Us History Chapter 2

Abolitionism

Abolitionism was during the 17th Century and it began in West of Europe. It is the movement to end slavery mainly in Western Europe and the American civilization. They wanted to stop trade of African American slaves and wanted it to spread over all of the world. Some of the county's later banned slavery that applied mostly to African American but was not widely forced. After the American revolutionary war, northern states started to abolish slaver very slowly all starting from Pennsylvania and more states start to apply equality to all men slowly.

Compromise of 1850

After the Mexican war was completed, there was still unclear territories that had to be distributed and claimed. The compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills that got passed in the United States in September of 1850. Due to this there was a four year confrontation between the south who had slave states and the north who had free states. The compromise brought relief amongst both sides although there were specific provisions that were disliked by the north and south. In the compromise the North got California as a free state, although they lost heir ability to trade slaves in Washington D.C., and Texas lost the boundary dispute with Mexico. In return, the South was able to have slaves in Utah and New Mexico, slave holding in Washington D.C. was allowed, in addition, Texas received $10 million, and lastly the Fugitive Slave Law was formed. The Compromise of 1850 is important because the North seemed to get the most and the balance of the senate was now with the free states and it was now their decision. help on how to format text

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was born on March 15th, 1767 in Waxhaw settlement a community of Scotish-Irish immigrant along the border between North and South Carolina. He then died on June 8th, 1845 in Tennessee, United States. Jackson attended local schools,receiving elementary education and perhaps a smattering of higher learning. The Revolutionary war ended Jackson's childhood and wiped out his remaining immediate family. Jackson's oldest brother Enlis ted in a patriot regiment but he died from a heatstroke. Since he was too young for a formal army, him and his borther Robert fought with American irregulars. In 1781, they were captured and contracted small pox, and then Robert died shortly after their release. His mother fell ill and died when trying to retrieve some nephewss from a British prison ship.At the age of fifteen he taught school a little and read law in North Carolina.[1] He was then admitted to the bar in 1787. H e moved to Jonesborough and became a county lawyer. Since he wasn't born in a popular family he had to make a name for himself, he then made his law career prsoper and was later appointed as Solictor of the Western District in 1788. He later became a U.S. representative of the State of Tennessee as well as a member of the Senate and appointed as a judge for the Tennessee Supreme Court for several years. He also prospered as a merchant, slave owner and planter. He owned a plantation located in Davidson County called " The Hermitage" which was 640 acres then it grew to 1050. Slaves worked in Jackson's field in which the primary crop was cotton. [2] Jackson was then appointed commander of the Tennessee militia in 1801. During the War of 1812 he led his troops to victory against the Creek Indians at Horsehoe Bend, killing some 800 warriors and procuring 20 million acres of land in present-day Georgia and A labama. After this military siccess, he was appointed major general. He then became a national hero after defeating of 7,500 British in New Orleans with only 5,000 on January 8th, 1815. During the First Seminole War in 1817, Jackson and his troops captured Pensacola, Florida and overthrew West Florida Governor Jose Masot who has been secretly assissting the Indians in the war. Spain then ceded Florida to the United States by Adams-Onis Treaty so then Jackson was named Florida's military govenor between March 1821 to December 1821.[3] Since Jackson was so popular led to suggestions that he should run for the presidency but he had no interest but in 1824 his boosters had rallied enough votes for his nomination as well as a seat in the U.S. Senate. Jackson won the popular vote but no candidate received a majority of electoral votes. Since Jackson's supporters raged against what they called the " corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams, and then Jackson himself resigned from the Senate. Andrew Jackson won redemption four years later in an election that had many personal attacks on Jackson and his wife committing adultery on the basis that Rachel hasn't officially divorced her first husband. She died shortly after his victory in 1828 at the Hermitage. Jackson was the nation's first frontier president, and his election marked a turning point in American politics as the center of politcal power changed from east to west. His supporters and opponents would shape themselves into two emerging political parties which became the Democratsand the opposing became the Whig Party.Jackson opposed the Second National Bank of the United States because it concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single insitution, it exposed the government to control by foreign interests, manily served to make the rich richer, excerised too much control over members of Congress, favored northeatern states over southern and western states, and banks are controlled by a few select families. After his strong stand against South Carolina, he took no action after Georgia claimed millions of acres of land that had been guaranteed to the Cherokee and the solution was that a treaty was made a signed and that they would give up their land in exchange for terrritory west of Arkansas which they had to walk and it became known as the trail of tears. In 1836 election , Jackson chosen successor beat the Whig candidate and then he left the White House and retired in the Hermitage where he died in June 1845

