URINALYSIS-Reagent Strip

What maybe seen microscopically when noting for RBC?

Biconcave cell appearance Crenated appearing cells Hemolyzed or ghost cells

_________________________, a product of hemoglobin catabolism, is characterized by its distinctive yellow pigment. Seen in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice

Bilirubin

What does the urine test for pregnancy measures?

Chorionic Gonadotropin (BetaCG test)

confirmatory test for glucose

Clinitest

Which of the following procedures should be followed when performing a manual urine reagent strip test? (choose all that apply) You answered the question correctly. The correct answers are highlighted below Compare strip to color chart to check for correlating color. Handle strips at end away from test area. Remove cap of test strip bottle and leave it off until testing is completed.

Compare strip to color chart to check for correlating color. Handle strips at end away from test area.

A positive reagent strip bilirubin test indicates the presence of what form of bilirubin in the urine? Please select the single best answer Conjugated Unconjugated Both conjugated and unconjugated

Conjugated

A significant increase of ketone in urine can occur with which of the following situation?

Diabetic ketonuria: Diabetes Non-diabetic ketonuria: patients suffering from eclampsia, hypertension and pregnancy

Bilirubin reaction

Diazo reaction in a strong acid media causes color reaction ranges through various shades of tan

What type of urine collection is necessary for culture?

First-morning specimen, clean catch midstream using a sterile container

Excessive carbohydrate loss that may occur due to vomiting or rapid weight loss may result in the presence of which of following substances not normally contained in the urine? You answered the question correctly. The correct answer is highlighted below Glucose Bilirubin Ketones Urobilinogen

Ketones

Specific gravity of urine

Measures the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine in relation to plasma. Based on the mass of the urine sample compared to an equal mass of pure water.

The pH pad on the urine strip contains which type of indicator?

Methyl red and bromothymol blue

How does ion concentration in the urine relate to specific gravity? Specific gravity increases as ionic concentration increases. Specific gravity decreases as ionic concentration increases. There is no relationship between SG and ionic concentration.

Specific gravity increases as ionic concentration increases.

confirmatory test for protein

Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA) Precipitation

What is the relationship between concentration of urine and specific gravity

The more concentrated the urine, the higher the urine's specific gravity;

How does hematuria affects the appearance of the urine?

The urine may be cloudy/red or pink in color and red blood cells (RBCs) are visible upon microscopic examination.

leukocytes test Granulocytic white blood cells (ie, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) contain the enzymes?

esterases he detection of esterase is the basis of the leukocytes test on the urine reagent strip.

Functional proteinuria occurs when

exposure to high heat, temp or cold, excessive stress or excessive exercise also, vaginal discharge can cause contamination and false elevation of proteinuria.

Blood reaction test The test for hemoglobin on the reaction strip and the colour change

hemoglobin catalyzes the reaction of cumene hydroperoxide and 3, 3', 5, 5' tetramethylbenzidine. orange through green; very high levels of blood may cause a blue colour development

If RBCs have been destroyed, hemoglobin will be present in the urine. What is the term, used to describe this condition?

hemoglobinuria

Urinary urobilinogen may be increased in disease states such as: of a

hemolytic process such as hemolytic anemia. It may also be increased with hepatocellular disease (infectious hepatitis, or cirrhosis.) carcinoma of the head of the pancreas

Urine pH

normal range 5-8

Significantly increased levels of ketones are detected in the urine with which of the following conditions? Choose all that apply. More than one answer is correct. Please select all correct answers Uncontrolled diabetes Low-impact exercising Starvation

starvation and uncontrolled diabetes

What may be the cause of glucosuria without hyperglycemia?

stress, high carbohydrate meals, kidney damage

proteinuria

the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine > 150/mg/day

Nitrite in the urine is indicative of...

the presence of bacteria

high specific gravity

(concentrated urine) Occurs in conditions such as dehydration, liver failure, or shock. Diabetes Mellitus

low specific gravity is characterized by what medical situation

(dilute urine) Characteristic of diabetes insipidus.

The test for glucose involves a double-sequential enzyme reaction; what is the enzyme used in the first and second reaction and what are the end products of each reaction?

1. In the first reaction, glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide 2. Then, the peroxidase in the glucose pad catalyzes the oxidation of chromogen (KI) by hydrogen peroxide to form a colored product. colour change green to brown

What are the steps for Reagent Strip Procedure: Manual or Semi-Automated Methods?

