US History - A and B questions.

30b - Assess President Lincoln's record as a war leader.

Was a great war leader : - His choice of military commanders. He chose Grant as general-in-chief, a great, if non-political war leader. - Lincoln never wavered in his determination to defeat the rebellion of the South and restore the unity of the USA. -His ability to adapt his policies to the changing military situation, e.g. the Emancipation Proclamation. His speechmaking skills, e.g. the Gettysburg Address. Was not : -His choice of military commanders, e.g. McClellan, Burnside. - His lack of any notable military experience -Given the material advantages the North had, the time taken to win the war. Judgment: Although Lincoln did not have experience at the start of the war he quickly became a good one, even becoming better than Jefferson Davis who was a better military leader than him at the start.

4a - Why did the Roosevelt presidency begin with "100 days" of action

1.)He needed to take radical action to address the situation. 2.) The economy was in disarray so he closed all banks for four days to allow them to reorganize . By the end of the 100 days, Congress had passed fifteen major bills to address urgent social and economic problems 3.) In his first few weeks in office, he was strong enough to take the drastic action which he believed the dire situation of the USA required.

6a - Why did Franklin Roosevelt win the presidential election of 1932

1.) (Main reason) was the poor state of the economy and the inadequate leadership of Herbert Hoover 2.)By November 1932, the economy had been in a state of depression for three years. Around one in five workers was unemployed. 3.) his use of the new medium of radio

21a - Why did it take the North three years to turn its superiority of resources over the South into military victory?

1.) Anaconda plan was not a plan for a quick victory. 2.)the South was fighting a defensive war whereas the North had to fight and push the south back. 3.)There was also a lack of first-rate military leaders. Generals such as Scott, McClellan, and Halleck were no match for Lee and Jackson.

8a - Why did President Hoover struggle to deal with the impact of the Great Crash?

1.) Believed it was a natural downturn in the economy 2.)he relied on traditional, limited means of trying to help the various states undertake their own efforts. He was opposed to the more radical solution of the federal government taking direct action 3.)Some federal policies, not always with Hoover's approval, such as the Smoot-Hawley tariff, arguably made things worse

16a - Why was the building of transcontinental railroads so significant in causing the development of the USA in the later nineteenth century?

1.) Economic benefits, both direct and indirect. The direct benefits included increased demand for iron and steel. The indirect benefits included the creation of a genuinely national market. 2.)Demand for labor, usually immigrant. People were needed both to build and staff the railroads and to farm the land which railroad companies had been given. 3.) The creation of national unity around the idea of Manifest Destiny. The building of the first railroad in particular attracted massive nationwide publicity.

1a - Why, in 1935, was a second new deal introduced?

1.) Economy was still in recession 2.) First new deal didn't spark a recovery 3.) Not radical enough - was needed to regain political momentum

19a - Why did Theodore Roosevelt fail to win the 1912 presidential election?

1.) His announcement to run was late 2.)Electoral College favors traditional two parties 3.)Taft and TR split Progressive vote - allowed the Democrat Wilson to be elected

2a - Why was the Tennessee Valley Authority established?

1.) Political - to show FDR could take on an ambitious project (dam the Tennessee River) in the first 100 days of his presidency 2.) Impoverished states - Project focused on states hit hard by the Great Depression - the new authority could control flooding, prevent soil erosion, and create electricity for a poor area 3.) Government agency - TVA was a public, not a private, profit-making company - was intended to show that public bodies can work for the benefit of the people

3a - Explain why the political opponents of the new deal we're so divided

1.) Right - opposed much: the growing role of the federal state; the development of state-delivered social security; the recognition of labor unions 2.) Left - criticized cautious nature of reforms (wanted more radical reforms), reluctance to challenge special business interests and the acceptance of traditional orthodoxy, such as balanced budgets 3.)States - disliked federal government infringing on areas they had traditionally governed

25a- Why did the North remain politically divided during the Civil War?