Jefferson Davis

Born in 1808, Jefferson Davis was a Mexican War hero, a United States senator from Mississippi, the United States secretary of war, and the president of the Confederacy for the length of the Civil War. Before the war, Jefferson Davis was against seceding from the North, but after Mississippi seceded, he resigned from the United States Senate. In February of 1861, a few short months before the Civil War had begun, Davis was elected president of the Confederacy. During his office, he faced difficulties as he struggled to handle the war effort, control the Confederate economy, and keep the new nation of the Confederate States of America united. His personality usually led to conflicts with many other politicians, and even his own military officers[1] . Before Davis became president, he unsuccessfully ran for the Mississippi House of Representatives. Although he did lose, he gained experience from the campaign. The next year, Davis was elected to the United States Congress. Jefferson Davis was a concientious congressman and a strong participant in debates, but only for seven months, until he had to return to Mississippi. He was elected colonel of the First Missssippi Regiment, which was on the way to a war with Mexico. Davis treated his men with strict discipline and military rules, eventually molding them into an effective fighting unit who distinguished itself in the battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista. Both of these battles were won against a foe who was numerically superior. Although Davis was wounded at the battle of Buena Vista, he refused to leave the battle until he knew that he had won. After Davis had returned to Mississippi as a wounded war hero, he was the popular choice to fill a spot in the U.S. Senate in 1847. When he wasn't meeting with the Senate, he was travelling throughout Mississippi on speaking tours. Davis worked 24/7 until 1851, when a running governor withdrew from the race, and Davis was asked to fill his spot as the Democratic candidate. Davis accepted and resigned his seat on the Senate. Davis lost the election that he had left the Senate to partake in to Henry Foote. Davis was elected president of the Confederacy just before the Civil War had started. A telegram was delivered to him at his home notifying him of the achievement. Davis immediatley left for Alabama to accept the presidency. He was chosen due to the fact that no other southener had a military and political background as great as his. Davis was the first and only president of the Confederate States of America and struggled with having to keep in mind the consideration of keeping the Confederacy united, the economy and the war effort. After the Confederate surrender by Robert E. Lee, Davis was captured while trying to lead the part of the southern army that had not surrendered yet across the Mississippi River. He was imprisoned at Fort Monroe, Virginia for two years. Davis was charged with treason, but was never tried

Dred Scott

Born in Southampton County, Virginia in the mid-1790s, and died in Sep.17, 1858. In 1857, Dred Scott was a descendant for the slave in the US who was going to fight for his free in the Dred Scott vs. Sandford [1] case, also known as "the Dred Scott Decision." The case was based on the important fact that he and his wife were the descendant for the slaves, but they wanted their freedom even thought they were slaves' offsprings, so their master Dr. John Emerson who was a American citizen gave them a idea, said they can use both state law and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 [2] to fight for their free, and then Dred Scott had a big case which made a great sensation at that time in 17 century. Actually, at first, he had a big chance to get this case and enjoy his free to vote or to work for himself, but the bad thing is that he met the United State Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, and this guy was the biggest challenge in the Dred Scott vs. Sandford case.Taney against Scott, because he was finding that Scott was the descendant of the slaves, so he could not be the citizen, and Court said all slaves was not allow to become citizen in the US. The Court also permited slavery in all of the country's territories, and didn't condone any slaves or descendant of the slaves come to be the American citizens.[3] But this big case caused the abolitionism which is the doctrine taht calls for the abolition of slavery, most of descendant for the slaves found that is unfair for the people who were not slaves, they fought for their free, and got success at the end.

Daniel Boone

Daniel Boone was born October 22, 1734 and died September 26, 1820. He lived in Kentucky and Tennessee. He was know as an American pioneer and explorer by many people. What he was known most for was known for exploring and settling in Kentucky.[1] In Kentucky he founded the village of Boonesborough, Kentucky which was one of the first American settlements west of Appalachians. During the revolutionary was he fought as a militia officer. In 1778 Boone was captured by the Shawnee warriors and later got adopted into their tribe. Later after the war he became a merchant and fell into bankruptcy. At the end of his life he died at the age of 86 while in Defiance, Missouri.

Immigrants

During the early 19th and 20th century immigrants were families who moved from their home towns to other cities, countries, or states because they felt that if they migrated they would have better life with their families. The first immigrants were Europeans and they migrated to Colonial America and arrived as servants to their home owners. As time went on laws were passed about immigrants so that they are either returned from were they came from or they whet persecuted. As time grew and colonies grew people from other states felt they needed to migrate also so when they did they and had different races and cultures they felt united as one. During the mid 19th Century Northern Europeans migrated and during the early 20th century southern and Eastern Europeans migrated and from 1965 till now most are Latinos and Asian as well with people from India. As laws were refurbished they each have a establishment which started from the early settlers named itht he IOM also known as the international Organization for Migration has estimated to 200 million immigrants to this day and all started since the early 19 th century and have joined and united people as one.

