Urinary System Exam Review (Pt. 2)

Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? 6 2 5 1 4

1

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 180 125 480 1.8 18

180

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels? 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

Which structure is the collecting duct? 3 1 6 4 5

6

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? 63 74 99 1 38

99

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? 90 25 75 99 50

99

What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? micturition excretion reabsorption secretion filtration

filtration

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. secretion reabsorption filtration both reabsorption and secretion filtration, reabsorption and secretion

secretion

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B) sodium and potassium ions potassium ions sodium and chloride ions water sodium and hydrogen ions

sodium and chloride ions

The most abundant waste solute in urine is creatinine. potassium. protein. uric acid. urea.

urea.

When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D) urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume decreases urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume increases urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume decreases urine osmotic concentration stays the same and urine volume increases

urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop. renal corpuscle vasa recta glomerulus trigone lamina propria

vasa recta

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. glucose urea amino acids sodium ions albumin

albumin

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of energy-dependent exchange pump. cotransport. diffusion. facilitated diffusion. osmosis.

energy-dependent exchange pump.

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the nephron loop. glomerular capsule. distal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. glomerulus.

nephron loop.

Which of the following is greater? the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B) It increases aldosterone production and release. It decreases renin production and release. It increases ADH production and release. It increases renin production and release. It decreases ADH production and release.

It increases renin production and release.

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B) across the simple squamous cells of the loop of Henle across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle across the nephron loop into the vasa recta across the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries across the glomerular capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle

The afferent arteriole in the kidney is also known as the descending limb of the nephron loop. empties directly into the calyx of the medulla. carries blood from glomerular capsule to the nephron loop. returns blood to the inferior vena cava. carries blood to the glomerulus.

carries blood to the glomerulus.

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion. cotransport with Na ions. vesicular transport. countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

cotransport with Na ions.

Which of the following descriptions does not describe a function of the nephron loop? relies on countercurrent multiplication enables production of hypertonic urine enables production of hypotonic urine creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla None of the answers is correct.

enables production of hypotonic urine

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers? dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A) reabsorption, secretion, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and excretion secretion, excretion, and elimination filtration, reabsorption, and secretion filtration, excretion, and secretion

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the filtration ratio. glomerular filtration rate. corpuscular output. net filtration pressure. autoregulation capacity.

glomerular filtration rate.

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? capsular colloid osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The process of filtration is driven by active transport. glomerular hydrostatic pressure. renal pumping. facilitated diffusion. blood colloid osmotic pressure.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to decrease urinary albumin concentration. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. decrease secretion of aldosterone. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except increase the glomerular filtration rate. increase systemic blood pressure. stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. increase cardiac output. produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs.

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions? (Module 24.7C) nephron loop collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid? (Module 24.10C) pH would decrease because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. pH would decrease because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. pH would increase because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. pH would not be affected because hydrogen ions are countertransported with K+ not Na+.

pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport.

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except secondary active transport. phagocytosis. facilitated diffusion. osmosis. active transport.

phagocytosis.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except creatinine. hydrogen ions. proteins. uric acid. urea.

proteins.

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration does not depend on changes in the efferent arteriole. changes in the afferent arteriole. release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. changes in the mesangial cells. None of the answers is correct.

release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

What effect does ADH have on the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts? (Module 24.12E) ADH decreases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. ADH decreases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. ADH increases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. ADH increases both sodium transporters and aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.

ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.

Angiotensin II has what effect on the CNS? (Module 24.9C) Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone. Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone. Angiotensin II has little effect on the CNS but activates the PNS. Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone. Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone.

Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone.

Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the sympathetic nervous system. Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by releasing hormones that influence salt and water reabsorption in the kidney. Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the central nervous system. Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney. Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing respiratory rate.

Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole drains into peritubular capillaries. Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because less proteins enter the afferent arterioles. Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the distal convoluted tubule constricts the afferent arteriole. Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the kidneys are in close proximity to the renal arteries. Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (Module 24.6A) During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid. During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid. During filtration, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid. During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space.

During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid.

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP

FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C) Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and increases urine volume. Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+.

It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

Compare obligatory water reabsorption with facultative water reabsorption. (Module 24.12B) Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule under control of ADH, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule following the osmotic gradient. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the ascending limb of the nephron loop, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the descending limb of the nephron loop. Obligatory water reabsorption can be precisely controlled, whereas facultative water reabsorption cannot be prevented. Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled. Obligatory water reabsorption is responsible for regulating the final concentration and volume of water lost in urine, whereas facultative water reabsorption is responsible for about 85 percent of water reabsorbed out of the filtrate.

Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled.

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in the same directions. The bulk reabsorption of substances in the proximal convoluted tubule and the bulk movement of water due to osmosis. The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions. The secretion of ions in response to hormones in the distal convoluted tubule. The cycling of urea from the collecting duct to the nephron loop and back.

The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C) The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate. The filtrate contains higher concentrations of protein than that within the blood. The solute concentration in the filtrate exceeds that within the blood. The solute concentration in the proximal convoluted tubule is higher than that of the distal convoluted tubule. The filtrate contains higher numbers of red blood cells than that within the blood.

The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate.

An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is reabsorption of potassium ions. When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water. When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of hydrogen ions. When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is a decreased osmotic outflow of water. When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of potassium ions.

When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water.

What three elements form the filtration membrane? (Module 24.8A) glomerular capsule, fenestrated endothelium, and intraglomerular mesangial cells visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, parietal layer of the glomerular capsule, and the macula densa macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte intraglomerular mesangial cells, afferent arteriole, and efferent arteriole

fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the proximal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. glomerulus. renal papilla. nephron loop.

glomerulus

Which of the following substances is not secreted creatinine. hydrogen. potassium ions. glucose. penicillin.

glucose.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. urine with less glucose. a larger volume of urine.

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption, solutes enter the tubular fluid after exiting the peritubular fluid and crossing the tubular epithelium. water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid. blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space.

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.