US History 1: Unit 2 Quest

biological

makeup of one's body - This is identical for people of all races! - There is no biological differences between blacks and whites!

20th century distractions

Despite early efforts to secure equal rights, the Civil Rights Movement wouldn't change the momentum until after World War II. Why was the Civil Rights Movement put on the back burner? o Reform Era (1900s - 1910s) - looking at education, health care, women's rights, and worker's rights. o WWI - focused on winning the war. o Return to Normalcy (happier times) - people did not want to think about issues after having to fight the war abroad. o Great Depression - result to spending and lack of foresight. o Oppression - slavery by another name (complicit government). People are making money off of oppression! Government does not want anything to change. Business aids from oppression.

WEB Du Bois

Integrationist. Demanded immediate equality, as promised under the Constitution. Believed talented black students ("talented tenth") should "rise up" through education to lead. Others must use their platform to push for immediate equality of blacks. Believed it was wrong to expect citizens to 'earn their right'. Must demand them. Founded the NAACP. Opposed Booker T. Washington's support of segregation.

Booker T. Washington

Separationist. Blacks should work to gain economic security before working for equal rights (temporarily sacrifice rights - rights must be earned). Prove that blacks can have rights (earn). Developed job and vocational training at the Tuskegee Institute. Whites: "Cast down your buckets and soothe the white man." Said blacks could remain segregated by comparing society to a hand (a group can be separate like fingers but work together like a hand).

slave auctions

- At slave auctions, slaves were inspected like animals. - Prospective slave owners asked the slaves to perform physical tests (wanted to test physical abilities). - During this process, families were mercilessly separated (torn apart). This took place both in Africa and in America. Instead, artifiical families were created while on the plantations.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

- Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that addresses the sin of slavery.

Missouri Compromise

- Compromise established in 1820. - Applied to new states being admitted into the Union. - Attempted to keep a balance between the number of free and slave states within America. - Created the 36 30 line (ran across the Southern border of Missouri and extended at each each. - Anything above the line was to be considered a free state, while anything below the line was to be considered a slave state.

Article I Section 9

- Congress cannot limit the slave trade until the year 1808. However, a tax can be imposed on the importation of slaves, not reaching over ten dollars a person. - This section of the Constitution refers to the Slave Trade Compromise.

racial/congressional reconstruction

- Congress overrides the power of the veto because it has a 2/3 majority in both houses.

union goals after civil war

- End slavery. - Help newly freed slaves.

different appraoches to abolition (early statges)

- In the 1820-1830, anti-slavery sentiments in the North were not mainstream. A universal argument against slavery did not exist. People expressed different opinions about abolition and how to go about it (divided). - In the early stages of abolition, economic and poltitical means were the primary motivators. The social wrongs of slavery were not assessed in the beginning attempt to abolish slavery. Immediatists: advocated for immediate abolition of slavery Gradualists: advocated for a gradual exclusion of slavery (don't shock the nation).

landowners violence

- Landowners hoped that violence inflicted upon African Americans would continue to keep the cost of labor low. - Violence of white southerners inflicted fear and authrity within the minds and hearts of African Americans.

triangular trade

- Made slavery possible. - Allowed both Northern and Southern economies to grow. - Southern states produced cash crops. These resources were then sent to England. English manufacturers took the crops and made material items (first industrialized nation). These goods were then sold within Great Britain and North America. - In order to meet the massive demand for labor in America, the Europeans turned to Africa (labor source).

advantages of north

- More men. - More money. - More industrial power. - More supplies. - Extensive railroad system. - Emancipation Proclamation (1863). - Troops included African Americans. Even after the Civil War, the North continued to dominate in terms economic prosperity.

lower class white jobs

- Most of the time, slave owners spared slaves the most dangerous jobs (slaves = investment). These included roofing, drraining, and blasting caves. - These jobs were left to be completed by the lower class whites. The whites were paid a minimal amount in order to perform the tasks.

disadvantages of South

- Not enough troops. - Not enough supplies. - Uniforms are inadequate. - Limited means of transporation. - No industry. After the Civil War, the South was left devastated. Thousands of lives were lost. Additionally, homes were burned down. - No way to rebuild the economy because they had to lost fighting for their way of life!