Emancipation Proclamation

During the summer of 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation was created. It was created during the American Civil War, issued by Abraham Lincoln. While he was in office as president one of his main goals was ending slavery. He never agreed nor believed in it so he created this proclamation. It stated that the slaves in the states or parts of the country that were still rebellion would be set free. Even though this did not end slavery, it did make a huge impact on the war. Creating a turning point in the war that the outcome of the war was now based on freedom. This also allowed acceptance for the blacks to enter the Union army and navy as well. This proclamation did take some time to be done. It was not finalized till December 1865, when the 13th amendment was created, abolishing slavery all over the country. The Emancipation Proclamation played a big role in American History. It was the first stepped to ending slavery in America. It led to a new beginning and for freedom and peace just the way it should be.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Francis Cabot Lowell<4,7,1775, --8,10,1875> he is an American businessman, he was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, is named. his appearance, help the industrial revolution brought to the United States of America, he made great contributions to the United States of America Industry. Lowell married Hannah Jackson, daughter of Jonathan Jackson and Hannah Tracy. They had four children: John Lowell, benefactor of Lowell Institute:businessman Francis Cabot Lowell, Jr.; Edward Lowell, a lawyer; and Susanna Lowell, who married her first cousin John Amory Lowell. Lowell was born in the city of N Newburyport Massachusetts.His father was John Lowell II, His mother was Susanna Cabot.After graduation, Lowell set out on a merchant ship carrying cargo to the port of Bordeaux, France, His family is very worried about him, because during the bloody French Revolution is exploding at that time, In 1796 July, he returned to Boston, and his father was a merchant fleet. From 1798 to 1808, Lowell is engaged in foreign trade, Especially from China imported tea and silk. And India's textile industry and textile industry. with Uriah Cotting, Harrison Gray Otis and others, Francis Cabot Lowell developed India Wharf and its warehouses on Boston harbor, which became the center of the trade with the Orient. Then, the assets of Cabot started to become rich. Despite the political independence, but the United States still rely on imports since the goods. The conflicts between the European Powers and the Embargo of 1807 severely disrupted trade between the United States, Great Britain, France and the Orient. Through this thing, Cabot know. Genuine independence to the United States in their home production of large quantities of goods, starting June 1810, Lowell secretly studied the textile industries of Lancashire and Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving machines, operated by water power or steam power. He was not able to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, however, he memorized the workings of British power looms. As the War of 1812 begun, Lowell and his family left Europe. On their way home, the boat and all their personal belongings were searched at the Halifax port to ensure that no manufacturing plans were being smuggled out of Great Britain. But in the end, somehow people remember them.

Fredrick Douglass

Fredrick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery February 1818, inTalbot Country, Maryland, and died of a heart attack in February 1895. It is unknown the correct birthday of Fredick but he chose to celebrate it on February 14. He lived with his grandmother, Betty Bailey, until he was selected to live with the plantation owners, and was then given to Lucretia Auld. Lucretia Auld sent Fredrick to work for her brother-in-law, Hugh Auld.[1] At the Auld house Fredick started learning for the first time, by the Auld wife who taught him the alphabet. When Mr. Auld gave the order for his wife to stop teaching Fredrick he went to the white chrildren and who get helped, he started reading the news paper on the daily and learning about his people in slavery and human rights, he wrote The Columbian Orator. Fredrick was given to another slave holder who didnt mind when he would help teach his own people how to read the other slave holders did and beat them up bad enough to the fact that lessons werent held again. At the age of twenty Fredrick escaped from slavery and changed his name to Fredrick Douglass. A writer and orator Fredrick was the most important african american of the nineteenth century. Fredrick wrote the african american newspapers and had persuasive powers. When he wrote he indicted against slavery and racism, provided the voice of hope for his people, embraced antislavery polotics, and preched his own american ideals.[2] To Fredrick the civil war of 1861was crusade against slavery, also a rebirth to the Constitution and racial equality. As a stalwart Republican, Fredrick was appointed marshal (1877-1881) and recorder of dedds (1881-1886) for the District of columbia, and charge daffaires for Santo Domingo and minister to Haiti (1889-1891). Fredrick would continue to better the Africmerican lives. when he was working with Abe Lincoln herecruted some African American men to be in the Union Army. After the war Fredrickfought for the African American Women Rights.

Sectionalism

From 1820 to 1865, debates over nullification, protective tariffs, and the spread of slavery into the new territories raised the constitutional issue of "federalism", the balance of power between federal and state governments.[1] As the United States moved more closer to the civil war, the country divided more and more. This became a problem because they didn't think of themselves as Americans but as Northerners or Southerners. As more factories were built, the South and the North grew further apart. The geographical conditions supported different types of economic activity like the North developed an economy incresingly based on manufacturing , the South continued to rely on agriculture. Since the North had new factories like textile mills, they favored a tariff that would help their buisness but the South didn't like it because it wouldn't benefit them as much as the North.

John Adams

From the mid-1760's, Adams increasingly began to oppose British legislation in its American colony, beginning with the Stamp Act. Despite his hostility to the British government, in 1770 he defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. This made him unpopular but marked him out as a man of high principles. In 1778 Adams was sent to Paris on a diplomatic mission. A lawyer and public figure in Boston, as a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and was its primary advocate in the Congress. He returned to France in 1780 and, in 1783, was one of the three Americans to sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the American War of Independence. Between 1785 and 1788, Adams served as the first American ambassador to Britain. During the Revolutionary War, he ran the Board of War, raising and equipping the American army and creating a navy. Adams' revolutionary credentials secured him two terms as George Washington's Vice President and for his own election in 1796 as the second president. He was also the first U.S. president to reside in the executive mansion that eventually became known as the White House In 1798, Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts which limited rights to free speech. They were widely opposed throughout the country. At the same time, Adams faced opposition from within his own party. He resisted their demands for all-out war with France, and lost the 1800 election to Thomas Jefferson. Adams retired from politics and settled in his hometown of Quincy. He died on 4 July 1826, having lived to see the election of his eldest son John Quincy as sixth president.