1.) Some Northerners were opposed to the war, e.g. Copperheads [aka Peace Democrats]. 2.)Some were opposed to the methods of war, e.g. the draft (conscription) 3.) Some were opposed to Lincoln's leadership, especially when military victory was slow to arrive, e.g. George McClellan.

12a - Why were anti-trust laws introduced from the 1890s?

1.) The Acts were passed because of the growing tendency of American big business to establish cartels or monopolies 2.)Trusts such as Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust faced increasing criticism for acting against the public interest 3.)unpopularity of the trusts and the political organization

9a -Why did it take so long for the US economy to recover from the Great Crash?

1.) The Crash and its prolonged consequences led to deflation, reducing demand. 2.) collapse of the international financial system and trade 3.)application of orthodox monetary and fiscal policies, especially 1929-32 but even FDR's at times, e.g. 1936-37, and high tariffs, e.g. Smoot Hawley, from GOP, delayed recovery.

24a - Why did the South surrender in 1865 and not before?

1.) The South's armies had done well on the Eastern front under the leadership of Lee and Jackson against some lackluster Northern forces. 2.)There were groups in the North which wanted a compromise peace, e.g. the Copperheads. 3.) The presidential election of 1864 might weaken support for the Northern war effort.

7a - Why was there a Great Crash in October 1929?

1.) The economic growth of the 1920s created growth in stock prices which exceeded the basic value of the products and profits of relevant companies. This was a financial bubble. 2.)Much of the growth in stock market prices were based on 'buying on margin', i.e. borrowing most of the finance needed to buy the shares. 3. Once the bubble burst, investors who were greatly dependent upon borrowed funds for their investments had to sell shares as soon as possible to repay debts and minimize losses.

18a - Why did the Progressive Movement gain support in the 1890s and early 1900s?

1.) The inequalities of the Gilded Age 2.) The corruption of urban party bosses 3.) The consequences of rapid industrialization/urbanization

28a - Why did four slave states join the North in fighting the Civil War?

1.) The state which was more integrated into the Northern economy was Delaware, which decided not to secede as early as January 1861. 2.) increasing economic links with the North and the declining influence of slave power. 3.) Maryland was strategically significant and Kentucky was Lincoln's birthplace so martial law was put in place there. 4.) West Virginia didn't have many slaves and benefitted from the North

11a - Why were farming associations, such as the Granger movement, established in the late nineteenth century?

1.) These associations were formed to represent farmers' concerns over a range of issues. 2.) the prices of farm produce could vary greatly from year to year. meaning that farmers had to borrow to buy materials and equipment before receiving income from sales. 3.) opposed to the power of commercial banks and of railroad companies, which farmers believed overcharged. Therefore, they aimed to regulate the railroads

13a - Why, in the later nineteenth century, were the main industrial cities often governed by party bosses?

1.) They could provide a range of jobs in city government for immigrants fresh from Europe and looking for employment. 2.) There were few checks and balances on the party machines run by party bosses, either governmental or political. These cities were one party states with the local newspapers under the control of the party bosses as well. 3.) The new cities were growing at great speed, often from nothing, and party bosses provided the order these expanding, disorganized masses required.

5a - Why , in 1937, did Roosevelt embark on his ' court packing ' plans?

1.) Wanted to appoint 6 new judges 2.)Faced some opposition from the Supreme Court to some of his new deal reforms 3.)Was a response to the deadlock between the federal government and the Supreme Court

15a - Why did railroads grow so rapidly in the later nineteenth century?

1.) rapid growth include the growth of private investment, by investors rich and poor 2.)also public subsidies, mainly in terms of land grants: some 130m acres by 1870. 3.)Business tycoons such as Cornelius Vanderbilt played a major role in the expansion

26a - Why was the Emancipation Proclamation so important to the course of the Civil War?

1.)It greatly weakened the Confederate war effort by undermining its very social structure. 2.)ended the hesitancy of Britain - and France - over declaring which side it supported. 3.)It allowed the recruitment of ex-slaves in the North into the Union army and navy 4.) It strengthened the North's war effort because the Proclamation gave the North a clear and positive cause to fight for.

29a - Why did the slave states divide in 1861?