1. Using fresh, well-mixed uncentrifuged urine, hold the reagent strip by the opposite end from the test areas and dip the stick into the specimen so that all test areas are immersed in the specimen. Remove the stick immediately. Prolonged immersion in the sample may wash out the test reagents. 2. Hold the strip in a horizontal position and run the edge of the strip against the rim of the urine container or touch the long edge of the strip to absorbent towel or gauze to remove excess urine (do not blot the strip). 3. If you are using a dipstick reader, place the strip immediately onto the tray of the reader. 4. Replace the cap on the container to prevent deterioration of the remaining strips.

What is the renal normal threshold for glucose in urine?

160 mg/dl

confirmatory test for ketone

Acetest

The reagent strip method for protein primarily tests for which type of protein? You answered the question correctly. The correct answer is highlighted below Globulin Bence-Jones protein Albumin

Albumin

what colour change is positive for protein in the urine

At constant pH any green colour is related to protein in the urine Yellow is negative

Common crystals that can be found in acidic urine include:

Calcium oxalate, uric acid and hippuric

Name a test for ketone bodies

Gerhardt's reaction of ferric chloride with acetoacetic acid to form a red color

A urine sample is cloudy pink in appearance. The microscopic examination reveals the presence of intact red blood cells (RBCs). What is the term that is used to describe this condition? Please select the single best answer Haptoglobinuria Hematuria Myoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria

Hematuria

confirmatory test for bilirubin

Lctotest

To screen for urinary tract infection, the leukocytes test result should be evaluated along with the results from which of these other reagent strip tests? Please select the single best answer Urobilinogen Bilirubin Nitrite Glucose

Nitrite

A positive leukocytes test is often accompanied by a _____________ nitrite test. Together, they confirm the presence of a bacterial urinary tract infection.

Positive

When a patient has a bile duct obstruction, the bilirubin test portion of the reagent strip is: Negative because unconjugated bilirubin is increased and cannot be excreted by the kidneys. Positive because unconjugated bilirubin is increased and is excreted by the kidneys. Negative because conjugated bilirubin is decreased and cannot be excreted by the kidneys. Positive because conjugated bilirubin is present and is excreted by the kidneys.

Positive because conjugated bilirubin is present and is excreted by the kidneys.

instrument used to measure specific gravity?

Refractometer

All of the following are abnormal casts that can be found in the urine except? Leucine tyrosine cystine Triple phosphate

Triple phosphate

when urine stands at room temp for a long time urobilinogen is oxidized to a brown pigment known as ______________

Urobilin

Which of the following tests included on a urine chemical reagent strip would never be reported out as negative? You answered the question incorrectly. The correct answer is highlighted below Urobilinogen Bilirubin Leukocytes Blood Nitrite

Urobilinogen

Which of the following urine chemical reagent strip tests is based on the Ehrlich-aldehyde reaction? You answered the question correctly. The correct answer is highlighted below pH Protein Glucose Urobilinogen Specific gravity

Urobilinogen The urobilinogen urine chemical reagent strip test is based on the Ehrlich-aldehyde reaction. In this test, a pink-red color forms in proportion to the amount of urobilinogen present.

Nitrite reagent strip reaction: If nitrite is present in the urine, describe the reaction and color change that is expected to occur.

When present, nitrite react with p-arsanilic acid in the reagent pad to produce a diazonium compound. The diazonium compound then combines with 3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4 tetrahydrobenzo-(h)-quinolin to produce a pink color.

What is the most abundantly filtered protein

albumin

Bilirubin

an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

When the body breaks down fat for energy, three intermediate products are formed. List the three major ketone bodies

beta-hydroxybutyric, acetoacetic acid, and acetone

Steps to collect a clean catch midstream urine:

1. Instructed to clean the labial area or tip of the penis with an antiseptic wipe. 2. The patient should then begin voiding into the toilet 3. then collect the midstream portion into the sterile container. 4. finish voiding into the toilet

Match the following urine chemical reagent strip test pads to the disease or disorder that would most likely cause a positive test result. Blood Diabetes mellitus Nitrite Renal calculi Bilirubin Hepatitis/cirrhosis Ketone Urinary tract infection

Ketones- Diabetes mellitus Blood- Renal calculi Bilirubin- Hepatitis/cirrhosis Nitrite- Urinary tract infection

The nitrite test on the urine reagent strip detects the presence of?

nitrate-reducing bacteria (ie, gram-negative bacteria).

Myglobinuria (Rhabdomyolysis)

occurs when damaged muscle tissue releases its protein and electrolytes into the blood

The term hematuria is used to describe?

the presence of intact red blood cells in the urine.

Bilirubin is converted in the intestine to which of the following substances?

urobilinogen

conjugated bilirubin

water soluble, excreted in bile