Eli Whitney

He is an American, was born in 1765 in the American state of Massachusetts, graduated from the Yale University. As an inventor, best known for his invention of the cotton gin in 1793's, he invented the cotton gin, a cotton gin invention promote local economic prosperity, on the other hand, greatly strengthened the southern slavery manor economy, south the slave manor economy development also had no small impact as the American Civil War later. Although Whitney is famous for his cotton gin, but he did not get good income in his invention in the United States, because of the reason of the patent law, he was not too high profits. In 1798, Whitney won the United States government contract manufacturing rifles, and has been successful in this respect, he commissioned by the American government, before 1800 for the U.S. military supply 10000 to 15000 rifles and put forward the concept of "interchangeable parts", between 1814 and 1818, Whitney and a few other peers in order to improve the guns production and co invented the milling machine, the milling machine the remaining human most early is also made by Whitney. Whitney from prostate cancer died in January 8, 1825 in the United States Connecticut, New Haven, at the age of 59.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay was a Virginian lawyer who received the name "The Great Compromiser". During the early 1800s he became the Senator of Kentucky, a Democratic Republican to the U.S., and speaker of the House of Representatives. He was given the title of secretary of state by John Adams and was a War Hawk. Clay pushed for the Compromise of 1850 and opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.[1] He was a significant man because he tried for peace in the War of 1812 with Britain, pushed for independence of several Latin American republics, and advocated for a national bank. Adams also negotiated a settlement between slave-owning states and the country which led to the Missouri Compromise. He also allowed California to enter a non-slave state.

U.S. Grant

Hiram Ulysses S . Grant born April 27 , 1822 in Ohio to Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Simpson Grant . During his early life he was a farmer . At the age of 18 his father sent him to the U.S Military Academy. He was a general during The Civil War . And is known for winning and ending the war . After The Civil War he became commander . Later on in 1869 he became the 18th President of the United States[2] . [3] The s in his name stands for Simpson from her mother sides. He is know foe being a raging drunk but he was also so a kind caring family man. He became the general because president Lincoln was not pleased with the formal generals he had because they were not devise or aggressive enough in battle and they did not take the opportunities when they had them . He is a republican . [4] He was named Ulysses's after the hero of Greek mythology. He rested his military education at West Point. He married Juloa dent grat in August 22 1848. He was 46 when I graduated as the 18 president . After presidency grant was in deut for 16 million ather a terrible dission on well sterrt. HIs time in office was marked with many scandals. Some of the scandals where the Black Friday scandals the credited moliredled scandal and the wispy ring scandal. Ulysses's s. Grant died of cancer of the young and tons lied.

Draft Riots

In July 1863,The United States Federal Government decided to force recruitment of three hundred thousand people. Forced recruitment solutions included allowing the chosen people out of the $300 "employment" to serve others instead of themselves. This amount is only very few people can afford. At the same time, the poor people were regarded as "evil" for this rule. This means that the poor people will die to be a soldiers, while the rich can easily escape. This fully exposed, the United States as a bourgeois state, All laws are in the service of the bourgeoisie, Where there is oppression, there is resistance[2] , And in northern cities caused a wave of protest, New York is to become the center of the protests. [3] Because of the New York workers dissatisfaction with the conscription, So they held four days of riots. On July 11, 1863,The beginning of the forced recruitment ,A large number of white man (Most of the workers) took to the streets, attack conscription headquarters, Burning house. In New York City, The rioters often smashed up innocent black families and businesses. The mob killed about one hundred people (Most of the mob).

Abraham Lincoln

In The state of Kentucky a man by the name of Abraham Lincoln, who is known as a hero to our great nation, was born in a small log cabin in the city of Hardin County. [1] Abe was known as the most honest person. He was knowledgeable and a hard worker. He grew to be the man who led the United States through the American Civil War. He closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of the top generals, including commanding general Ulysses S. Grant. In 1860 he was elected president for 2 terms. In the year of 1861 he based himself on the military and political war effort, but 2 years later he ended the Emancipation Proclamation.[2] Sadly in 1865 he was assassinated at Fords Theatre.

War Hawks

In U.S. history, they were expansionists primarily composed of young Southerners and Westerners elected to the U.S. congress in 1810 whose territorial ambitions in the Northwest and Florida inspired them to agitate for war with Great Britain.[1] The War Hawks, who included such future political leaders as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, fiercely and aggressively resented American economic injuries and national humiliation during the Napoleonic Wars.[2] They were further indignant over British encouragement of Indian hostilities toward settlers in the Northwest and hoped to use war with England to rest Florida from Spain, Britain's ally.[3] The nationalistic anti-British sentiment whipped up by the War Hawks was a contributing cause to the War of 1812.