1.)Seceding states - economies were reliant on slave-labor (cotton/tobacco) - worried abolitionist would ruin economy 2.)Fear of Lincoln - when Lincoln elected (1860) many southerners viewed him as abolitionist 3.)States rights - southern states didn't want to be told what to do by federal government

10a - Why were the 1920s a time of political stability?

1.)Steady economic growth - apart from the 1920-21 recession - meant rising living standards 2.)The continuity of three Republican presidents - Harding, Coolidge and Hoover - who were not great political reformers, preferring to leave the economy to continue to grow. 3.)The weakness of the Democratic party in presidential elections, suffering a reaction to the Wilson presidency and winning only a minority of states each time

22a - Why did President Lincoln introduce a naval blockade of Southern ports at the start of the Civil War?

1.)The blockade was seen as part of the Anaconda strategy proposed by the Union military leader, Winfield Scott, which aimed to strangle the South into submission. 2.)stopped other states which might want to trade with the South 3.) stopped the transportation of southern goods for sale (eg. cotton and tobacco)

27a -Why did President Lincoln introduce the Emancipation Proclamation in two stages?

1.)To give the rebel states time to give up their rebellion and return to the USA.No rebel state changed side. 2.)To give time for the people of the US to get used to the idea of freeing slaves, a radical and controversial change of policy. 3.)To ensure the four slave-based Border States remained part of the union.

23a - Why in March 1864 did President Lincoln appoint Grant as head of the Union army?

1.)almost three years after the North had still failed to gain a clear military advantage over the South despite the better army and resources which they had. 2.)leader of the army which took Vicksburg was Ulysses Grant. The Unionist press publicized his successes. 3.) he had found someone prepared to take military decisions without seeking his approval. The needs of war and the talents of Grant had caused Lincoln to make this appointment.

30a - Why, despite having lost the Civil War, did the South do all that it could to block Reconstruction?

1.)objected to giving freedmen political equality via the 14th and 15th Amendments, as a result of which freedmen voted and were voted into office. 2.) The South also resisted Reconstruction because it was imposed and enforced by Northern politicians. 3.)Southern opposition to Reconstruction was based on a fear of racial equality.

20a - Why was prohibition introduced?

1.)political - effective mass media campaign by Anti-Saloon League and Christian groups. Claimed many social problems caused by drinking 2.)discrimination - alcohol production and consumption identified with immigrants such as Germans and the Irish (Germans produced - Irish drank) 3.) Efficiency - loss of production resulting from the alcohol-induced excesses of factory workers

14a - Why did so many technological innovations occur in the late nineteenth century?

1.)the need for labor-saving devices: despite the arrival of many immigrants, many organizations found it hard to find enough workers to provide goods and services. 2.)openness of US patent laws encouraged invention. Patents were cheap, accessible to all 3.)The openness of US education encouraged technological development, and the overall nature of US culture: individualistic, innovative, and enterprising was significant.

17a - Why, in 1920, did the USA give women the right to vote?

1.)the president and both political parties were in favor of doing so. 2.) war efforts - after the men left for the war, they filled in those roles in the factories etc.

27b - How great was the damage to life in the South during the Civil War?

Damage : - 40% of the South was destroyed - Higher casualty rates than North -Blockade caused shortages of supplies needed Little Damage : -Certain parts of South left unscathed - Anaconda Plan - slowly strangled the South - conditions got worse when North changed tactics -Rich less affected by war as they didn't fight in it. Judgment: The South was greatly damaged during the civil war.

20b - 'The impact of the "robber barons", such as Carnegie and Rockefeller, was beneficial to the United States.' How far do you agree?

Beneficial : - supported scientific research, education and the arts. - Provided jobs with their respective industries (eg. Rockefeller with oil) Not Beneficial : - They did deals, often with railroad companies, to undercut rival companies and to gain an advantage. - In an era with very limited personal or company taxation, they amassed huge personal fortunes. Judgment: Beneficial overall because they provided jobs. The government did not interfere and as such not their fault for methods used as it was how business functioned.

