Urinary/Fluid P, Electrolytes study guide

The primary function of the PCT is

Reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?

a drop in blood osmolarity

Aldosterone acts on the

distal convoluted tubule

Most body water intake is from __________, whereas most body water lost is via __________.

drinking; urine

The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and vasa recta are called

pyramids

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

Jack, who has COPD, will develop

respiratory acidosis

The average body has ________ kidney(s)

2

Water output is largely controlled by varying ___________ A) urine volume B) sweating C) drinking D) cutaneous transpiration E) metabolic water production

A

Which hormone stimulates Elana's thirst mechanism

ADH

The juxtaglomerularcells are stimulated to produce renin

By a decrease in the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? A) decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys B) decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys C) hyperventilation D) hypoventilation

C

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________ A) acute glomerulonephritis B) renal calculus C) diabetes mellitus D) pyelitis E) diabetes insipidus

C

The macula densa cells respond to: A) changes in pressure in the afferent arteriole B) antidiuretic hormone C) changes in solute content of the filtrate D) aldosterone E) changes in pressure in the tubule

C

Where is the greatest volume of water found in the body? A) Blood plasma and lymph B) Extracellular fluid (ECF) C) Intracellular fluid (ICF) D) Transcellular fluid E) Tissue (interstitial) fluid

C

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? A) a drop in osmotic pressure B) vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole C) vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole D) vasodilation of the afferent arteriole E) an increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

C

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates the high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH 7.43, this would indicate the individual probably has: A) uncompensated metabolic acidosis B) compensated respiratory alkalosis C) uncompensated metabolic alkalosis D) compensated respiratory acidosis

D

Hypocalcemia can lead to: A) muscle weakness B) hyper-polarization of neurons C) decreased reflexes D) muscle spasms E) Depression of the nervous system

D

Which of the following hormones are directly involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations A) erythropoietin B) antidiuretic Hormone C) renin D) aldosterone

D

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) dilation of the afferent arterioles B) excessive ADH secretion C) overproduction of aldosterone D) hematuric oliguria E) absence of ADH

E

Angiotensin 2 produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by A) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone B) stimulating thirst C) causing the release of ADH D) vasoconstriction E) all of the above

E

Rudy discovers he has a dangerous condition known as floating kidney which can lead to obstruction of the ureters and renal arteries which could lead to which of the following conditions? A) increased blood levels of angiotensinogen B) increased blood levels of erythropoietin C) increased blood levels of renin D) all of the above E) B and C only

E

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? A) PTH B) ANG II C) epinephrine D) ANP E) ADH

E

The creation of new bicarbonate ions in tewin's kidneys are coupled with the elimination of protons and: A) the chloride shift B) reabsorption of HPO4-2 C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions D) increased aldosterone production E) deamination of glutamine

E) deamination of glutamine

In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ___ cells signaling for ____

Macula densa; constriction of the afferent arteriole

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Respiratory acidosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Digestive alkalosis E) Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Natriuretic peptide inhibits ____ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which ____ urine output

NaCl increases

Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following A) glucagon B) ADH C) aldosterone D) Insulin E) cortisol

B

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

B) Net filtration would decrease.

Which of the following organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the adrenal glands and the testes B) the thyroid gland the heart C) the stomach and the liver D) the lungs and kidneys

The lungs and the kidneys

In the Loop of Henle

There are no aquaporins in the ascending limb

The process of filtration is driven by

blood hydrostatic pressure