War of 1812

In the war of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world which was Great Britain.The British attempted to restrict U.S. trade. In the fall of 1811, William Henry Harrison led U.S. troops to victory in the battle of Tippecanoe then the cause of the war because of the threat the U.S. made on Britain in 1811 on the war hawks.[1] The British had blockaded the U.S. trade with France so the U.S. declared war against them with the goal of seizing Canada. If the U.S. would have succeeded with this, it would have ended British power in North America together. With a group of 500 natives the British stormed the island by night and captured Fort Michilimackinac and Britain had the first victory of the war.[2] For two and a half years, Americans fought against the British-Canadian colonists and native nations and this was the war that showed a struggle that threatened the existence of Canada. The war of 1812 ended in a stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 which returned all territorial conquests made by the two sides.

Whiskey Rebellion

January 1971Washington's secretary of treasury exceeded the tax on whiskey to recover from the war. Farmers didn't like this because the tax was on them,who were the ones maki going the whiskey instead of the ones consuming it. In 1794, when the protestors became violent. Whiskey Rebellion threatened the stability and had to move away from the rebels. In July about 400 rebels almost set fire to the home of John Neville,the regional tax collection supervisor in Pittsburg. The whiskey rebellion was important because it was the first time anything go this extreme had occurred.

John Brown

John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut in 1800. John Brown believed in the violent overthrow of the slavery system.During his first fifty years, Brown and his fiance settled in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and New York, during these years he gave land to fugitive slaves, him and his wife raised a black child and participated in the Underground Railroad and League of Gileadites, an organization that protected slaves. [1] In 1855, five of his sons and himself went to the Kansas Territory and became the leader of antislavery guerillas and attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence, killing five people. On October 16, 1859 Brown and twenty other men, five blacks and sixteen whites, attacked tje federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown was captures and moved to Charlestown, Virginia where he was sentenced to death for treason and hanged on December 2, 1859. [2] John Brown is regarded as an anti-slavery icon.

Lewis and Clark

Meriwether Lewis was born 1774 and was a neighbor to Thomas Jefferson growing up. He then grew up and joined the army and the head person of the army was, Lieutenant William Clark. [1] Thomas Jefferson was elected to become President. Some ways into his election Jefferson bought land from France, it was known as the Louisiana Purchase. And with this purchase, the United States tripled in size gaining land from west the Mississippi River. Soon after he initiated an exploration of newly purchased land from France and the territory beyond the "Great Rock Mountains" in the west. Thomas Jefferson asked Meriwether Lewis to go on the exploration because he was an intelligent literate man who did have some knowledge of things in the west. Then in turn Lewis asked William Clark to accompany him. Jefferson's main goal was to find a water systems that connects to the Pacific Ocean in hopes to make westward expansion much easier. Some other goals of the expedition were to study the life of the people living in the area, also make notes of animals, plants that were surviving in the area. on May 211804, Lewis and Clark started their expedition west with 33 other men. Together these men were called the Corps of Discovery. From May till December their expedition was successful, since winter was there the corps of discovery set up Fort Mandan in which they stayed there till spring on 1805. During this time period, Lewis and Clark sent their first report on their findings back to President Jefferson. In the report they "chronicled 108 plant species and 68 mineral types"[2] along with a map drawn of the Unites States from St. Louis on forth. From then on they continued to go through trials and tribulation they made it through the expedition ending on September 23rd 1806. During their expedition they didn't find a waterway connecting the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Because of their expedition so much knowledge is known about the west, they discovered 100 animal species and 170 plants, producing 140 maps of the region. And the most important goal also for Jefferson was establishing their relationships with the Native American tribes.

Nullification

Nullification is a legal theory that reads that a state has the right to nullify or invalidate and federal law which also states that can be done to a state that has deemed unconstitutional rights. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison put up the theories of nullification and interposition in the Kentucky and Virginia reductions in 1978. From the years 1798 and to the beggining of the civil war several states had joined. The southern states tried to attempt the use of nullification and interposition to prevent integration of their school. Many times this act has been rejected. Also they made as so federal controls state law.

Gettysburg

Pennsylvania ,1863 The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in July 1863 . It lasted about 3 days around Gettysburg , Pennsylvania. The union and confederate forces collided on July 1, 1863. It Is considered the most important engagement of the American civil war.[1] The Battle of Gettysburg stunned possible Confederate peace overtures. The battle forever transformed the town of Gettysburg. It also ended Confederate enslavement of free blacks. Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle in the Civil War with at least 46,000 and possibly as many as 51,000 people killed in the two armies. It was not the last battle of the Civil War; it was far from being the end. At the time of the battle Gettysburg had a population of about 2,400 people.[2] Many were wounded and missing and the total was 28,000 out of 75,000.

R.E. Lee

Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 - October 12, 1870) was an American career military officer who is best known for having commanded the confederate army of Northern and Virginia in the America civil war. ‍He was born in 1807 into a prominent Virginia family, Lee grew into the flower of Southern manhood, embodying the best of Southern virtue. He treasured his faith, country, honor, and family, remaining faithful to each though incredible adversity. He maintained his faith in defeat, gave the best years of his life to his country, first as an officer in the US army and then as Commander-in -Chief of confederate forces; he refused graft as a general and as the most famous veteran of the War Of Secession, and he remained faithful to an invalid and spoiled wife. ‍When Virginia a declared its secession from the union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the country to remain intact and despite the fact that president Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of a Union Army. ‍During the Civil War, Lee originally served as a senior military adviser to president Jefferson Davis. He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against far superior Union armies.His abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians. After the war, when he could have taken any number of fabulously well paying jobs, Lee chose instead to serve a s president of tiny Washington College in Lexington. he preached reconciliation among the sections, applied for his US citizenship, and made Washington College[1] e a national education leader. ‍Lee's dazzling military exploits, his deep devotion to duty, and his fabled graciousness made him the symbol of bygone Southern beauty. Remembered fondly by many as "Marse Robert", the gentle warrior rides in the center of the carving at Stone Mountain, eternally noble in defeat.