12b - How deserved were the widespread criticisms of party bosses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Deserved : - Party bosses dominated the politics and government of the big cities - ran city government in their own interests, making sure that they and their cronies were given government jobs and contracts, e.g. Boss Tweed. - city police were under their control and they fixed city elections Not Deserved : - provided some kind of job opportunities - Boss Tweed did fall from power in New York, as did some of his successors. - They provided some kind of order to city government Judgment: They did good, however, this was done for their benefit and as such should be criticized.

10b- How far did the economic boom of the 1920s cause the Great Depression of the 1930s?

Did : - Created a large disparity in wealth - richest 1% owned 1/3 of US - Encouraged consumers to get into debt - installment contracts were overused - Encouraging firms to make products that consumers eventually could not afford Other Factors : - Capitalism - inevitable that boom would end - US Banking industry was not well regulated - Growing tariff wars - US enacted Smoot-Hawley tariff - Europe retaliated - The US stayed on the gold standard - limited money supply - Decline in Agriculture - farmers were in trouble during the 20s - drought made it worse Judgment: Overall, installment paying led to the great crash which also began the Great Depression so therefore, the economic boom of the 1920s mostly caused the Great Depression of the 1930's.

13b - 'The rapid industrialization of the USA in the late nineteenth century led to great social and political instability.' How far do you agree?

Did : - Rapid industrialization meant rapid urbanization as more workers were needed to work the machines. - Many of the industrial cities lacked the facilities and infrastructure necessary to provide for the 'huddled masses' crowded around the factories. - Economic depressions, for example, 1873+ and 1893+, did not help matters. These factors led to social instability if not effectively managed. Did not : - Working class movements did turn to party political activism, as shown by the Socialist Labour Party from 1876 and the People's Party from 1891 - At the city level, progressive reformers usually worked through the traditional party system. In many cities, party remained in control of affairs. Judgment: Caused great social and political instability.

4b - How far did the New Deal bring about a major shift in power towards the U.S presidency

Did : - The creation of many federal government executive agencies - The great increase in the number of executive orders, i.e. presidential decrees - The 100 Days and its various actions, though approved by Congress, were led by FDR Did not : -The checks and balances of the US constitution continued to work, e.g. Supreme Court judgments against New Deal legislation - The failure of FDR's court-packing plans - The growth of political opposition Judgment: No major shift since he worked with what was constitutional and although he tried to increase his power via his court-packing plan, he later dropped this plan after backlash.

15b - How far did the working class benefit from industrialization in the late nineteenth century?

Did : - provided employment opportunities for the industrial working class Did not : - often it did not provide higher living standards. - The laissez faire policies of most governments of the time and their support of businessmen meant that the industrial working class gained little benefit from industrialization Judgment: Working class did not benefit much as they still worked under bad working conditions and living standards, despite there being more jobs available.

5b - To what extent did the supreme Court oppose the new deal

Did : -The rejection of crucial New Deal legislation, in particular, the NRA and the AAA in 1935-36. - The composition of the Supreme Court in 1933-36 with four conservatives plus a swing judge being opposed to great federal-state intervention - It was traditional that the Supreme Court would always rule against laws and policies which limited individual economic freedom. Did not : -Only a small number of New Deal laws were rejected; most were accepted. - The Lochner era came to an end in the later 1930s as the Supreme Court accepted greater federal government intervention. (SEE #3 ON DID) -The court-packing plan of FDR. Although abandoned, it is argued to have caused a shift in Supreme Court attitudes. the swing judge, Owen Roberts, became willing to accept New Deal activism. Judgment: The supreme court overall did not oppose the New Deal as they mostly accepted all of them with except a few.

2b - How far did the New Deals encourage economic growth

Did : -Various reforms were passed to try and address both economic and social problems caused by the Great Depression. -aspects of the New Deal not usually mentioned, such as investment in road building, improved the infrastructure and helped encourage economic growth both in the 1930s and thereafter. Did not : - In 1937-8, there was a slight contraction in economic growth, often called the Roosevelt recession, as FDR introduced a more orthodox federal budget. Judgement : There was overall growth in the economy because of the new deals. The changes brought with the New Deals overall helped the recession although did not eliminate it.