Lincoln's standpoint on slavery

- Not looking to regulate slavery. - Wanted to leave it as is. - Believed that slavery would eventually die off due to industrialization and innovation. - Believed that the key to minimizing slavery and its effects would be to limit its expansion.

American Colonization Society

- Organization that was founded in 1817. - Believed slavery was wrong, but they did not believe that slavery should be abolished. - Advocated for gradual, voluntary emancipation of slaves and the institution of slavery. - Once the slaves were set free by slave owners, the organization sent them "Back to Africa" (1822). - In time, the Republic of Liberia became the designated colony for freed slaves. - Most blacks had no desire to take up the program because... --- Lived in the United States for years. --- Had no chance of reconnecting with family. --- Had been partially Americanized. --- Uneducated --- Slavery in America is all they know. - In the end, the organization fails due to the prospects of cotton and the mentality of African Americans. Additionally, by 1860, virtually all slaves were not Africans, but Native born African Americans.

slaveocracy

- Owners of large scale plantations did not want to change the functionng of slavery. Southerners were unwilling to industrialize. - This type of thinking locked the South in time in accordance with their operational and functional means.

gag order

- Passed by Southern House members. - Stated that all antislavery appeals are to be tabled (trashed) without debate. - Did not allow peple to discuss slavery on the floor of the House of Representatives. - This acts as the South's attempt to silence the abolitionist movement.

presidential reconstruction

- President Johnson uses the power to veto in order to undermine the Reconstruction project, such as the Freedman's Bureau.

advantages of south

- President, Jefferson Davis, has military experience, unlike Lincoln. - Fighting on home turf. - Motivated (fighting for way of life).

race

- Race is not biological. Instead, race is a social construct. - Race becomes the justification for slavery.

black codes

- Southern landowners wanted cheap/free labor in the fields because it was all they knew. - The Black Codes were designed to regulate the lives of blacks. Example: African Americans could not... - Possess alcohol. - Possess firearms. - Work as anything other than a plantation farmer.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

- The Atlantic Slave Trade brought more than 10 million Africans to the Americas. - The Atlantic Slave Trade began in the late 14th century. - In order to meet the massive demand for labor in the Americas, Europeans looked to Africa as a labor source/pool. - In exchange for guns, African tribal leaders sold POWs to Europeans. By selling these people, tride leaders enriched their own wealth. - In a sense, Africans were traded to the Europeans by other Africans. - The demand for man power in the Americas changed the demographics of Africa. For example, the Atlantic Slave Trade effected the ratio between men and women. Additionally, it decreased the overall population. - The Atlantic Slave Trade fueled racism. People came to believe the slavery was hereditary (no escape). This type of thinking continued to have an effect on the world even after the abolition of slavery.

benefits of slavery - NORTH

- The North received and shipped raw materials. This industry pushed the need for industrialization. - Industrialization propelled other businesses, such as the insurance business. The banking industry also emerged. Northern banks loaned money to Southerners for the purpose of purchasing more land and slaves. - The expansion of slavery cannot be soley placed on the South. Both the North and South benefitied from the institution.

reconstruction amendments

- To Southerners, the Reconstruction Acts were a declaration of war because they abolished state governments. - People who served for the Confederacy could not be involved in political activity because the governments were disbanded in order to introduce a new way of thinking. - 13th, 14th, 15th amendment.