Harriet Tubman

She is an African-American abolitionist[2] , humanitarian and Union spy during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, she escaped to the North and made use of the network know as the Underground Railroad[3] in 1849 She made frequent trips to the South to make more than 19 missions to rescue more than 300 slaves. She know as "Mosses" of her people. In the American Civil War, she as a nurse, laundress, and spy for Union forces in South Carolina. She was admired by abolitionists such as John Brown[4] ,who called her General Tubman. She helped him recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry. When Lincoln Finally issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Tubman considered it an important step toward the goal of liberating all black men, women, and children from slavery.Tubman guided 3 steamboats around Confederate mines in the waters leading to the shore.She renewed her support for a defeat of the Confederacy, and before long she was leading a band of scouts through the land around Port Royal. the marshes and rivers in South Carolina were similar to those of the Eastern Shore of Maryland; thus her knowledge of covert travel and subterfuge among potential enemies were put to good use. In the post-war era she struggled for women's suffrage. Tubman attend meetings of suffragist organizations, and was soon working alongside women such as Susan B. Anthony and Emily Howland.

Alien and Secition Acts

The Alien and sedition Acts were four bills passes in 1798 by Federalists in the 5th U.S. Congress. They were signed by John Adams and they were passed to empower U.S. Presidents. They were meant to expel dangerous 'aliens' from the country and it made it illegal to publish statements against the government.[1] The Democratic-Republicans originally opposed the policies but they used them against the Federalists in the 1800 election.[2] "That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States..." Taken directly from the acts this means that the President of the United States has the power to deport anyone he believes is a threat to the U.S. safety and its government. If the person was sent out by the president, that person would have to get permission directly from the president to be allowed into the country. The document also states, "That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding a place or office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination, whether such conspiracy, threatening, counsel, advice, or attempt shall have the proposed effect or not, he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor...' This statement means that if anyone attempts in any way to oppose the government or any official will be charged with high misdemeanor before going to court and will receive a fine less than 5,000 dollars and jail time ranging from six months to five years. These acts were allowed expire on March 3, 1801.

American System

The American System was a new form of federalism that included support for high tariffs. There was better maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue. There was also preservation of the Bank of United States to stabilize money. This also aided to develop a system of roads and canals which would intertwine the United States as one and be financed by the revenues of land purchases and tariffs. Clay first used the word American System in 1824 but had previously referenced in his earlier years of work. The second Bank of the United States was created in 1816 nd the high tariffs remained in place. However, they were not sufficiently funded and it was exemplified in their failure to be able to tend to the upkeepjng of the bank. Even though his plan started out on a bumpy road, he was still proud of his success. The American System was significant because they needed something to strengthen and unify the nation; made by the Whig party and leading politicians.

Embargo Act

The Embargo Act was a law passed in 1807 by the president Thomas Jefferson at the time. The Goal was to restrict all trading with foreign countries especially Britain and France. At the time, Britain and France were at war with each other and did not see the United States as an equal. At first we tried to not allow certain goods from Great Britain to be imported. When we saw this was not working, the president tried out the new idea, The Embargo Act. It was not very successful either. Before the law was passed, were were Britain's and France's main source of agriculture. After we had decided to stop trade with them thinking that it would hurt them, they simply chose another area to trade with, Latin America. As they kept fighting each other like they were, they were not affected by our new law. Instead, it hurt us because all the food that our country was making was not being shipped out. This greatly afftected our farmers, merchants, and feild workers. As the United States realized the act was doing nothing for us, Jefferson finally abolished the law on March 1st, 1809.

Erie Canal

The Erie Canal was one of the best and most successful transportation canals in the beginning of American history. It was a long stretch of 363 miles built by the locals and immigrants, and connected many cities, villages, water-ways, and lakes together. The canal was owned by the state of New York and was in use for almost a century, starting in 1825 and ending in 1918. It was only a mere 4 feet deep. The canal was 40 feet wide from one side of the canal to the other when it was first built. Later in its operation it grew to 70 feet across and 7 feet deep. Its main use was to transport cargo such as spices and tools. The canal also transported passengers. Tolls were set up along the canal to raise money to keep the canal in working condition. At first, and long distance shipping cost for 1 ton of cargo was about 100 dollars or more, but with the new canal, it was only 4 dollars. This sparked the trading and economic sides of the country. [1] Famers who were only selling within their city began to be able to ship out there murchandise elsewhere, not just around them. Before the canal, shipments were made by wagon, usually carried along by some kind of animal. These wagons would often break down easily and were a big hassel to fix. With the boats shipping the goods now, they could ship more weight and be on the movie longer than before. Not only did the Erie Canal help out individuals and companies, but it also helped New York prosper into one of the nations biggest state and city. [2]