28b - 'By 1877, freedom from slavery had brought few benefits to the ex-slaves.' How far do you agree?

Did bring benefits: - work of the Freedmen's Bureau from 1865 to 1872 was important. The Bureau did much useful work in establishing some 3000 schools, providing food and shelter - Ex-slaves did vote, they did get elected - even to the US Senate -sharecropping was a benefit as the ex-slaves had a share in farming the land, unlike either slavery or waged labor. Did not bring benefits : - Their economic situation remained very poor - remained farming the land still retained by their former owners as sharecroppers. - Because most ex-slaves remained where they had lived before the war, their place in Southern society changed hardly at all. Judgment: Overall, it did not bring many benefits. Even some of the benefits such as sharecropping are still considered negatives.

21b - How far did the aims of the North change during the course of the Civil war?

Did change : - The Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in areas controlled by the South showed that the aims of the North had shifted. - By the end of the war, abolitionists were a significant force Did not change : - Emancipation Proclamation was introduced for military reasons, to help tip the balance in what was proving to be a hard-fought war. -Had eleven states not seceded, Lincoln would not have acted to abolish slavery Judgment: Overall, the main goal of reuniting did not change, although a new goal of freeing the slaves came at the later stages of the war.

18b - How far do you agree that President Wilson did more for the Progressive cause than did President Theodore Roosevelt?

Did more than TR : - 'trust-busting' policies - Department of Commerce and Labour - he established five national parks Did not do more than TR: - The war caused some of his policies to become less progressive, for example, the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917. -he followed closely the policies of TR. Judgment: TR did more than WW because he set the foundation for WW to follow. Seen as many of WW's policies were based on TR's.

19b - How far does Theodore Roosevelt deserve to be described as a Progressive?

Does deserve to be described as a Progressive : - As a representative in NY - attacked rule of party bosses - As President - railroad regulation, meat inspections, Pure Food and Drug Act, trustbusting (broke up Northern Securities Company), intervened in coalminers strike and set up national parks - As a candidate in 1912 (Bull Moose Party) - wanted women's suffrage and social insurance Does not deserve to be described as a Progressive : - Did very little for civil rights - allowed Jim Crow laws to stay in place Judgment: TR deserves to be described as a Progressive as most of his policies and actions were progressive in nature.

3b - How far did the New Deal mark the end of laissez faire values and policies

Ended laissez-faire values and policies : -The growth of federal state regulation of the economy -The growth of federal provision of economic activity, e.g. WPA - The growth of federal organization of welfare benefits, e.g. Social Security Act Didn't end laissez-faire values and policies : - Some regulation was intended to increase competition between private companies, i.e. still leaving companies free to compete - The private sector still dominated the US economy, free-market individualism still survived, e.g. the absence of a wealth tax - Political and judicial checks meant that the New Deal had to work within the existing set of values and policies Judgment: Overall, marked an end to laissez fair values and policies as there was a shift towards more federal intervention.

24b - How great was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Great Impact : - Changed how Europe viewed North. Kept Britain and France out of war - Changed focus of war from keeping union together to the moral issue of eliminating slavery - Allowed black men into the Northern armies. Provided needed soldiers Not a big impact : - Proclamation did not shift balance - was already an imbalance of resources that favored the North. Judgment: Had a great effect. and gave the North an advantage over the South.

9b - How great were the divisions in US society in the 1930s?

Many Divisions : -divisions between rich and poor were deep -racial discrimination remained widespread - attack on the Bonus Army in Washington DC in 1932 (social division) Less Divisions : -New Deal helped reduce divisions between whites and African Americans, -Works Project Administration [WPA] in theory provided opportunities for US citizens irrespective of their color -WPA worked hard with the NAACP to ensure some African Americans did benefit from FDR's reforms. Judgment: Divisions were vast although there were some attempts to help gap them, they were not enough.

26b - Which side did more to limit civil liberties during the Civil War: North or South?