The Compromise of 1850

- When entering the Union, California wanted to be admitted as a free state. However, the majority of California fell underneath the 36 30 Missouri Compromise line. This conflict led to the Compromise of 1850. The Compromise of 1850 had 5 parts... 1. California would be admitted as a free state. 2. The rest of the western territories would use popular sovereignty (voting) and decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery. - Essentially, this point gets rid of the 36 30 Missouri Compromise line because slavery can now be restricted through voting, not geography. 3. The Slave Trade was outlawed in Washington D.C. 4. A strict Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced. - This deputizes the North. 5. A border between Texas and New Mexico was settled.

reason for Lincoln's presidential win

- When the democratic party split, Lincoln was able to secure votes in the electoral college and eventually go on to win the presidency.

system one

- fast thinking (stereotypes) - sub-concious

system two

- slow thinking (reasoning) - concious

Union political (president) leader

Abraham Lincoln

president during the Civil War

Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 and was the president both during and at the end of the Civil War.

end of civil war

After 4 years of fighting, Robert E. Lee, Confederate military leader, surendered to Ulysses S. Grant, leader of the Union military, at Appommattox Court House on April 9, 1865. - The exchange between Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant ended the Civil War. Civil War: 1861-1865

Slave Importation Ban (no enforcement)

As stated in Article 1 Section 9 of the Constitution, in 1808, the Slave Importation Ban went into effect. However, the illegal importation of slaves continued. - Although this ban went into effect, the illegal importation of slaves continued. Slave owners, however, focused on natural reproduction rather than smuggling. - In 1860, the number of slaves in the United States increased by 4 million.

total war

Civil War from 1861-End - War strategy in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory. - Sherman, a union military leader, believed wars were not between armies but between people. In his mind, winning did not mean destroying the enemies army, but crushing the people's will to fight it.

reason (s) for succession

Divisions between the free North and the slaveholding South erupted into a full-scale conflict after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860. Eleven southern states seceded from the Union, collectively turning their back on the idea of a single American nation. Lincoln declared the acts of succession "illegal" under the format of the Constitution. - The election of Lincoln was the "straw that broke the camel's back". In the end, the issue of slavery and the growing abolitionist movements within the North also led to arrival of the Civil War.

empancipation proclamation

January 1, 1863 - Declared that all of the slaves in the states that were still in rebellion against the Union would be forever free. - Strategically helped the Union win the war because the slaves no longer were under the control of the Confederacy. - Not an act of desperation! - Gave Union soldiers a valid reason to continue fighting the war.

Confederate political (president) leader

Jefferson Davis - Blamed for the Confederacy's loss in the Civil War.

carpet bagger

Northerner who would "get rich quick" off Southern devastation following th Civil War

Confederate military leader

Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson

quote by Roger Taney

Quote from Dred Scott Case: "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect"

John C. Calhoun

Southerner who reacted to abolistionist movements. - Believed that slavery was a positive good that benefited both slaves and slave owners. --- Slaves were take care of (civilized). --- Slave owners made money. Religious (Christian) Justification: God did not create everyone equally. - Curse of Ham. - Equality does not exist in the natural oder. - Jesus does not disapprove of slavery. - Slave ownder are providing for those who have less (charity).

Dred Scott Case background

Supreme Court case in 1857 - Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. His master, an army doctor, took Scott with him to Illinois, a free state. On his return to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom. - It was common for slaves who had been taken to free land to sue their masters and win their freedom. Scott argued that since he lived in a free state for more than two years, he was entitled to his freedom. D

famous radical republican

Thaddeus Stevens

Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Civil Rights Act (1866) was passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. - The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

beginning of civil war

The Civil War officially began when shots were fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. - First shots are fired (violence). - Military v. Military.

