interactions - Linkages→ ties between local area and larger community

Define educational tracking and pros/cons

- In tracking, advanced learners are separated from regular learners and students are identified as college bound versus work bound. - Advocates of tracking argue that the practice increases educational effectiveness by allowing teachers to target students at their ability level - Opponents argue that labels such as an upper versus lower track or "special" or slow learners are used systematically to deny a group of students access to education - African Americans, Latinos, and students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to enroll in advanced placement or honors courses. - Countries that practice ability tracking have greater educational inequity than countries that do not track their students. - Although tracking is intended to aid students, it may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy: Students will fail because they are expected to do so.

History of labor market inequality in the US

- Industrial relations and urban labor markets in the United States have historically been characterized by racial and ethnic competition and hostility. - 0ld- and new-stock European ethnic groups centered in the nation's urban industrial centers in the North, (Chicago, Boston, Detroit, New York, and Philadelphia) - Around the same time, a steady stream of African Americans fled the Jim Crow South for expanding opportunities in the Northeast and Midwest - The West was marked by a sizable Asian and Mexican presence along with smaller pockets of European ethnic groups

Concentrated poverty definition

- Involves the degree to which poor residents are clustered in neighborhood - At the neighborhood (census tract) level, commonly defined as 40% or more households at or below the Federal Poverty Line ($25,000)

Fair Housing Act of 1968

- Made it illegal to refuse to rent, sell, negotiate, or make a unit unavailable on the basis of race, color, religion, sexuality, ability, and national origin - Formally ended redlining - Also created HUD

Housing Act of 1937

- Marked the start of federal housing assistance - Provided subsidies to be paid from the US government - Also created public housing BUT, the federal government gave money to the state to use it for local public housing and the state used it to discriminate against certain groups - decreased density -renewed existing living areas - construction of sustainable communities - Main problem: power given to the local governments. - The local governments and voters decided on where and how to use the federal funding. - Lead to local governments maintaining segregationist housing policies as well as allowing many public housing locations to become neglected.

Sources of crime data and pros/cons of each

- Much of crime data only talks about arrests - The FBI cannot collect information on crimes that have not been reported, but it is estimated that only 3% to 4% of crimes are actually discovered by police - Crime in the criminal justice system can be unequal for people of color - Who is most likely to be a victim of crime: Black men - Who is least likely: White women - In its analysis of contacts between police and the public for 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that Black (12.3%) and Hispanic (5.8%) motorists were more likely to be searched during a traffic stop than White drivers (3.9%) - Black and Hispanic people were more likely than Whites to report being involved in an incident where police force was used - Minority youth are overrepresented at every stage in the juvenile justice system; they are arrested more often, detained more often, overrepresented in referrals to juvenile court, and institutionalized at a disproportionate rate compared with White youth - These patterns are similar in k-12 education

Diffuse

- Not high neighboring - High on interaction - High on linkages - Back Bay

Housing Act of 1949

- Passed to help address the decline of urban housing and incre following the exodus to the suburbs - Provided governance over how federal financial resources would shape the growth of American cities - Components of legislation aimed at reducing housing costs, raising housing standards, enabling the federal government for the first time, to aid cities in clearing slums and rebuilding blighted areas - The program emphasized new construction. In addition to improving the available housing stock, the program made open space land, neighborhood facilities, and basic water and sewer facilities eligible for federal assistance - Along with white flight, led to concentrated poverty- the degree to which poor residented are clustered in neighborhoods - At the neighborhoods (census tract_ defined as 40% or more households below or at the Federal Poverty Line ($25,000)

Bubble burst

- People could buy a house as long as they had the credit and the downpayment - In 2007, ineffective banking and real estate regulation led to a US housing market bubble burst - The national median single family home price fell in nominal terms for the first time in forty years leaving several million homeowners with properties worth less than their mortgages. - Creating the threat of personal bankruptcy for many families. - Foreclosure rates were so high that banks retained excess liabilities (called "toxic assets") and faced business bankruptcy as well. - The housing bubble burst of the 1920s was a major contributor to the onset of the Great Depression - By the summer of 1932, as many as one thousand mortgage defaults were being recorded every day - By early 1933, about half of the nation's home mortgages were in default. - Millions of Americans lost their homes and millions more in danger of doing so - The construction industry ground to a halt and the building trade was hit particularly hard

