u.s. foreign policy

When has America had to choose between these 4 Ps? What did it choose? Why?

1) China, 1989: Power and Prosperity were chosen over Principles. As to the Chinese crackdown on Tiananmen movement, the US imposed only limited economic sanctions, which did not revoke China's MFN (most-favored-nation) status. 2) Guatemala, 1954: Power and Prosperity were chosen over Principles. After the US-supported military dictatorship was ended by Arbenz, a pro-reform military officer in 1951, Arbenz's government tried to expropriate a part of UFCO (United Fruit Company) holdings in the land for redistribution to the peasantry. Then the Eisenhower administration engineered anti-Arbenz coup d'etat through covert CIA action

Briefly describe the three main policy options that have been debated for dealing with Iran's nuclear program.

1) Coercive diplomacy has been a mix of economic sanctions and other pressures short of military force (e.g., the Stuxnet virus) combined with multilateral diplomacy to negotiate an agreement. 2) Military strikes could be resorted to 3) The argument for the grand bargain option is that the nuclear issue is part of roader Iranian-American tensions and can only be resolved in the context of a fundamental improvement.

What were some challenges during the war in Afghanistan that the US government faced (both in Afghanistan and the US)? What were the challenges with Pakistan?

1) Creating stability in the military and civilian realms in Afghanistan: 2) Working with the Karzai administration: Doubts about the Karzai government were accentuated by widespread fraud in the 2009 election 3) US' trust in Pakistan: The United States gives a sizable amount of economic and intelligence assistance to Pakistan because the US feels Pakistan can be a credible ally and fears a rogue state with nuclear weapons falling into the hands of terrorists. However, Pakistan itself had become more unstable and the government is not doing well enough to fight terrorism

Critiques to DCT

1) DCT is a spurious relationship. How one defines democracy and war affects outcome 2)Trade and Peace. High level of trade doesn't stop two countries from going to war (WW1- Germany and UK) 3) Aggressive tendencies of developing democracies 4)Democracy at the end of a bayonet

What are the five types of foreign policy interest groups according to Jentleson?

1) Economic groups: Includes multinational corporations, businesses, labor unions, consumers, and others. These groups are especially active in trade and international economic policy issues. 2) Identity groups: Motivated by ethnic or religious identity. 3) Political issue groups: Organized around support or opposition to a political issue that is not principally a matter of their economic or group identity interests. 4) State and local governments: Increasingly seeking to influence foreign policy 5) Foreign governments: American law firms, lobbyists, and public-relations companies hired by foreign governments to lobby for them

Briefly describe the indicators demonstrating China's emergence as a global power.

1) Economic: In 2011 the PRC passed Japan as the world's second largest economy, and its trading relations now span the world 2) Diplomatic: It has improved relations with Russia and India, both of which it had complications with in the past 3) Military: Its spending on the military increased to become the world's third largest; this included modernization of its forces and more advanced technology. China both strengthened its regional military presence and created for the first time a "blue-water navy" capacity, giving it more of a global presence 4) Size: With 1.34 billion people, China remains the world's most populous country

Six key objectives of democracy promotion strategies

1) Facilitating Free and Fair Elections. 2) Building Strong and Accountable Political Institutions 3) Establishing Free Press. 4) Strengthening the Rule of Law. 5) Protecting Human Rights. 6) Cultivating Civil Society.

Reasons that US should be concerned with global public health.

1) First is the humanitarian dimension. It is hard to maintain a strong claim to Principles without helping prevent and treat the diseases that ravage so much of humanity. 2) Second is Prosperity and the importance of global public health to the fight against global poverty. Three of the eight UN Millennium Development Goals are explicitly concerned with global public health. Even the most ambitious economic development strategies cannot succeed unless global public health is improved. 3) Third is national security and considerations of Peace and Power. "Infectious diseases are likely to slow socioeconomic development in the hardest hit developing and former communist countries and regions. This will challenge democratic development and transitions and possibly contribute to humanitarian emergencies and civil conflicts.

Policy challenges posed by global environmental problems

1) First, they constitute a classic problem of "public goods" and "collective action." Public goods as "collective consumption goods . . . which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtraction from any other individual's consumption of that good." Collective-action problems are those in which everyone would benefit by taking joint action to deal with a problem, but collective action is impeded by each waiting for the other to act first or by lack of agreement on what should be done 2) Second is the balance between environmental and economic priorities. Often there are tensions between environmental goals and trade promotion. 3) Third, issues of North-South equity further complicate global environmental negotiations. 4) Fourth is the problem of enforcement. As in other policy areas, once multilateral agreements are reached, norms affirmed, and actions mandated, how will fulfillment and compliance be ensured? 5) Fifth, the environment is also a peace and security issue Environmental scarcity and degradation have been sources of conflict and violence in wars, both recent and historical. 6) Sixth is the dilemma of prevention and the trade-off between immediate costs and future benefits

Challenges US will face in terms of global public health problems

1) Global public health is another issue in which traditional conceptions of state sovereignty collide with the interconnectedness of a global age. China's invocation of its right of sovereignty in the SARS outbreak impeded the capacity of the international community to respond. There are limits to any nation's capacity to deal with pandemic threats just through its own domestic policy. As with so many other globalization issues, a sound national policy is necessary but not sufficient. Global pandemics require global strategies.