Dred Scott Case ruling

The ruling of the Supreme Court Case: majority decision written by Chief Justic Roger Taney. - African Americans, whether free or slave, were inferior and as such did not have any rights. African Americans WERE NOT citizens of the United States and, therefore, had no right to sue anyone. - Even though Scott was taken to a free territory he was still a slave. Slaves were not citizens but a form of property no different from a MULE or HORSE. - Because slaves were property and property was protected by the Constitution, Congress did not have the right to deprive citizens of their property, including slaves, anywhere in the United States. Taney declared that the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery in some territories, was unconstitutional.

slavery in the Constitution

The word slavery is nowhere to be found in the Constitution. - Instead, the Founding Fathers incorporated euphemisms. People are more accepting of the phrase "other persons" than slaves (softens the blow). - Slavery was not abolished during the drafting of the Constitution because the Founding Fathers priorotized their interests. The Founding Fathers felt that establishing a form of government was the important aspect of all. In order to ratify the Constitution, they needed to compromise with the Southern States. This compromise led to the inclusion of slavery within the new American society and culture.

slavery as a moral inconvenience

To the Framers of the Constitution, slavery was a "moral inconvenience" because it defied the founding principles of American life. - Are all men created equal? - What happened to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness? - Euphemisms allowed the framers of the constitution to keep both the Northern and Southern states satisfied with the new government.

Union military leader

Ulysses S. Grant William Sherman

euphemism

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

compromise of 1877

compromise that ends reconstruction - Election of 1876 is disputed amongst Congress. - Republicans want to maintain executive power in the form of Rutherford B. Hayes. - In return for the control of the presidency, the Southern Democrats accept on TWO conditions. 1. Guarantee of federal aid to the South. 2. Removal of remaining federal troops. - All in all, the republican sell out the South and the black population in order to maintain control of the presidency.

Canada

country many slaves moved to after the enforcement of the new Fugitive Slave Law

denying the right to vote

example of suppression after reconstruction Systematic way of oppressing the black population's right to vote. - Literacy tests Impossible to pass (no right answer)! Blacks were uneducated and therefore had no way of passing the literacy tests. - Poll taxes Pay to vote - Grandfather clause Although it was intended to tarnish the black populations right to vote, poor whites were struggling with tax and tests. If a man failed he literacy test or could not afford the tax, he could vote if... • He or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867. o Undermines black's ability to vote because they were recognized as citizens a year later. • 14th amendment (1868): establishes who and who is not a citizen.

radical republicans

loyal unionist politicians who wanted immediate change for African Americans within post-Civil War society - Wnated full equality for African Americans (both politically and economically).

Republican party

political party created after the fighting over the statues of states as either free or slave through popular sovereignty

chattel slavery

practice of slavery in which African Americans were viewed as moveable property - African Americans were treated the same way as livestock. - African Americans were viewed as being less than human. - Mistreatment of slaves was acceptable because they were considered property rather than people. Seen as a good investment... - Not human (can treat them the same way as animals). - Not guaranteed rights. - Harder to lose (black on white).

antebellum

pre-Civil War

in-group bias

preference for people of the same race/ethnicity - Blacks tend to have a preference for other blacks, while whites tend to have a preference for other whites.

Lincoln quote

quote from election of 1864 "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in..." - Focused on reuniting the Union. - Clear that Lincoln wants lenient peace and a chartiable reunion.

explicit bias

refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in a conscious manner - Concious bias. - This has decreased dramatically ober the last 50 years.

Mechanic's Hall

riots of violence that erupted in New Orleans in 1866 - Convention was being held in New Orleans that was going to discuss the black right to vote. - Although President Johnson is notified about the convention, he refuses to deploy troops to the South. - While on their way to the convention, black Union soldiers are attacked. - Southern demonstrate that they are still willing to die for their former way of life. This begs the question as to whether or not the Civil War is really over.

gin

short for engine

de jure

something that is in accordance with the law

de facto

something that is true in fact but not by law

abolition

the end of slavery within the United States

cash crops

tobacco, cotton, sugar By 1860, about 57% of America's total exports consisted of cotton.

military occupation

union military stations scattered throughout the South

sharecropping

Many freedmen kept to themselves and continued to work on the farms. o Inert (kept to themselves). o Did not want to face the violence. o Exchanged labor for right to use land, housing and farming supplies. Laborers were tied to the landowners because they were in a perpetual state of debt. o Common for most sharecroppers. By the 1890s, the majority of blacks in the South were sharecroppers. Sharecroppers maintained the system of second class citizenship by economically exploiting most blacks.