Factors that impact urban health (be able to give an example of how)

- Physical environment → housing, transportation, safety, parks, playgrounds, walkability - The social environment→ support systems, community engagement, discrimination, social integration - Access to health and social services → health coverage, provider availability, quality of care

Solutions to Education Problems

- Policy Solutions-Educational Reforms - No Child Left Behind (Bush)• School Choice - College OR Career Readiness (Obama) - Headstart and Pre-K - Anti-violence and Anti-bullying - Programming in schools - Mentoring, Supporting, and Valuing Networks

Describe importance of transit access

- Public transit provides access to employment, education, and other destinations necessary for living a healthy life. - Transit is an essential mobility service, particularly for those who cannot afford or do not wish to own a car. - Transit is especially important for low-income households and people with disabilities. - Increasing transit access includes improving the safety and convenience of transit stops and stations, providing information about transit routes and times, and enhancing connectivity with other modes of travel (e.g., bicycle racks on the bus).

Define racial capitalism

- Racism and capitalism are two interdependent systems of oppression working in tandem to systematically disadvantage and exploit Black people or other minoritized racial groups - Argues that "Black neighborhoods" or communities perceived as "Black" are rendered valueless by capitalists - Effect? This devaluation of Black spaces renders Black neighborhoods unappealing for economic investment and development, except for toxic industry sites

Integral

- Really high neighboring - Really high interaction - Really high on linkages - Sommervile

Define and describe urban governance

- Refers to how government (local, regional, and national) and stakeholders decide how to plan, finance, and manage urban areas - Involves a continuous process of negotiation and contestation over the allocation of social and material resources and political power - Includes formal city structures as well as institutions and formal/informal relationships

Juvenile Delinquency definition

- Refers to law trouble among youth and usually refers to only laws that are applicable for 7-17 year olds, like cutting school or buying consuming alcohol or cigarettes - In certain cases, minors can be tried as adults - Crimes committed by juveniles are more likely to be cleared by law enforcement than crimes committed by adults - For 2015, the number of juvenile arrests was 921,600. Females accounted for 29% of arrests - Almost half of all juvenile arrests involved larceny-theft, simple assault, drug abuse violations, disorderly conduct, or liquor law violations

Affordable Housing Crisis

- Refers to the inability of lower and middle-income people to secure market rate housing that they can afford. - Affordable housing is a relative term that varies by location, but is a growing problem of all metropolitan regions across the globe. - In the US since 1965, the cost of housing has risen more rapidly than income. - The US government defines spending 30% of your monthly income on housing as the threshold of affordability.

Inequality of crime for offenders

- Reports consistently reveal that African American males are overrepresented in incarceration statistics. - That a category of people is overrepresented among violent offenders does not necessarily mean that this group is responsible for more violent acts - These statistics are based only on those who were caught (i.e., arrested, prosecuted, indicted) by the criminal justice system. -substantially higher for poor, young males, black people, single people, renters, and central city residents

List/describe the five types of capital

- Spatial the value placed on the spot where one lives, measures the locational advantages and disadvantages relative to mobility or fixity - Social The accumulation of social bonds and social networks that can be converted by individuals for personal gain or power over others - Cultural The accumulation of knowledge and symbolic status that allows individuals to strategically navigate various influential networks or institutions - Informational The accumulation a specific type of knowledge tied to an occupational category that endows a person with abilities that can compete for preferred jobs or powerful public office - Economic The accumulation of wealth - Symbolic Fame, prestige, privilege

Factors that impact the effectiveness of urban governance

- The city-national interface: The framework set by national governments that links the city and broader regional and national development - Municipal capacity: Ability of city government tiers or departments to ensure that physical and socio-economic planning processes are well-coordinated, legally enforced, inclusive and cross-sectoral

History of policing in north/northeast

- The modern police force started in the early 1900s, but its origins date back to the American colonies. - Formal police force only began after emancipation - Before a formal police system was put in place, colonies were protected by a "night watch," dating back to the 1630s (watchmen). - Made up of men who volunteered or were forced to do nightwatch as punishment for a crime - Wealthy folks also hired former criminals as bodyguards during this time - In the South in the 1700s, patrol groups were created to stop runaway slaves. In the north, a formal police force was created to control immigrants who were moving into cities in the 1800s.