Describehe six main points for a strategy of multilateralism

1) International institutionalism stresses the importance of int'l organizations providing cooperation among states 2) Power of influence (soft power) more powerful than hard power 3) Western Europe and other countries/allies of US believe they don't benefit from America's national interests 4) National and global interests are interconnected. US cannot solve global issues alone 5) Correct international institutions, not reject them 6) US can bring nations together for common purpose and for common values

Briefly describe the three unique strengths of the UN according to Jentleson

1) Near-Global membership. 2) The U.N. Security Council is vested, by the terms of the U.N. Charter, with "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." 3) The scope of U.N. Programs is very broad and it covers the full global agenda,

What are Jentleson's two points about the international system? Why is each one important to understanding the international system and American foreign policy?

1) Quasi anarchy: the absence of a recognized central governing authority in the international system. Even if international norms, laws, and institutions have provided some order, no ultimate authority exists to govern the international system. 2) System structure: the distribution of power among the major states in the international system

Challenges to global governance

The Washington consensus, which relied upon the concept of invisible hand and free trade, provided few benefits to fewer people. Labor Groups were losers, North/South gap widened. Democratic deficit in global governance institutions (West dominated international economic institutions) The enhancement of globalization allows for increased capacity for drug traffickers, arms dealers, terrorits, "underside"

What is the WTO? What is the G7? G20?

The World Trade Organization is a stronger replacement for the GATT. WTO is an actual institution with legal standing. G7 was a group of 7 economic powers formed in 70s (US, UK, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Germany) G20 was formed in 1999. Included G8 as well as China, India, and other economic powers. Main international force in resolving the international economic crisis of 2008

Benefits of free trade according to free trade theory

The aggregate benefits from competition and specialization from Free trade are greater than the costs imposed on those who lose jobs. Trade makes for improved resource allocation, higher productivity, and overall increases in wealth

What is the argument for expanding the number of permanent UNSC members? What is the US position to expanding the UN Security Council?

UN Security Council should be expanded is that the number of nations that can be considered "great powers" worthy of a seat has grown since the end of WW2 The official US position has been "that the long-term legitimacy and viability of the United Nations Security Council depends on its reflecting the world of the 21st century.

What is unilateralism?

Unilateralism is an approach to foreign policy that emphasizes actions that a nation takes largely on its own

What did the Curtiss-Wright and Youngstown Supreme Court decisions say? How did they affect the balance between executive and congressional powers?

United States vs. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) was a Supreme Court case over whether an embargo could be imposed against an American company's arms sales. The Supreme Court ruled that the President had greater power over Congress in foreign policy affairs The case of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) acted opposite of the Curtiss-Wright case and limited executive power to seize private property before consulting Congress. Both cases demonstrate the continued conflicts between the executive branch and Congress in dealing with power issues

Four patterns that characterize presidential-congressional foriegn policy relations

cooperation- when Congress has either concurred with or deferred to the president and a largely common, coordinated policy has been pursued o constructive compromise- when the two branches have bridged conflicts and come to a policy that proved better than either's original position o institutional competition- in which the conflicts focused less on the substance of policy than on institutional prerogatives and the balance between executive discretion and congressional oversight o confrontation- in which the policy positions have been in substantial conflict and Pennsylvania Avenue diplomacy has shown its greatest tensions

What is multilateralism?

multilateralism emphasizes acting with 3 or more other nations through processes that are consensual as structured by like international institutions and alliances.

5. Briefly describe the two issues that relate to Judicial Processes and dealing with terrorists

1) Secrecy: what the public and the press ought to have access to. Essentially the conflict is between national security and the public's first amendment rights 2) Military Tribunals: when and where are prisoners allowed US rights. The Bush administration claimed that prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay were not protected by constitutional rights like habeas corpus and any international human rights acts. "The supreme court made a number or rulings during the latter years of the Bush administration that ran counter to the administration's legal claims and practices."

Briefly describe the seven issues in US- China relations.

1) Taiwan-One China Policy: American policy supported the peaceful reunification of China, which meant the U.S. no longer recognized Taiwan. US arms sales to Taiwan does not work well as a balancing act nowadays, and pro-independent sentiment in Taiwan has grown. 2) The Chinese Military: China's increasing military spending, modernizing its forces, and developing new capabilities may be a threat to the US 3) East Asian-Pacific Regional Security: China's increasing strength as a regional balance of power makes the US unsure about whether it is still necessary the US should protect Japan, the Philippines, South Korea and other states 4) North Korea: The U.S. and China have both been involved with the nuclear proliferation threat posed by N. Korea 5) R2P and Intervention-Sovereignty: China has most often opposed intervention (R2P) and defended state sovereignty 6) Economic Relations: Recently trade between the US and China has grown, resulting in a huge imbalance (over 58% of the US trade deficit in 2012 was the bilateral deficit with China). One of the most contentious issues has been the undervaluation of the Chinese currency 7) Democratization, Human Rights, and Chinese Political Stability: China is currently faced with the problem of how to combine economic liberalization, modernization and opening to the global economy with a closed, repressive and nondemocratic political system

Briefly describe the three issues that define the debate over missile defense.