North : - Lincoln was quick to suspend habeas corpus in certain areas - Merryman case - habeas was granted by a judge -Lincoln ignored it - Used a draft (conscription) - South started first -Suspended habeas corpus - individuals could be detained without charge South : - South used martial law especially in the Border States - military courts - South was more desperate for manpower -Used a draft (conscription) - South started first - Suspended habeas corpus - individuals could be detained without charge Judgment: Both sides limited civil liberties, however those of the North are more known.

16b - On the evidence of his domestic policies, how far does President Wilson deserve to be called a Progressive?

Progressive : - Anti-trust legislation - Federal Trade Commission - limits on child labor, and an eight-hour day for railroad workers. Not a Progressive : - did nothing to help African Americans - upheld racial segregation in the federal administration. - New Freedom campaign pledges of 1912, more critical of big business, were not fully implemented once in office. Judgment: He had progressive policies and as such should be considered a progressive.

11b - How serious was the crisis facing American farmers in the late nineteenth century?

Serious : - overproduction and falling prices. - hostile climatic conditions, e.g. the drought in the Upper Mid-West in the early 1880s. - Farmers were almost always in debt as they borrowed to sow the crops for which they were paid many months later. Not serious : - Slowly they organized themselves to make their voices heard: the Granger Movement in the 1870s, the Farmers' Alliance, North, and South, in the 1880s and the People's Party - or the Populists Judgment: The crisis faced by farmers was very serious as they had a lot of debt and lacked a consistent was of obtaining money due to the bad climate conditions.

17b - How far do you agree that the passage of four constitutional amendments between 1913 and 1920 shows the power of the Progressive Movement?

The four amendments were: a federal income tax; direct election of US Senators; prohibition; votes for women. Did : - the number of amendments achieved in such a short time was unusual, and a sign of the movement's strength. Did not : - Two amendments occurred only because of the wartime context: the 18th, prohibition, and 19th, votes for women. - Progressive Movement lacked power at the time because it was divided, as shown by e.g. the 1912 presidential election. - By 1916, the Progressive party was very marginal. Judgment: Did not show the power of the progressive movement because it decreased rapidly a few years afterwards very quickly. As mentioned in point 1 in "did not' the amendments were passed not because of the power that the progressive movement had but because of other factors.

14b - How far was the industrialization of the USA in the later nineteenth century founded on laissez faire beliefs and policies?

Was : - Governments lacked the knowledge and expertise to run the economy,therefore, businesses knew what to do more than the government. Was not : - In total some 130 million acres were given to railroad companies. This was a massive subsidy without which the railroads could not have been built. - Republican governments imposed high tariffs on industrial imports throughout the period. - Judgment: Overall, did not rely on laissez faire policies as there was a lot of government interference, especially in railways.

8b - 'More improvised than planned.' How valid is this judgment on the New Deal?

Was : - The lack of detailed and coherent plans as put forward in FDR's 1932 election campaign. - Examples from the New Deal of experimentation, e.g. scrapping the Civil Works Administration of 1933 just six months later. -His 'court-packing plan' introduced in response to the US Supreme Court's rejection of NRA and then soon abandoned. Was not : - In general terms rather than in specific policies, the New Deal was planned to use the public sector to overcome the limitations of the private sector - in terms of both the economy and society. -It was planned to focus on the domestic problems of the USA, even at the expense of failing to address international problems. - There was a political plan behind the New Deal to strengthen certain groups, e.g. labor unions and working people, even at the expense of employers. Judgment: Overall, it was more planned than improvised, although some instances of improvisation were seen.

23b - 'The federal nature of the Southern system of government was the main reason for the South's weakness in waging war against the North.' How far do you agree?

Was a Weakness : -CSA constitution also gave considerable powers to the states -Conscription (draft) - CSA did one year before North - some states reluctant to provide troops because of exemptions given to slave owners war became known as 'a rich man's war but a poor man's fight' -Union government (Washington) had greater control over states than CSA Not a weakness : -CSA had trouble paying for war - printed money rather than raise taxes - caused inflation and lowered living standards -Naval embargo - restricted exports of cotton and imports of needed military equipment (South lacked industrial base to produce) -CSA was an agricultural society waging war the industrial North Judgment: Overall it wasn't as other factors played a bigger role in the weaknesses of the south.