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was created by Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois in 1854 in Nebraska. Settlers and entrepreneurs wanted to settle into the area now known as Nebraska. They could not settle into the territory unless they had a legal claim. In which the congress was in no hurry to pass since it was located in a area where slavery was outlawed. This was the single most significant event leading to the Civil War. This act was passed by congress on May 30, 1854 and it allowed people into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if slavery was supported. Inturiated many into the north who considered the Missouri Compromise. After the act passed pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the first election. Settlers in the aftermath of the acts passage led to the period of violence known as bleeding Kansas which helped pave the way for the American Civil War (1861-1865) The Kansas-Nebraska act made it possible for the Kansas and Nebraska territories (shown in orange) to open to slavery. The Missouri Compromise had prevented this from happening since 1820.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was an acquisition in 1803 by U.S. President Andrew Jackson of 828,000 square miles from France. It was purchased for 11,250,000 and it is now present day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Louisiana. This purchase doubled the size of the U.S.

Mexican War

The Mexican-American War lasted from 1846 through 1848 and the two countries that fought against each other was the United States and Mexico. The United Sates was fueled by their new technological breakthroughs and hoped to expand their territories to the west with the U.S President James K Polk in charge, who believed the United States had a "manifest destiny". Mexico struggled to control all the land they inherited from Spain and the United States wanted to rule parts of Mexico. [1] The war lasted two years and by the end, the United States was victorious and Mexico lost about half of their territory, from Texas to California and the United States became a continental power. [2] The total casualties lost at war was 13, 283 American soldiers and 16,000 Mexican soldiers. [3] The Mexican War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which was signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty gave The United States control to over 500,000 square miles of territory from Mexico.

The Prophet

The Prophet, byname of Tenskwatawa born on March 1768, Old Chillicothe, Ohio anddied 1834, Argentine, Kan., U.S. North American Indian religious revivalist of the Shawnee people, who worked with his brother Tecumseh to create a pan-tribal confederacy to resist U.S. encroachment in the Northwest territory. The Prophet's declaration in 1805 that he had a message from the "Master of Life," followed by his accurate prediction of a solar eclipse in 1806, caused a great stir among the tribes. He advocated a return to distinctively indigenous ways of life and rejected colonial customs such as the use of alcohol ,clothing made of textiles rather than animal skins and furs, the concept of individual ownership of property, and intermarriage with those of European descent. The Prophet engaged his followers by describing the supernatural contacts he instigated through incantations and dreams; witch burning was a feature of his program. In November 1811, whileTecumseh was away, The Prophet allowed the Shawnees to be drawn into military action with Gen. William Henry Harrison their ensuring defeat on the tippecanoe river thoroughly discredited The Prophet and destroyed the pan-tribal confederacy.

Transportation Revolution

The Transportation Revolution was a technological advance in the transportation system. It changed the way the U.S would trade and travel. The Transportation Revolution started in the first half of the nineteenth century in 1801-1850. It started when Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin said we needed to make "internal improvements" to our nation. In 1812 The U.S went to war with war with Britain since we didn't have any roads it made travel hard for the troops. It helped people realize that they needed more roads. Some companies made roads called turnpikes and they hoped they would get some profit. In the late eighteenth century, weak methods of travel were still in use in America. Water travel was uncertain and often dangerous and covered wagon and stagecoach travel over trails was uncomfortable, and all types of travel were very slow. Americans were aware that a transportation network would increase land values, and trade, and strengthen the American economy.

Marbury v Madison

The case occurred in 1801. Was then President of the United States on the last day of its term in the middle of the night, Adams assault appointed 42 magistrate, but the appointment documents fail to 16 of them arrived in time; A later President Jefferson's secretary of state, Madison will be 16 this commission altogether.[3] One, thus can't when the judge called Marbury, therefore filed a lawsuit to Madison. The case the judge Marshall, using sophisticated legal skills and wisdom, judgment was quoted as saying in the case of the 1789 judicial regulations article 13 was invalid for unconstitutional, so as to solve the case,and this case was the first time using the right of judicial review. and then established the United States Supreme Court has the right to explain the constitution, the ruling government behavior and congressional legislation system, whether action is unconstitutional on America's political system has a significant and far-reaching influence.And the case was later hundreds of times quoted as the most cited case.

1st Battle of the Bull Run (Manasssass)

The first major land battle in the civil war was the first battle of bull run. The battle took place on July 21, 1861. The battle took place in Prince Williams Country close to Manassas. The battle was also called the first Manassas. Confederates launched a counter attack on Union troops. Union started to begin withdrawing under fire a lot of people got scared and panicked. This battle is were Tomas J. Jackson earned the name stonewall. The battle made both sides realize that the war was going to be more bloody and longer then they had thought. Up to that point in history bull run was the bloodiest and longest battle in history. Troops marched under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell. McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford to attack the confederates.