Formal definition of urban planning

- The process of guiding the use and development of land with the aim of making the city a better place to live and work - Particularly important today as more than one-half of the world's population now resides in urban places - Cities, towns, and other urban forms are therefore the sites for most of mankind's activities. Yet in most cities and towns, land and access to basic resources and services are usually scarce and unevenly distributed

Define environmental racism

- The structurally and institutionally racist processes that cause increased environmental risk and harm for racial minorities - Racial discrimination is the enforcement of environmental rules and regulation - Targeting of minority communities for the siting of pollution in industries - Differential enforcement of environmental laws and statutes - Exclusion from public and private boards, commissions, and regulatory bodies

Redlining

- The systematic denial of various services or goods by the government or the private sector, either directly or by selectively raising prices. - It is referred to most commonly when referring to property values and home ownership. - This word became known in the 1930's, as it was the color used on financial maps by the Home Owner's Loan Corporation to identify a "hazardous" area with low property values. - Banks would not lend money for people to buy, maintain or improve homes or businesses in redlined areas. - Neighborhoods fell into a vicious cycle of decline - the inability to access capital led to disrepair which in turn reinforced the redline designation. - Prior to the Fair Housing Act of 1968, there were no specific laws that protected minority populations from discriminatory practices in housing and commercial markets.

Three defining factors of urban social problems

- The unequal spatial distribution of resources are exacerbated in dense, built environments - The city concentrates people and resources - Urban populations are disproportionately affected by capitalism

Uneven development

- Uneven development is the total of all social issues and problems that can be used to explain the disparity between the upper class and lower class. In other words, it describes the variation between the wealth of residents in a particular area. - Driven by capitalism, as people want to invest money in areas that will generate the most wealth

Inequality of crime for victims

- Victimization rates are substantially higher for the poor, the young, males, Black people, single people, renters, and central city residents - The likelihood of being injured because of a violent crime is higher among the young, the poor, urban dwellers, Black people, Hispanic people, and Native Americans. - Injury rates are lower for the elderly, for people with a higher income or higher educational attainment, and for people who are married or widowed. - Black males have the highest rate of violent victimization, and White females have the lowest

Four types of crime (definition & descriptions)

- Violent Crime - Property Crime - Juvenile Delinquency - White-Collar crimes

Homelessness

- While homelessness is related to the issue of affordable housing, it is not directly related - Causes: Declines in welfare funding - Inequities of capitalism - Maladjustment - Term to describe how real estate market favors owners of property , resulting in a homelessness at the same time as excess housing

Six areas that are impacted by residential segregation

- access to high quality schools - effects on race relations - health - exposure to poverty - effect on financial assets (home) - access to jobs and labor markets

Three areas where change is generated in reform movements

- culture : •Reform movements educate people and change beliefs and behaviors. •Change can occur in our culture, identity, and everyday life. •By changing the ways individuals live, movements may effect long-term changes in society •The women's movement has established a clear record of cultural change. •The women's movement changed the way women viewed themselves and altered our language, our schools, the workplace, politics, the military, and the media. - new organizations or institutions: •Movements lead to the creation of new organizations that continue to generate change. •Through these new organizations, social movements may influence ongoing and future initiatives by altering the structure of political support, limiting resources to challengers, and changing the values and symbols used by supporters and challengers. •The National Organization for Women (NOW) was created in 1966, along with the Women's Equity Action League (1968), the National Women's Political Caucus (1971), the National Women's Law Center (1972), and the Feminist Majority Foundation (1987). All were a result of the Women's Movement - social policy and legislation: •Successful social policies have been nurtured by partnerships between the government and social movements •Movements generally organize and mobilize themselves around specific policy demands, attempting to minimize or eliminate social problems. •Public policy can do many things: •New laws can be enacted or old ones may be struck down •Social service programs can be created or ended •Taxes can be used to discourage bad behaviors (cigarette or alcohol taxes) or encourage other behaviors (tax breaks to build enterprise zones)

defended

- neighborhood responding to external threat - Initially not close but now they are - Many anomic neighborhoods become defended neighborhoods - Roxbury - High linkages - High neighboring in pockets - High on interaction