6b -How far do you agree that President Hoover's response to the Great Crash was wholly inadequate?

Was inadequate : - Hoover introduced a series of policies, most of which made the USA's economic position worse. - he decided to keep the USA on the gold standard, putting the USA at a competitive disadvantage compared with countries which did give up on gold. - He rejected what he called 'dangerous' federal government action such as more direct intervention in the economy. Was not inadequate : - Hoover introduced two measures to address the depression: the Reconstruction Finance Corporation gave some support to loans to private industry; the Home Loans Bank System aimed to help mortgagees. Judgment: His response was overall inadequate as he refused to intervene and didn't realize that they were going into a recession that would last for years as he thought it was going to be another natural cycle of the economy.

22b - How far do you agree that, during the Civil War, the military and political leadership of the South was always inferior to that of the North?

Was inferior : - Davis proved less effective as the leader of the South. - Ulysses Grant, who provided the dynamic, aggressive campaigning Lincoln believed necessary. Was not inferorior : - Southern leadership was stronger in that Jefferson Davis had considerable military experience, Lincoln had almost none. - Robert E Lee as the leader of its army in Northern Virginia, where many of the early battles were fought. Judgment: At first they had better leadership, this is shown as many of their victories occurred at the first stages of the war, however, the North would eventually have better leadership.

29b - How far were civil liberties in the North sacrificed to the need to win the Civil War?

Were : - In wartime, the executive often takes extra powers and limits democratic rights. - suspension of habeas corpus and the introduction of military courts to try those accused of giving comfort to the enemy. Were not : - Elections still took place on time - There was no great censorship of Northern newspapers, which reported events such as the New York draft riots of 1863. -Lincoln certainly gave the needs of war priority but not at the cost of abandoning all political freedoms. Judgment: Some civil liberties had to be sacrificed, however the most important remained.

1b - How different were the first and second New Deals?

Were different : - First New Deal focused on relief and recovery while the second focused on reform. -First New Deal included federal action to relieve unemployment such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and economic hardship, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. -stabilized the banking system and saw the USA leave the gold standard to allow for the inflation of the US economy (First New Deal) Were not different : - Was still focus on Relief, Recovery and Reform, although there was a greater focus on Reform - Emergency Relief Appropriations Act did much to provide effective work relief in the late 1930s -Wagner Act established a new basis for labor relations - Overall labor conditions were improved. Judgment: Overall different - Second New Deal was more radical than first. Focused more on "Reform" than the first New Deal, because of this they differ mostly.

25b - 'Civil liberties were never effectively limited during the Civil War.' How far do you agree?

Were limited : - Both presidents certainly limited civil liberties, such as freedom of movement, freedom of speech. - the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, thus allowing indefinite detention without charge -the establishment of military tribunals to uphold the laws of war. Were not limited : -In both North and South, elections were held Judgment: Civil liberties were limited although to a certain extent in order to aid in the war efforts. Limits on civil liberties were restricted to those who undermined the war effort and encouraged people to support the other side.

7b -'Race was the greatest division in American society in the 1920s.' How far do you agree?

race factors : - The revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the mid-1920s. - Race riots, e.g. Tulsa, Oklahoma 1921. - Continued Jim Crow laws in the South - and discrimination on the North and West. - Segregation non-race Factors : - Urban-rural divisions: the great divide in living standards between urban workers and rural farm workers. -Class divisions: between the salaried, career-focused and reasonably secure middle class and the waged, job-focused insecure working class. Differences in health and life expectancy as well. Judgment: While there were still class divisions and other divisions, everyone in these still saw some improvement, maybe with the exception of farmers. The race division was still very great as nothing was done during this time to improve on this. Could also be seen as whites would be more likely to obtain a job during the depression over a person of color.