1) Technological effectiveness: There isn't much margin for misses- even one nuclear weapon getting through would wreak mass destruction 2) Cost: The cost of an effective MD would be vast, especially to a nation with a very large national deficit and an already bloated military budget. 3) Strategic effectiveness: Putting technological limitations aside, a functional MD system may do very little for US security. Potential enemies seeking to use WMDs against the US, such as small rogue states or terrorist organizations, could develop alternative countermeasures that would get around whatever MD provided.

In what ways does public opinion influence foreign policy

1) Through political culture and ideology, general public opinion exerts its influence on foreign policy 2) The second is by parameter setting. It imposes limits on the president's policy options based on the assessments made by foreign policy advisors on what options the public will accept 3) Another way that the public influences foreign policy is through centripetal pull toward the center 4) The fourth influence of public opinion is its impact on Congress because Congress is sensitive to public opinion on foreign policy 5) The public can influence diplomatic negotiations. Foreign policy advisors recognize that they cannot sign agreements that the public does not approve of 6) Public opinion influences foreign policy through presidential elections. In the case where the public is less interested in a specific issue, it focuses on which candidate seems to be a strong leader or which is perceived to be too weak to stand up

What are the tensions and sources of these tensions for the US-Japanese relationship?

1) Trade issues: The economic tension is centered on trade dispute and imbalance 2) The second tension has to do with the Japanese perception of the American military taking advantage of their relationship over the last 40 years. Japanese feel that the US is domineering and Japan needs to show that its support for the US can't be taken for granted 3) Third tension is about the role of the Japanese military in the post-Cold War era. The US has maintained a firm grip over the type of military Japan can have under the "peace constitution."

6 main points for a strategy of unilateralism

1) Unipolarity is the idea that US is the sole superpower post Cold War 2)Power is most important 3) US is a benevolent hegemon committed to peace and democracy 4)Global interests may be satisfied by pursuing US national interests 5) Multilateralism restrains the US from having a freedom of action in making foreign policy. 6)US's constitution is being undermined by multilateral institutions, agreements, and other aspects of global governance

Why are Chemical and Biological weapons scarier than nuclear weapons according to Jentleson?

1) chemical and biological weapons are less expensive to produce. 2) the level of technology and military capability required for their use is much less sophisticated, which makes them more accessible to terrorists.

Arguments that challenge free trade theory

1)Diffuse benefits vs. particularistic costs. Benefits spread throughout population, and are not central to their lives. Lost jobs affect fewer people, but in fundamental ways 2) Limited capacity of free markets to facilitate economic adjustment. Impact of factory closings are felt immediately by communities. Jobs created globally take time 3) Free trade theory omits environmental issues, labor standards, and other broad social areas out of their calculation. 4) Is free trade based on a level playing field. Fair trade lays claim between free trade and protectionism

According to Jentleson, what factors had prevented the US from being able to stabilize Iraq after the fall of the Hussein regime (i.e. what has prevented the US from "Winning the Peace?")? What were the arguments for and against whether the surge succeeded?

1)The disbandment of the Iraqi army led many former soldiers equipped with weaponry to turn to terrorism, insurgency, and criminal violence. 2) Furthermore, the Shiites and Kurds, having been repressed by the Sunni in the past, gained dominance; this led to civil war and security threat from Sunni and foreign terrorists. 3) Other issues were raised: a national army versus independent armies of the Shiites, Kurds, and Sunnis; economic reconstruction limits; emergence of American abuses in prison camps; increase in Islamic fundamentalism The arguments for the success of the surge are grounded in decrease in American casualties coupled with improvement of democratic institutionalization throughout Iraq Critics point out the inability of the surge to deal with reintegration of the Sunnis, territorial issues with the Kurds, and the continued existence of militias.

What are the three ways that the media influences foreign policy? What is the historical precedent over freedom of the press vs national security?

1） Agenda Setting power: Coverage and emphasis on specific foreign issues can bring public attention 2) Shape public opinion: Framing and priming powers. Media frames an issue and sets the priority level of issues (prime) influence the view point of the public 3) Affecting policy makers themselves: Media can inform policy makers of issues and put pressure on them The historical precedent of freedom of the press vs. national security is that national security tends to trump freedom of the press

. Why are power transitions dangerous?

A power transition occurs when a rising power and the existing dominant power compete for strength and the rising power takes over as the new dominant power. Through intention or miscalculation, it causes an increase in competition which can be escalated to conflicts

What is the difference between the mass public and the elite? What is the rally around the flag effect? What is the sensible public view? What are two key points for this view according to Jentleson?