KKK (Klu Klux Klan)

"- also known as the "Invisible Empire". - Formed when former confederates were forced to "swallow the dog" and take an oath pledging their alleigance to the Union. - White backlash against Reconstruction. - Used terror tactics in order to keep blacks out of the political process. - In 1870, Congress attempts to suppress the KKK. - BY 1876, Republicans only control South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. - Northern support for military action wanes. - Why didn't local governments stop the KKK? - Some government officials supported KKK. - Tried to obscure who was a part of the Klan (sense of secrecy and seclusion).

president v. congress

- Congress was filled with moderate and radical republicans that pushed for protection of African Americans. - President Johnson would veto many efforts to provide aid to African Americans and newly freed slaves. - The Republican party was divided amongst itself.

Stephen Douglas

- Enacted Kansas-Nebraska Act. - Wanted to create a trans-continental railroad. - Needed to pass through Kansas and Nebraska. - Douglas wanted to create communities within the two states. - The issue of whether or not Kansas and Nebraska were slave states or free states arose.

Fugitive Slave Act

- Enforced in 1850. - Required all escaped slaves to be returned to master and officials (outlines plans as to how to enforce Article 4 Section 2 of the Constitution). - Citizens of free states had to cooperate.

disadvantages of North

- Extensive amount of supples weighed troops down. - Lack of leadership, in terms of the military. - No knowledge of the fighting grounds. - Fighting for "the greater good". This concept failed to keep the troops motivated.

quality of life defense of slavery

- Happy slave myth. - Slaves become civilized under the institution of slavery. - Aunt Phyllis' Cabin: book that readdresses the happy slave myth (response to Uncle Tom's Cabin).

Article 4 Section 2

- If a slave escapes to a state where slavery does not exist, he/she must be returned to the original slave owner. Slaves are coverned under the state laws in which they reside.

William Lloyd Garrison

- In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of the Liberator. - The Liberator was a book that focused on abolishing slavery. - Throughout the book, Garrison wrote with an aggressive tone and desire to end slavery on moral, ethical, and human grounds. - The Liberator became Garrison's life work. - He believed that people needed to change in terms of their "hearts and minds". He argued that changing the laws would not change the mindset of the people.

planter aristocracy

- In 1850, approximately 1,700 families owned more than 100 slaves (wealthy plantation owners). This population did not represent the entirey of the South. - The planter artistocracy controlled the Southern economy even though they only represented a small fraction of the people.

violence in the senate

- In 1856, Senator Charles Sumner (anti-slavery) verbally attacked his collegues about the issue of slavery. - As a result, Congressman Preston Brooks (pro-slavery) beat Sumner with a cane. This beating resulted in a life or death situation (rough beating). - Southerners applauded Brooks, while the Northerners condemned him. - By applauding him, the Southerners confirmed that they agreed with Brooks' violent actions. - In the end, the gap between the North and South widened and opened the flood gates for the start of the Civil War.

Lincoln's reelection

- In 1864, during the time of the Civil War, Lincoln, a northern republican, runs for reelection. - Lincol selected Andrew Johnson, a southern democrat, to be his running mate. - Lincoln wins the reelection. - Lincoln upholds the Constitution and its laws. - At the end of the Civil War, Lincoln does not punish the South. Lincoln was in favor of the Union above all else. - He did not believe in Union v. Confederacy. He believed in a united front. - After the war is done, the United States will go back to being one!

death of Abraham Lincoln

- On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. and fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln. - Lincoln was shot only 5 days after the end of the Civil War!