List/define urban neighborhood types

- parochial - defended - integral - diffuse - stepping-stone - anomic

Housing Act of the 1934

- stimulated the revival of the construction industry and reemployment of workers in the building trades - more [white] Americans could afford better planned, bettor built, and better financed homes than ever before - created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) - The Federal Housing Administration furthered segregation efforts by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods --> redlining using the HOLC - At the same time, the FHA was subsidizing builders who were mass-producing entire subdivisions for whites- with the requirement that none of the homes be sold to African Americans - FHA's justification was that if African-Americans bought homes in these suburbs, or even if they bought homes near these suburbs, the property values of the (white) homes they were insuring, would decline. And therefore-their loans would be at risk. - The Great Depression and stock market crash led to housing act of 1934

Housing Act of 1949

-Passed to help address the decline of urban housing and incre following the exodus to the suburbs. - Provided governance over how federal financial resources would shape the growth of American cities. - Components of the legislation aimed at reducing housing costs, raising housing standards, and enabling the federal government for the first time to aid cities in clearing slums and rebuilding blighted areas - Emphasized new construction - Made open space land neighborhood facilities and basic water and sewer facilities eligible for federal assistance - More money towards federal housing for actually building housing - Tearing down slums - Lone and insurance

Environmental Justice definition

= Research + Activism - Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies (EPA, 2016) - People of color and people from low socioeconomic class backgrounds are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards - Explores how race and class also shape disproportionate access to environmental amenities (green-space, transit)

What housing act established the 30-year mortgage loan? A. 1934 B. 1937 C. 1949 D. 1968

A. 1934

Which type of capital refers to the accumulation of knowledge and symbolic status that allows individuals to strategically navigate various influential networks or institutions? A. Cultural capital B. Social capital C. Economic capital D. Informational capital

A. Cultural capital

One of the main policy outcomes of the Housing Act of 1937 was ____________. A. Federal public housing assistance B. Redlining C. The 30-year mortgage D. HUD

A. Federal public housing assistance

Which of the following are the steps in good urban planning? A. Goal setting, data collection and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking and public consultation B. Focusing on safety and security, discuss solutions with residents and implement through law enforcements. C. Target social structural change through education, create new institutions and social policies with a partnership of governments and civil society. D. Cover wide-ranging subjects, communicate them to citizens, focus on creating physical changes and the private sector's interests.

A. Goal setting, data collection and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking and public consultation

What are the three dimensions of community? A. Identity, interaction, linkages B. Identity, interaction, physical space C. Identity, physical space, linkages D. Interaction, physical space, linkages

A. Identity, interaction, linkages

Which is of the following is a cause of concentrated poverty? A. Racial residential segregation B. Poor health C. Low social mobility D. Neighborhood disorder

A. Racial residential segregation

List/describe 8 aspects of urban planning

Aesthetics: - Based on prohibition and guidance about building size, usage and features -Involves building stype, materials and safety Safety and security - Some cities grow and expand on areas at risk for flooding, storm surges, and earthquakes. - Urban planners must consider these threats and plan/renovate cities accordingly -Emergency evacuation routes - Emergency response centers - Levees, storm drains, retaining walls, storm shelters Infrastructure - Mainly represented by access to: -clean drinking water - Sewage system -Disposal system -Electricity - Planners seek to improve quality, reduce costs and emissions of these systems Environmental factors - Planners must seek to protect and conserve the environment, mitigate the effects of urban development on the local and global environment (sustainable urban development/growth) Green spaces - Provide recreational opportunities and a reprieve from the urban environment Transport - Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. - The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution unless properly managed. - Parking space for private vehicles requires the construction of large parking garages in high density areas. This space could often be more valuable for other development. Slums - Are the result of failure of urban planning, land management and urban development policies Slum formation affects cities as a whole and so does slum upgrading - a belt around the city which hinders connectivity and urban expansion - pockets of slums in crucial urban areas - occupation of marginal land bordering crucial natural assets - Solutions: avoid highways that divide neighborhoods; avoid zoning; ensure adequate quantity/quality of public space to boast economic activity; ensure proper density to trigger economies; mix social structure; emphasize mobility/walkability Urban Decay - Previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. - Leaves a desolate cityscape, known as greyfield or urban prairie. - Also a result of poor urban planning/policy or an influential economic change in the city