According to Jentleson the "mass public" is those who are generally ignorant or show very little knowledge of foreign affairs. hey are susceptible to large swings between isolationism and internationalism. The "mass public" is also more susceptible to the "rally 'round the flag" effect, which is the phenomenon where people are more apt to support their government during times of crisis. The "elites" according to Jentleson are better informed and more thoughtful and not as subject to wide swings between isolationism and internationalism. "Sensible public" is a viewpoint that public opinion is not as wild and fluctuating as people has suggested. The sensible public view denies that the public is completely blind followers. This opinion states that while the American public is often under-informed, their innate intelligence makes them arrive at sound policy conclusions

What is preventive diplomacy? What are some examples of preventive diplomacy? What is ripeness in relation to understanding conflict? What is the importance of this concept?

Act early to prevent disputes from escalating or problems from worsening. Examples: Economic development to solve poverty, which may lead to violent conflict; - Environmental preservation: preserve important natural resource and sustainable provision of resources for a long term to avoid violent conflict for resources in the future To work with coercive diplomacy, preventing a conflict from escalating up to violence is much easier than making violence end once it has begun. The central idea of ripeness is that at certain points in the life cycle of a conflict it is more open to resolution.

What are ASEAN and APEC?

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 to promote economic cooperation among its members, which at that time were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is one of the regional organizations that focus exclusively on economic matters. APEC was created in 1993 with members of from North America, and Asia. It focuses on liberalization of trade barriers, business facilitation, and regional economic cooperation.

What are declaratory commitments? Which foreign policy officials don't require Senate confirmation?

Declaratory commitments come from speeches and statements by presidents. This was the case, for example, with the Monroe Doctrine, which sprang from a speech by President James Monroe in 1823 to become the bedrock of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere. So, too, with the Truman Doctrine (1947) Foreign policy officials who do not require Senate confirmation include the assistant to the president for national security affairs (called the national security adviser for short) and the staff of the National Security Council (NSC)

What is Democratic Idealism? How does it characterize relations between states and foreign policy? What is the democratic peace theory? What is soft power? Why is it significant for America?

Democratic Idealists hold to two central tenets about foreign policy. One is that when trade-offs have to be made, right is to be chosen over might The other key tenet if that in the long run right makes for might and that in the end interests such as peace and power are well served by principles The democratic peace theory asserts that promoting democracy promotes peace because democracies do not go to war against each other. Soft power means the ways in which the values for which a nation stands, its cultural attractiveness, and other aspects of its reputation can have quite practical value as sources of influence This is a significant matter for the US because it defines whether other governments and peoples perceive for themselves a consistency between the principles espoused and the actual policies pursued by the US.

Democratic Peace Theory

Democratic Peace Theory suggests that promoting democracy promotes peace since democracies do not go to war with each oter. 1) Social constraint imposed by consent of citizens 2) internationalization of democratic norms 3)Bonds built by trade

Dimensions of globalization

Economic: International trade, finance, world financial crises Telecommunications and information Social and cultural dimension (multidirectional flow of ideas, customs, and people)

What are Economism? What are imperialism/neo-colonialism? How are they different? How does it characterize relations between states? Be able to explain Hobson/Lenin's arguments about capitalism and imperialism.

Economism emphasizes the pursuit through foreign policy of general economic benefits to the nations: a favorable balance of trade, strong economic growth, a healthy macro-economy Imperialism or neocolonialism sees American foreign policy as being dominated by and serving the interests of the capitalist class and other elites, such as multinational corporations and major banks. Prosperity is sought more for the private benefit of special interests and the ways in which it is sought are highly exploitative of other countries.

What are executive agreements? Why do Presidents use them?

Executive agreements usually do not require congressional approval. executive agreements are supposed to be used for minor government-to-government matters, leaving major aspects of relations to treaties, the line between the two has never been particularly clear.

What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development is a policy approach that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Emphasizes issues of global inequality and worlds poor. Relevant to global environment

Why have American leaders stressed the importance of an engaged America in the post Cold War world? Why is American foreign policy important according to Jentleson?

First are security threats- terrorist attacks, cooperation with major powers cannot be taken for granted (Russia, China), instability in the Middle East, WMD, diseases of mass destruction, and cyber threats Second, the American economy is more internationalized than ever before- foreign trade, jobs, international financial markets. Third, many other areas of policy that used to be considered domestic have been internationalizedthe environmental policy agenda, drug policy, public-health problems. Fourth, the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of the American people has produced a larger number and wider range of groups with personal bases for interest in foreign affairs- Fifth, it is hard for the US to uphold its most basic values if it ignores grievous violations of those values that place outside its national borders.

Briefly describe the three broad dynamics of why the US is a target of international terrorism

First was terrorism as the "underside" of globalization The second dynamic was the various tactical advantages held by terrorists against the United States. The nature of terrorism comes with being on the offensive and having the element of surprise on one's side, which gives the attacker the advantage The third dynamic is the interconnection between Islamic world and American policies towards the Middle East

Briefly describe the factors that make India stand out as an emerging world power?

Five factors make India stand out. First is its size. India is the world's second most populous country, with over 1.2 billion people, amounting to about 17% of the world's total population. Second is India's place in globalization. It has become a major center of technological innovation in its own right. Third is India's possession of nuclear weapons. Fourth is India's expansion of its conventional military capabilities. Fifth is that India has been playing an increasingly significant global diplomatic role (e.g., the UN peacekeeping force, the country's candidacy for a new permanent seat on the UNSC).