Andrew Johnson

- Only Southern Democrat that remained faithful to the Union. - Ran as Abraham Lincoln's Vice President in the 1864 election. - After Lincoln was assisinated, Johnson assumed the position of President. - Flet the leaders of the Confederacy should be punished (blame should fall in one place). He believed that all other people were "deceived" adn should be met with leniency. - Despite supporting the Union throughout the Civil War, Johnson DID NOT support equal rights for African Americans.

midterm elections

- Radical Republicans gain 2/3 majority in both house during midterm election.

slave resistance

- Reistance occured within the plantation systems. - Slaves broke tools, pretended not to understand orders, and slowed the work process. - In order to prove they were human, slaves formed families while on the plantations. Slave owners found it harder and harder to find reasons and justifications for the dehumanization of slaves.

Article I Section 2

- Representatives and direct taxes will be divided amongst the states in accordance to their population. The population will be determined by adding the number of free people and 3/5s of other persons, excluding Indians. - This section of the Consitution refers to the 3/5s Compromise and the issue of representation between the Northern and Southern states.

confederate goals after civil war

- Restore economy. - Repair land. - Pay for formerly free labor (South was infuriated that they had to pay!).

Federick Douglas

- One of the most famous abolitionists. - He escaped slavery and fought for abolitionist movements despite being beaten and harassed. - Well-educated. - Douglas increasingly turned to politics to solve the issues surrounding slavery. - He believed that the key to abolution was ending the expansion of slavery within the United States (contain the problem). - He founded The North Star newspaper. He and his fellow companions backed the... - Liberty Party in 1840. - The Free Soil Party in 1848. - The Republican Party in the 1850s. All of these parties acted to limit the expansion of slavery within the United States.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Resurrects the issue of Slave v. Free. - Questioned 36 30 line created under Missouri Compromise. - Instituted by Stephen Douglas in 1854. - Nebraska terriory: located in the North. - Kansas territory: located in the South. - Popular sovereignty is the compromise (people have the opportunity to vote on slavery). - Nebraska and Kansas territory had the opportunity to determine whether or not they wanted to exist as a free or slave state.

bleeding Kansas

- Since Kansas was going to be boted on as a slave or free state, thousands of people poured into Kansas. --- "Border Ruffians" from Missouri: voted illegally (pro slavery). --- "Jayhawkers" from Kansas: attempted to fight off Ruffians and other illegal voters (anti-slavery). - In the end, Kansas was voted into the Union as a free state. - "Bleeding Kansas" highlights the initial acts of violence and inevitability of the Civil War.

economic defense for slavery

- Slave institutions had better conditions that that of industries in the North. - Increased production (cotton prices are at their highest level/quality). --- Cotton has to come from somewhere. --- North cannot be profitable without the institution of slavery.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

- Slave organized rebellion headed by Nat Turner. - In the process, the rebellion kills white men, women, and children. - Identifies the underlying discontent of slaves. - Nat Turner's rebellion reaches news in the North. - The rebellion resulted in greater fear amongst Soithernern whites. As a result of this, slave owners instituted stricter enforcement of slaves codes in order to prevent anything from happening ever again.

antebellum hierarchy

1. "Slaveocracy" - Consisted of plantation owners. - Wealthy (highest class). - Controlled economy and political affliations of the South. 2. The "Plain Folk" - White yeoman farmers. 3. Black Freeman - Most often freed after the death of an owner. - Remained in the South because they did not have the money to move North. - Because they were uneducated, they had limited means (no purpose). 4. Black Slaves

plantation system as wasteful (5)