define Neighborhood

Any sociospatial environment where primary relations among residents dominate

Which of the following characterizes an ethnic neighborhood as opposed to an ethnic enclave? A. Refers to an urban space with a concentration of members of one ethnic group who share a similar socioeconomic status B. A place marked relative to the ethnicity or nationality of the residents, businesses, etc. and named as such C. Social networks among residents of same ethnic background in place D. Carries positive and negative effects of social networking and isolation Respectively

B. A place marked relative to the ethnicity or nationality of the residents, businesses, etc. and named as such

Which housing act made it illegal to refuse to rent, sell, negotiate, or make a unit unavailable on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, familial status, ability, and national origin? A. Housing Act of 1949 B. Housing Act of 1968 C. Housing Act of 1934 D. Housing Act of 1937

B. Housing Act of 1968

Which is an example of the infrastructure component of urban planning? A. Emergency evacuation routes B. Building sizes C. Disposal systems D. Parking spaces

C. Disposal systems

Which of these is an example of white-collar crime? A. Theft B. Murder C. Insurance Fraud D. Larceny

C. Insurance Fraud

Causes and outcomes of concentrated poverty

Causes Limited geographic and social mobility across generations/generational poverty Racial discrimination (limits mobility, housing opportunities, job opportunities) Racial-residential segregation/exclusionary zoning Low wages in inner-city jobs Neighborhood economic and social disinvestment Crack cocaine epidemic (1980's) Earlier forms of assisted housing/housing projects Culture/symbolic values attached to neighborhoods OUTCOMES Low educational attainment Poor health outcomes (mental and physical) Low social mobility Low occupational attainment Crime/Violence Neighborhood disorder Interpersonal ties/social support Place attachment

Concentrated poverty causes and outcomes

Causes: - Limited geographic and social mobility across generations/generational poverty - Racial discrimination (limits mobility, housing opportunities, job opportunities) - Racial-residential segregation/exclusionary zoning - Low wages in inner-city jobs - Neighborhood economic and social disinvestment - Crack cocaine epidemic (1980's) - Earlier forms of assisted housing/housing projects - Culture/symbolic values attached to neighborhoods Outcomes: - Low educational attainment - Poor health outcomes (mental and physical) - Low social mobility - Low occupational attainment - Crime/Violence - Neighborhood disorder - Interpersonal ties/social support - Place attachment

Know about each of the (six) environmental problems mentioned

Climate change and Global warming - Significant changes in the climate that extend for a period of time - Intense heat in places - Global warming - Greenhouse gases Poor air quality - The quality of the air we breathe is subject to pollution from two sources: particulate matter and smog Water quality and supply -A main cause of water pollution involves chemical runoff from agricultural fields, lawns and roads - Water: There is a finite amount of water on earth - It is limited - It may contaminate it to the point where it is not drinkable Hazardous Waste Sites and Brownfields - Hazardous materials may come from chemical manufacturers, electroplating, companies, petroleum refineries, and common businesses such as dry cleaners, auto repair shops, hospitals, and photo processing centers - Living in a condo that used to be a steel mill - But the pipes are 100 years old, there is lead, there is asbestos ... Land conservation and wilderness protection - Since adopting the 1964 Wilderness Act, Congress has designated more than 106 million acres as "wilderness areas" through the National Wilderness Preservation System Urban Heat Islands - An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day and is most apparent when winds are weak