What is FISA? the NSA? What are the justifications and critiques of the NSA program to monitor call and emails of people in the US without a warrant?

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) National Security Agency (NSA) FISA approved warrants ordinarily required for domestic spying Justifications: this domestic surveillance program was necessary to track down possible terrorists linked to Al Qaeda, and this was legal, based not only on FISA but also on the president's inherent authority under Article II of the Constitution as the commander in chief Critiques: This NSA program is a major threat to the Fourth Amendment prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures, applied here to wiretaps and other forms of electronic eavesdropping

What is global governance?

Global governance is the framework of rule, institutions, and established practices that set limits and give incentives for the behavior of individuals, organizations, and firms. Cooperative problem solving involving state and non-state actors to manage international affairs. Global governance creates laws, norms, etc without unilateral government action

What is globalization?

Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of the world across state boundaries that affect governments, businesses, communities, and people across wide range of policy

Areas of debate surrounding US foreign aid

How much foreign aid should the United States provide? (the question of what measures to use- the total dollar amount vs. percent of national income) - To whom should foreign aid go? (Third World vs. in fact, geopolitical strategic countries) - What form should aid take? (economic vs. military aid) - Through which channels? (bilateral options, multilateral options, contracting through NGOs) - Should abortion and related population planning be restricted? - What of the role of women in development? - How effective is foreign aid?

What is the IAEA? What is the NPT? What are the obligations of states who are members of the NPT? What are the CTBT and PSI?

IAEA= International Atomic Energy Agency NPT= Nonproliferation Treaty Current nuclear states pledged to reduce their nuclear arsenals through arms-control agreements. All other states were prohibited from acquiring or developing nuclear weapons. CTBT= Comprehensive test ban treaty. PSI= Proliferation Security treaty is a global coalition aimed at stopping the trafficking of WMDs, missiles, other related tech to an from states and non-state actors of concern

Briefly describe the current approach to addressing North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

In the early 1990s, it was discovered that North Korea had violated the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) that it had recently signed. The negotiations were initially successful as the two countries settled on an Agreed Framework in 1994 to defuse the crisis. Unfortunately, it was discovered in 2002 that North Korea was cheating on the Agreed Framework,. . Some progress was made in 2003 with the Six-Party talks, attended by the United States, China, Japan, Russia, South and North Korea. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) also imposed sanctions on North Korea

How influential is each group? Why? Who is AIPAC?

Interest groups influence Congress, the Executive Branch, and public opinion. They help shape legislature. They have an influence on who gets appointed, what issues are discussed, what regulations get passed, and even public opinion AIPAC: American-Israel Public Affairs Committee, the Jewish Americans principal organization

What is international institutionalism? How does it characterize relations between states? What are international institutions? Why are international institutions important? What are the five types?

International Institutionalists recognize that tensions and conflicts among nations do exist, but they see cooperation among nations as more possible ad more beneficial than Realists do. Pursing cooperation is a rational way to reduce risks and make gains that even the most powerful state could not achieve solely on its own. International institutions provide the structure and the commitments to facilitate, and in some instances require, the fulfillment of commitments to collective action and coordination. Five types of international institutions are 1) global security (e.g., the UN), 2) economic (e.g., IMF, WTO), 3) international legal (e.g., ICC), 4) policy area (e.g. IAEA, WHO), 5) regional (e.g, OSCE) institutions

What lessons were learned from the first Gulf War? What are the limits of the first Gulf War's significance according to Jentleson?

Lessons: (1) Aggression was still a fact of international life. (2) the value of working through the UN- American foreign policy objectives are more likely to be achieved by working through the UN. (3) Military victory left no doubts about American military power, especially American air power. (4) an affirmation of the Powell Doctrine of decisive force Limits: (1) Conflicts in the 90's began to demand the use of military forces for peacekeeping, rather than typical convention warfare (2) Though the decision to stop the ground after only 100 hours was understandable, leaving Saddam in power allowed issues and threats to arise. (3) The UN Coalition did a poor job of standing by their resolve to hold economic sanctions and keep WMD inspectors in country. (4) The US contributed to Iraqi development of military capabilities during the 1980-88 war with Iran

Briefly describe the Obama strategy towards global counterterrorism.

Military force is still a core component, with greater efforts to adapt military strategy better to fit counterterrorism missions. d. Obama has also been seeking to do more to integrate diplomatic, political and economic instruments of power and influence (increased role for the State Department and the US Agency for International Development).