1. Economic system becomes monopolistic (wipes out competition). - Small number of large scale plantation owners. - Large plantation owners are able to buy out smaller scale farmers. - Large plantation owners force small farmers to sell their landholdings and move North or West. - Due to this, large scale plantation owners were able to take control of the cotton industry. 2. Financial instability of the system. - People overspeculated in terms of land and slaves. - There were a number of costs and risks involed with slave "investments". 3. Agribusiness: King cotton meant on crop economy! - The industry in the South was mostly focused on cotton (no diversity). - This is dangerous because once the rest of the world discovers a more efficient way to pick cotton, the business will go under. In this sense, the cotton industry is risky. 4. Southern planters' resentment. - Northern industry profited greatly from Southern agriculture (spinoff industry). - Southerners believed that the Northerners "got rich quick" off the investment of slavery. - Southerners harbored the resentment when the Northerners pushed for abolitionist movements. 5. Cotton kingdom culturally homogenous (same). - Little diversity of people. - Minimal immigration (no jobs available).

southern society breakdown

1. Only 1/4 of white Southerners owned slaves. - Smaller scale slave owners did not own a majority of the slaves. - Typically lived in modest farmhouses. - Often worked alongside slaves. Beneath white Southern slave owners were the rest of white Southerners. 2. 3/4 of white Southerners did not own slaves. - Dirt poor farmers. - Lived on poor soil in the backcountry/mountain area. - Raised food (corn) and livestock (hods) in order to get by. - Subsistance (just enough to get by) farmers. - Lived isolated lives. Most of the time, these white Southerners were the strongest defenders of slavery. - Did not want to be the lowest class. - Content with being above blacks. - Although slavery did not benefit them, the large majority of white Southerners encouraged the idea of slavery in order to keep from reaching the bottom of the social hierarchy (selfish desires). - "As long as I'm not black..."

characteristics of antebellum economy

1. Primarily agraian (cash crops). 2. "Cotton is King!" 3. Slow (unwilling)/limited development of industry. 4. Inadequate transportation system. 5. Rudimentary (basic) finanical system.

antebellum society

1840-1850: Build up to the Civil War - Although the South only made up a small portion of the United States population, the South's control over the economy enabled its people to advance their societal and political interests.

fourteenth amendment

1865 It addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

thirteenth amendment

1865 - abolished slavery. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States."

reconstruction timeline

1865-1877 - name of process concerning the rebuilding the South. - "Another form of Slavery".

fifteenth amendment

1870 - Amendment that granted African American men the right to vote.

war of attrition

Civil War from 1861-1864 - War strategy aimed at wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material. - The South utilized this strategy of warfare against the Union. Southerners hoped that their motivation would outweigh the Union and its resources.

cotton gin

In 1793, the invention of the cotton gin "saves" slavery. - Eli Whitney improved the previous models of the machine. This, however, carried an unintended consequence. - The Foudning Fathers always believed slavery would die off. The improvement of the cotton gin, however, caused slavery to become more profitable. Territorial expansion, international demand, and various inventions added to the rise of slavery.

Second Great Awakening

In the 1830s, abolitionism took off with the Second Great Awakening. - Religious movement that took place within the United States. - Revival of religion within the country. - People often went on revival (weekend long trips where people praised religion). - Revivals sparked a moral opposition to slavery. - After the Second Great Awakening, people recognized that slavery was morally wrong. - Reformed movements also encouraged people to oust the wrongs involved with slavery. - The moral awakenings within the United States also imrpoved the outlook on women, public education, and alcohol (temperance) regulation. - People began to look at the greater good. Although it might not have affected them specifically, people began to think about the greater good of the country. Social reforms benefited the greater good of society rather than individual needs.

two phases of reconstruction (timeline)

Presidential Reconstruction - President Johnson uses the power to veto in order to undermine the Reconstruction project, such as the Freedman's Bureau. Midterm Elections - Radical Republicans gain 2/3 majority in both house during midterm election. Racial/Congressional Reconstruction - Congress overrides the power of the veto because it has a 2/3 majority in both houses. Violence Errupts - Violence errupts within the South after laws are passed in favor of newly freed slaves. - Organizations such as the KKK emerge.

justification for slavery

RACE becomes the justification for slavery. With race as a justification, slavery no longer conflicts with the founding principles of American culture.