Be familiar with each labor market theory

Competition perspective: - the racial/ethnic composition of the labor market and size of racial/ethnic groups create competition, hostility, and disadvantages across the racial/ethnic hierarchies - Whites→ Ethnic Whites→ Non Whites Queuing perspecitve: - the racial/ethnic composition of the labor market and size of racial/ethnic groups (as a proportion of the total available workforce) are important and may reduce disparities by creating an upward push - Can mitigate the labor market disadvantages and competitive tendencies experienced by those at the bottom of the labor queue Spatial mismatch perspective: - Racial residential segregation linked to discrimination in the housing market and decentralization of employment exacerbates group disparities in proximity to employment and labor market outcomes

Which of these statements best defines a neighborhood? A. A group of interconnected people with a shared sense of identity and commitments which may or may not be based in a particular geographic space B. Social interaction and activities between neighbors that build a shared sense of community identity and occur across metropolitan regions, in both suburbs and urban areas C. The sense of connectedness to a place D. Any sociospatial environment where primary relations among residents dominate

D. Any sociospatial environment where primary relations among residents dominate

Define sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Define ethnic neighborhood and ethnic enclave

Ethnic neighborhoods: - Neighborhoods in cities that are "marked" relative to the ethnicity or nationality of the residents, the businesses, and/or the restaurants and cuisine offered there either at present or historically - Ex. Chinatown, Greektowns, North End (Italian), Southie (Irish, Polish), Mattapan (Haiti), Roxbury (Cape Verdean, Black American, Dominican) Ethnic enclave: - Distinct concept which refers to an urban space with a concentration of members of one ethnic group who live, work, and typically operate small businesses within that space- main difference from ethnic neighborhoods is that residents share similar socioeconomic status - Emphasizes the ways in which social networks among residents of the same ethnic background, shapes the social life of the neighborhood

Give examples of representations of urban culture

Fashion Music Visual arts Dance Nightlife Social events

Paradox of the enclave

Much research focuses on paradox of the ethnic enclave: - The positive effects that social networks can provide for new immigrants - The negative effects of concentration and isolation within the enclave - Although national changes in cultural beliefs toward the LGBTQ community have given gays and lesbian more options on where to live and raise their families, it has come at the expense of maintaining distinct gay spaces they have carved out for their own social and cultural activities

Three responses to crime

Police→ Prisons → Death Penalty

List/describe four types of social movements

Reformative (Instrumental/Reform)- partial change within the social structure via policy reform EX: labor movement, NAACP, anti-abortion Transformative (Instrumental/revolutionary)- total change of the social structure EX: Bolsheviks, Islamic fundamentalism Alternative (Expressive/reform)- partial change in individuals via individual reform EX: Christian evangelism, temperance movement Redemptive (Expressive, revolutionary)- total change in the individuals EX: Millenarian movements, cults, the People's Temple

define neighboring

Social interaction and activities between neighbors that build a shared sense of community identity and occur across metropolitan regions, in both suburbs and urban areas

Class differences in location in cities

The Working Class, the Working Poor, and Unemployed: - Live in neighborhoods adjacent to the middle and affluent class within metro regions - These spaces formed as deinudstrization and capital dimensions close factories - Resulted in a domino effect closing most local shops, diners, and bars - Reforging vibracy of community organizations, churches, and other institutions - Still working class neighborhoods create community and through their own efforts The Creative Class: - Workers whose labor is focused on creativity - Prefer diverse, tolerant, creative neighborhoods drivers of gentrification and neighborhood change The Wealthy: - Create exclusive social spaces - Practice conspicuous consumption - An outward display of consumption that demonstrates wealth and power through the use of resources and the symbols of upper-class membership visible to others The Suburban Middle Class: - White flight has resulted in near absence of white middle class from central city→ suburbs - Tax money used toward public facilities that the affluent enjoy in private - Public golf courses, swimming pools, tennis courts, parks, and public marinas

Three actors in urban planning

The decision makers The technicians The users

Define capital

Value based on how groups translate various forms of knowledge or connections into political and economic power it accumulates

Three main things public policy can do

•New laws can be enacted or old ones may be struck down •Social service programs can be created or ended •Taxes can be used to discourage bad behaviors (cigarette or alcohol taxes) or encourage other behaviors (tax breaks to build enterprise zones)

Define relative deprivation

•People are not acting just because they are suffering. They are likely to act when they experience relative deprivation: a perceived gap between what they expect and what they actually get.