NAFTA

North Atlantic Free Trade Association is an agreement between Canada, US, and Mexico with the goal to eliminating barriers to trade and investment between the three countries. NAFTA was signed by H. Bush in 92, ratified through Clinton admin. Opposition to NAFTA, liberals and neoconservatives, argued it would result in loss of US jobs 2 supplements: North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation

Two theories that explain which pattern will emerge

One group of theories focuses on partisanship. When the same political party controls both the White House and Congress, theories stressing partisan identity as the key factor contend that cooperation is the dominant pattern. When there is "divided government" with one party represented by the president and the other party controlling Congress (or at least one of the two chambers), there is more confrontation. e constitutional-structural factors have more explanatory power. Although we are usually taught to think of the relationship between the president and Congress as a "separation of powers," it really is much more "separate institutions sharing powers." A separation of powers would mean that the president has power a, Congress power b, the president power c, Congress power d, and so on. But the actual relationship is more one in which both the president and Congress have a share of power a, a share of power b, a share of power c, and so on

What is the OPCW? What factors impede its use?

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons A number of countries that are suspected of retaining or that actually have chemical weapons have not fully eliminated their arsenal.

What is the difference between peacekeeping and peace-enforcement? Why is the latter harder than the former?

Peacekeeping is the UN forces were brought in after the parties had agreed to the terms of peace, and with the consent of those parties, to ensure and facilitate the keeping of that peace. Peace-enforcing is when the conflicts were still raging or under tenuous cease-fires, the UN forces were brought in to impose and enforce peace. Peace keeping is the act of maintaining peaceful relations between two sides, while peace enforcement is the act of imposing peace between two actors that are not willing to reach a peace agreement on their own.

Briefly describe the "too high" and "not enough" interpretations of defense spending. What is the logic of each one?

The "too high" side of defense spending focuses on two comparisons: one is with the Cold War defense budgets. The defense budget in 2003 was $405 billion which was more than double the budget in the early Reagan years. The U.S. accounts for over 40% of world military spending corrected for inflation; when that is all done, 2003 spending was only 9 percent more than that of 1982, and 2007 spending is just 14 percent more than 1960 spending.

Briefly describe the three emerging aspects of the 21st century world according to Jentleson.

Postpolar System Structure: we live in a world that is highly interconnected and that many alliances are built over one another; traditional power poles no longer exist (many emerging powers & non-state actors). Three Ds threats: Dominance ( countries that seek dominance usually lead to tension and conflict but states realize an all-out war is too costly), Disruption (when small groups of people or a weaker state or transnational forces can cause external threats to a state), "MD," meaning mass destruction- this includes WMD (weapons of mass destruction), EMD (environmental mass distribution), DMD (diseases of mass destruction), and IMD (identities of mass destruction) Inside-Out Politics and Vegas Dilemma: What happens in states doesn't stay in states. Weak states or failed states present a security threat to those around it and to the United States

According to Jentleson, what are the four P's? How does each define the national interest? What international relations theory goes with each P?

Power, Peace, Prosperity, and Principles. 1) Power is the key requirement for the most basic goals of foreign policy: self-defense and the preservation of national independence and territory. Realism is the school of international relations theory that most emphasizes the objective of power 2) Peace is what all four of the national-interest objectives are ultimately about. Diplomacy is stressed from the perspective of Peace. International Institutionalism is diplomacy's most closely associated IR theory. 3) Prosperity pursues for foreign policies that give high priority to the national interest defined principally in economic terms. They seek gains for the American economy. Economism and imperialism

What is pre-emption?

Preemption is the use of military force anticipatorily against imminent threat

. Briefly describe the arguments for and against the use of drones.

Proponents of drones stress both their effectiveness and justification. They see drone attacks as having the benefits of preemption in acting early but doing so on a limited scale that avoids the massive troop commitments. There have been greater costs and consequences from civilian casualties and resentments over sovereignty violations. , other countries and even terrorist groups can justify the use of drones for their interests and security.

What is Responsibility to Protect and its core doctrines? What are the conditions for justifying intervention according to this perspective?

R2P is an emerging norm stressing that individuals must be protected from mass killings and other gross violations of their rights and that the state that is sovereig has primary but not exclusive responsibility. Conditions/Criteria for justifying intervention similar to just war doctrine: 1) force as a last resort, 2) just cause, in response to an extreme humanitarian emergency or comparably dire situations; 3) proportionality of the military means, 4) reasonable prospects of success, taking into account collateral damage, civilian casualties, and other factors

Briefly explain the rationales for the 2003 Iraq War and critiques of them

Rationales for the Iraq War: (1) the WMD threat, (2) the terrorism coalition link between Al Qaeda and Saddam (3) Saddam was recognized as one of the world's worst dictators Arguments against: (1) Many raised questions of honesty; Doubts about whether or not Saddam had WMDs. (2) There is no justification for a unilateral decision to resort to force. (3) It puts the future world stability at stake.

What is realism? How does it characterize relations between states? How can power be exerted? What are different types of power based foreign policies?

Realism is the school of IR theory that most emphasizes the objective of power. Realists see conflict and competition as the basic reality of international politics. States can rely only on themselves for security; in this self-help system, power is critical for states to be secure. The principal foreign policy strategies are largely coercive ones: war (the ultimate coercive strategy), deterrence, military interventions, alliances, military assistance, etc

What is the constitutionally proscribed roles of the President and Congress in war powers, treaties, appointments, trade, and general powers

See March 9, answer to Question 15

What is the difference between substantive and procedural legislation?