Industrial Revolution

The industrial revoultion started in Britain and took a while for the United States to follow behind them.it began in 1790 through 1830. The reason the US didnt industrialize was because there werent enough labourers people didn't want to invest money because they didn't want to lose it if it didn't work. When the US did industrialize, it increased the production of goods and created a higher standard of living. Samuel Slater opened the first industrial mill which sped up the process of spinning the cotton into yarn. They started to created organizational strategies such as outwork system where production happened in peoples homes and factory system where people went to a production facility to make stuff. The factory owners preferred women workers because they didn't have to pay them as much as men. The first strike of wages of labor was in 1824. New methods of transportation became a huge part in transporting people and raw materials and products to different places and factories. [

Second Great Awakening

The second great awakening was a movement in the 19th century That began around 1790 and hit its peak around the 1840s. Enrolled millions evangecal denominations and that lead to the formations of new denominations. It established any reform movements designed to fix the bad things of society before the second coming was suppose to happen. This happened over several times at different denominations, is what historians say. The movement spread quickly threw Kentucky, Tennessee and South Ohio. Each denomination has assets that allowed it to thrive. The church gained lots of members around this time. The second great awakening are the churches of Christ, Christians, diciples of Christ, the Mormans, the seventh day adventist church, and the Christian church.[2]Lasted about 50 years and spread throughout the Untied States.

Tariffs

The tariffs represented an important and crucial component role in the American revolution . It helped out with all of the problems people were having with slavery and what moral values would be in place in order for slavery to be ethically correct. Many people had a slave prior to the Tariffs law, and it only made sense that the government tax something that could make a huge profit at the time. Tariffs also provided a suitable way in which the US senate could tax people for the recently discovered cotton machine, which was invented by Eli Whitney. Tariffs were established for a number of reasons apart from taxing imported goods. They also provided a good number of domestic employment, which basically meant that there would be a lower level of unemployment and would also provide for a less happy electorate. It helped protect consumers from carrying diseases into other countries. For example, if a meat was suspected of having some sort of disease with it, the taxing companies would alert the buyers by lowering the price and claiming it could be a potential threat to the average consumer.

Temperance

The temperance movement was an organized effort to help encourage the moderation for the consumption of intoxicating liquors and to be able to press for complete stop of it. This movement started because of the women were having to deal with the effects of their men's uncontrollable drinking hazards. Alcohol was even the blamed many crimes through cities and also was a serious cause of health issues.[1] This movement began officially before the Civil War had even started. Soon after the war began, the movement began to emerge. After the movement started, a large amount of states began to adopt a state-wide prohibition within their borders, but it was during World War I that made it possible for the passage of national Prohibition.[2] Although after all the effects of the movement, the earliest temperance organizations were found in Saratoga, New York, in 1808 and also in Massachusetts in 1813. Then the movement started to influence towards many churches , by the 1833's there were about 6,000 organizations in the United States. Soon there was a United States organization that became international that was the national Woman's Christian Temperance Union which was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, during the 1874's. This Union employed educational and social means in promoting legislation. During the 1880s this organization spread to across the world. By 1883, the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union was than formed.

Appomattox

Virginia, 1864 The Battle of Appomattox Court House happened on April 9, 1864 at the Appomattox Court House, Virginia. General Ulysses S. Grant lead the U.S. army and Robert E. Lee lead the army of Confederate State.[1] After several months of hard work, Lee does not have the hope of winning. In order to decrease the people dying in the battle, he decided to surrender. April 9, 1864 General Grant and General Lee get together to signal the surrender of matter.[2] After General Lee surrendered, other confederate leaders realized that the power of the south is reducing. They decided to lay down their weapons which meant the actual end of the conflict. After General Lee surrendered, the war still went on until Johnston finally surrendered the army.[3] What's more the official copies of the surrendered terms are written by General Grant's personal military secretary, Lt.Col. Ely S. Parker. [4] Right now, the Appomattox Court House is a very famous place which contains history.

William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd garrison was born on December 13, 1805 in Newburyport Massachusetts . He was a son of immigrants from the British colony. In 1818 Garisson began to work for the Newburyport Herald as a writer and editor. the job would help give him skills that would utilize expertly later in his when when he published his own papers. At the age of 25 he joined ate Abolition movement. He was a prominent American abolitionist journalist and social reformer. than he became associate with the colonization Society. It was an organization that believed free blacks should emigrate to a territory on the west coast of Africa. He worked as a co-editor of an antislavery paper started by Benjamin Lundy. than on January 1, 1831 he published the first issue of his own antislavery newspaper. it was called the "liberator". When the civil War broke out he had continued to blast the constitution as a pro slavery documentary. when the civil war ended, he saw an abolition of slavery. garrison was steadfeast in his belifes and thought Anti-slavery society should not align itself with any political party. He also felt that women should be allowed to participate in any anti-slavery society. In May 24, 1879 William Lloyd Garrison died.

Trail of Tears

the trail of tears is a time in history in which thousands of native americans lived in the southern states of the u.s. they lived on an area of land that was passed down to them by their ancestors who previously worked and lived on that land. but because white settlers wanted to cultivate cotton in the indians designated land the goverment rudely took them out of their territory and forced the indian americans to another "designated area" which was thousands of miles away,crossing over the missippi river. the name of the journey was called trail of tears because of the difficultiness that the indian americans went through.