Freedmen's Bureau

a relief agency instituted by Radical Republicans - Responsible for the general welfare of newly freed slaves. - Hoped to build schools and secure land for newly freed slaves (laws against educating slaves during the civil war resulted in the African American population being unable to read and write). Example: 40 acres and 1 mule - acted as reparation (payment for being a former slave). - The radical republicans hoped that owning land would increase opportunity for African Americans. - Land Ownership = Opportunity (American Dream). - However, the promise is dissolved due to resistance in the South . - Andrew Johnson also stood in the way of the Freemen's Bureau (power of the veto). - Underfunded and understaffed = unsuccessful.

Sherman's March

an example of total war tactic - Sherman's march focused on making the Southerners feel the horrible cost of the war. Union General William Sherman led a "March to the Sea". The purpose of the march was to intimidate civilians. The Union troops stole food and burned livestock and houses. The Union troops left an utter path of destruction. - The Union was only able to hold a "March to the Sea" because they had an endless supply of resources. - Union military leaders, specifically Sherman and Grant, were able to break the South's motivation to continued fighting the Civil War.

social construct

an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in society

stereotype

an often unfair and untrue belief that many people have about all people or things with a particular characteristic - People assume that physical features are tied to the beliefs and morals of an ethic/racial group. - Derive from the media, family upbringing, and overall enviornment.

John Brown

anti-slavery zealot that murdered an entire family and got away with it

language

basis by which people learn and understand - Language is not neutral (different perspectives). - There is a bias in everything people say or do, regardless of whether or not it is intentional. - Everything is written with a purpose.

treatment of blacks in the South

creates de jure segrgation. Whites attempt to limit the impact of black population economically, politically, and socially. By preventing the black population from participating with society, the white population reaffirms inferiority of African Americans. 1. Social: segregation in public schools. 2. Politically: no right to vote. - If backs don't have the right to vote, they cannot elect candidates that will act in favor of their interests. 3. Economically: limit opportunity to make money. - Blacks are enslaved to white landowners (sharecropping). - No Money = No Power.

indentured servants

humans with a debt owed to sociey - Whites/Native Americans were seen as indentured servants. - Often lower class citizens who were oppressed by the wealthy. Often seen as a bad investment... - Prone to disease. - Could easily escape/run away (whites blended in with other whites). - Since most whites has rights under the British Constitution (regardless of property or titile), the lower class whites felt that they deserved some level of respect.

middle passage

journey the African Americans endured while moving from Africa to the Americas

the peculiar institution

one of the many euphemisms used in order to describe slavery.

implicit bias

refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner - Sub-concious bias. - This still stands with people today.

genetics

variations within one's DNA

separate but equal

• Blacks were forced to use separate facilities that were "equal" in quality. o Whites decided what defined "equal". o NOT equal! United States spent 10 times more on refurbishing white schools. • Everything was segregated within the South. o Whites use segregation as an excuse to exclude blacks and deny them service. o Segregation asserts white supremacy.

Great Migration

• In response to segregation within the south, there is a migration to the North. This is also known as the Great Migration. o African Americans migrated in hopes of achieving opportunity within the North. 500,000 blacks moved North between 1915 and 1920. • Key Factors of Migration: o Push Factors: Escape racial discrimination. o Pull Factors: Job opportunities in the North. • Henry Ford and the assembly line (mass production) 1914 / WWI • Demand for unskilled labor increases (immigrants and blacks). Xenophobia: foreign • People became fearful of outsiders. • Ushers in Nativist (pure American) movement. o This causes a drop in European immigration. Immigration Act of 1924.

Plessy v. Fergusen

• Plessy v. Ferguson establishes segregation as being acceptable. • Homer Plessy challenged LA state law authorizing separate train cares. o "Separate but Equal" • Supreme Court upheld state court verdict 8 to 1. • This case gives the South the green light to segregate. • De jure segregation persisted throughout the 1950s until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.