Substantive legislation is policy specific, spelling out what the details of foreign policy should or should not be (e.g. approval of the 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement). Procedural legislation is a bit subtler and requires more elaboration. It deals with the structures and procedures by which foreign policy is made

What is the 1972 Biological Weapons Treaty? What are its weaknesses? Why is it hard to negotiate verification of the treaty?

The 1972 Biological Weapons Treaty was a treaty/convention held to completely ban the production, deployment, and stockpile of chemical and biological weapons by any nation. One weakness of the treaty is the lack of universal application to all countries. Several nations remain outside the control of the treaty Another weakness is the history of non-compliance by several countries that still try and develop these weapons secretly and illegally The problem with enforcing this treaty is that it requires the invasion of private domain and a nation's sovereignty when inspections must occur to verify the treaty is being followed.

What is the Arab Spring? Briefly describe the societal dynamics were influencing the Arab Spring? What challenges did the Arab Spring pose for US foreign policy?

The Arab Spring is a democratization movement that started in Tunisia in 2001 and spread out to other Middle East countries such as Egypt, Yemen, Libya, etc. Social dynamics that were influencing: 1) Wizard of Oz effect (the fall of the first Arab dictator punctured the aura of invincibility surrounding political leaders and countered the sense of popular powerlessness), 2) political repression (e.g., Muburak, Qaddafi, Assad), 3) socioeconomic inequality, 4) corruption, 5) generational change (60% of the population in the Arab world is under thirty), and 6) gender (there is not a single Arab country in which women have political rights equal to men's). the US pursued stability at the expense of democracy in the Middle East, supporting the US-friendly dictators in this region, the US achieved neither the prevalence of political Islam among the movements and groups gaining power in the Arab world

What is the CWC? How does it lessen the threat from chemical weapons? Why is it more far reaching than the NPT?

The CWC stands for the Chemical Weapons Convention. It helps lessen the threat of chemical weapons because the CWC bans the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, trade and use of chemical weapons. The CWC calls, in effect, for the total elimination of chemical weapons. The CWC is farther-reaching than the NPT in three important respects: 1) It applies to all states with no exceptions. No previous possessors are grandfathered in (as was the case with the five major-power nuclear weapons states in the NPT). 2) Second, it has a tougher and more intrusive enforcement provisions. It mandates short notice, anytime, anywhere "challenge inspections" of sites where cheating is believed to be taking place. The OPCW has greater authority. 3) Third, states that do not join the CWC face automatic trade sanctions.

How do Presidents use the Executive Power in foreign policy making? Why?

The Constitution also gives president veto, the most potent executive power, to block legislation . executive agreements and orders (which do not require legislative approval.) The most significant political power a president has might be the "bully pulpit". Presidents have also used "signing statements", written pronouncements of what they believe the bill being signed means, as a tactic for shaping how the law will be implemented.

What is the ICC? Briefly describe all the arguments in favor and against the ICC.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent war-crime tribunal Proponents of the ICC claim it would: 1) embody the "missing link" of international justice and represent a step towards the direction of universal justice, being able to hold not only states responsible, but also individual people, 2) provide incentives and disincentives for peace negotiators and be a powerful tool in conflict resolution, 3) have a deterrent effect on future aggressors or war criminals. Opponents to the ICC (one being the US) argue it would: 1) infringe on American constitutional rights, claiming that only an American judge has the authority to jail American citizens, not an international court system, 2) allow American diplomats and soldiers to be subjected to politically motivated charges and prosecutions, 3) not have a strong deterrent effect when so many perpetrators of ethnic cleansing and genocide are never charged and the persecution of others takes so long

What is the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878? Why is it significant?

The Posse Comitatus Act, passed during the Reconstruction era, allowed federal soldiers to monitor elections in the former Confederate states. It prohibited the armed forces from performing police activities such as search, seizure, or arrest within US territory One of these changes in military participation involved the formation of the Northern Command - a regionally defined area of military domain that focuses solely upon the United States and surrounding North American countries

What is the Powell Doctrine?

The Powell Doctrine of decisive force: when military force is to be used, it should be used overwhelmingly and decisively.

Why has the US traditionally had better relations with Pakistan than India?

The US has traditionally had better relations with Pakistan because during the Cold War India was a head of the Third World "non-aligned movement" and had close ties with the Soviet Union, while Pakistan was part of the US Cold War alliance system

How often does the American use of force stem from a declaration of war?

The US has used military force more than two hundred times, yet Congress has declared war only five times—the War of 1812, the Mexican War (1846-48), the Spanish-American War (1898), World War I (1917-19), and World War II (1941-45). Another eighty-five or ninety uses of force (e.g. 1991 Persian Gulf War, the 2001 Afghanistan War, the 2003 Iraq War) have been through other action short of a declaration of war.

According to Jentleson, who are the big three? And what affects who has the most influential role? What is groupthink? Why is it significant?

The big three are the National Security Advisor, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense. Who has the most influence depends on a number of factors: the relationship with the president, their own prominence and their bureaucratic skills. Additionally, the policy at hand may lend itself to who among big three is more influential. Groupthink is a "social-psychology concept that refers to the pressures within small groups for unanimity that work again individual critical thinking." It is significant because it can end up with alternative points of view being quickly dismissed

Dynamics of globalization

The dynamic driving contemporary globalization is unique in its size, depth and speed

What affects the President's ability to be the key foreign policy decision maker? What is a belief system? What are its core components? How does it affect FP decisions?

The first factor is the extent of foreign policy experience and expertise that the President brings to the table. The second factor influencing foreign policy decision making is the characteristics of the President as an individual. The belief system is simply used to describe the President's worldview. 1) The analytic component of the conception of the international system: What is the President's view of the basic structure of the international system? Who and what are threats to the US? 2) The normative component of the national interest hierarchy: How does the President rank the core objectives of Power, Peace, Prosperity, and Principles? 3) The instrumental component of a basic strategy: What is the optimal strategy to be pursued? Each individual leader has different perceptions in terms of three components and thus different belief systems, which affect foreign policy decisions.

What is the Oslo agreement? Briefly describe the factors that led to a setback in negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.

The major breakthrough came in 1993 with the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles (DOP), signed by Israel and the PLO alongside President Clinton; since the negotiations had been conducted during secret talks in Oslo. The 1993 DOP set a five-year timetable for final status agreement on a just, lasting, and comprehensive peace. It failed to fulfill this. until 2006 when Sharon had a stroke, which incapacitated him. He was replaced by Ehud Olmert, who shared many of Sharon's view but lacked his credibility. Also, elections were held in the Palestine Authority, with the group Hamas being the winning party, which was on the U.S. terrorism list. Tensions rose, as did Israeli/Palestinian violence and Palestinian/Palestinian violence. n late June 2006, some kidnappings of Israeli soldiers caused even more increase in tensions and conflicts between Israel and the Lebanese terrorist group Hezbollah. Then, in late December 2008, the Gaza war broke out. Eventually, President Obama came into office, along with a new Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Negotiations have been attempted, but recently Israel has refused to extend its freeze of settlements in the West Bank

What is the Military Industrial Complex? Why is it significant? How dominant are interest groups?

The military-industrial complex is a social and political subsystem that integrates the armament industry, the military-oriented science community, the defense-related parts of the political system, and the military bureaucracies It is significant because it controls a tremendous amount of resources (both privately and publicly). There are many cases of significant influence (like development of weapons and procurement), but the general consensus is that for liberty and democracy to be upheld, interest groups should be allowed to function, especially in the cases where their interests are deemed legitimate

What is the difference between the media as cheerleader and critic?

The news media as a cheerleader simply refers to instances where the news media supports an administration's policy and overtly displays this support Instead, the news media takes a "critical" stance against certain policies

What are containment and engagement policies towards China? What is the logic of each?

The strategy in this case is short of confrontational, but is still firm, cautious, and attentive to threats and relative power. It is based on the same logic as Kennan's 1947 formulation of containment of the USSR - that the internal changes needed to make China both less of a threat and more of a democracy are more like to occur if the county's external ambitions are contained. Engagement policies are wary about Chinese interests but assess them as less threatening. China feels entitled to the role in the Asia-Pacific because of its size and history; this creates tensions with the US. Through diplomacy and negotiations The logic behind this is that it will provide structured and peaceful mechanisms for dealing with China's concerns as well as will encourage China to adopt international norms

What are the different strategies and techniques that interest groups use to influence foreign policy? What are possible concerns with interest group influence over foreign policy?

There are six main strategies/techniques that interest groups use to influence foreign policy: influencing Congress, influencing the Executive Branch, influencing elections, influencing public opinion, direct action, and corruption There are three main reasons for concern with interest groups' influences over foreign policy 1) Their group-specific goals or interests different from collectively national ones 2) The second reason is that widespread and deep-seated use of pressure by interest groups reduces the possibilities of change in certain areas of policy. 3) Finally, the passionate nature of foreign policy issues and their responders/influencers (such as interest groups) are translated into that the stakes tend to be seen not as just winning or losing but as tests of morality and of patriotism

According to Jentleson, why is politics stopping at the water's edge a myth?

the domestic consensus that characterized the Cold War era was more the exception than the rule. The common view is that divisive foreign policy politics started with the Vietnam War. But while Vietnam did shatter the Cold War consensus, it was hardly the first time that foreign policy politics hadn't stopped at the water's edge. Second, consensus has not always been a good thing. It surely can be, in manifesting national solidarity behind the nation's foreign policy. But national solidarity is one thing, the delegitimization of dissent quite another. Third, domestic political conflict is not necessarily bad for foreign policy. When motivations are highly partisan, such conflict is not beneficial. But serious debate and honest disagreement can facilitate more thorough consideration of the issues.\

Debate about whether to intervene in the case of genocide/mass atrocities

the prevailing view was that preventing genocide was not sufficiently in the U.S. national interest to warrant the necessary action. Failures to defend basic values and confront genocide and other crimes against humanity undermine the sense and structures of international community. American Power is more at risk than Mandelbaum view claims, in the sense that Power depends heavily on credibility and weak action or inaction in the face of humanitarian crises undermines American credibility