us history midterm

Atlantic slave trade

(1440) The enslavement, trade, and transport of African people to Europe and the Americas, begun by the portuguese in the early 1440s. The exchange between Europe and Africa laid a foundation for the for the conquest and colonization of NA. Atlantic slave trade affected how europeans viewed africans- muslims were Portuguese enemies so the view of darker skin=more inferior rose. It was one part of the three parts of the middle passage - which brought raw materials to Europe, resources such as guns to America, and slaves to both Europe and America. huge part of the economy from the 16th-19th century. britain dominated. the slave trade was a key part of the British economy- 95% of exports from the americas to Britain in the 18th century came from sugar, tobacco, rice, and indigo plantations. Growth of slavery was from increased participation in the Atlantic slave trade.

pocahontas

-1616 daughter of Powhatan who ruled eastern Virginia. Virginia company touted her as a princess, they highlighted her baptism trying to assure investors of colonialism that the English could convert native Americans to anglicized christian subjects. she was the middle man between the Indians and British (specifically John smith) but they failed to treat them with respect. helped stage a mock execution in order to incorporate Jamestown into Indian tribe,. used for propaganda in England after marrying John Rolfe. John smith took control of Jamestown- their friendliness helped keep peace.

George Washington

1770s: led an attack to Ohio country and killed many French soldiers. this event ultimately led to the 7 years war. surrender @ fort necessity. throughout the French and Indian war he took part In many military missions that would serve valuable during the revolution. commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. won key battles at Trenton and Yorktown.

the consumer revolution

1773 colonists bought 26% of manufactured goods exported from Britain. their expanding choices as consumers led colonists to redefine their relationships to one another and the British empire. drinking tea, stores selling pure British goods, ads in newspapers saying British North America was one interconnected market. discussion about slaves economic activities was part of a larger discussion in which wealthier colonists, led to moral and social decline , since everyone was using same products no one especially poor knew their place any,ore. parliament enacted laws that limited colonial export and import and this. franking connect personal freedom to consumer choice.

Boston tea party

1773 an act of defiance on the part of the Boston colonists to protest the british tea act of 1773,, a new tax on imported tea, which 30-60 men distinguished as mohawk Indians stormed British tea ships and dumbed 90,000 pounds of tea into Boston harbor. resistances like these led to the revolution. many committees of correspondence to provide networks of whigs in different colonies- were in place when tea act- lowered price but not tax of teaand granted powers to east India company. in several port cities to avoid protests governors persuaded captains to not leave harbor unless unloading the tea, sons of liberty organized Boston tea party. it mobilized Bostonians and spread resistance to other colonies. the other actions of protest shocked parliament so they passed the coercive acts closing the port of Boston and reorganized mass gov and imposed royal control over courts, authorized troops to be forcibly billeted in houses and established a governor,.

thomas paine

1776 wrote common sense which influenced the American revolution and helped paved the way for the declaration of independence he first prominent pamphleteer to advocate a complete break with England, Paine successfully convinced a great many Americans who'd previously thought of themselves as loyal, if disgruntled, subjects of the king n his pamphlet, Paine associated the corrupt monarchy with the despised taxation policy, persuading many readers to become proponents of the world's first republican government. Importantly, Paine was a master of transforming the complicated philosophical and scientific principles of the Enlightenment—individuality, reason, and liberty—into plain words that the masses could comprehend and rally around.

between the devil and the deep blue sea ... ?

1780s during this time the royal navy began to dramatically increase the size of its fleet. The motley crew- English sailors swerved alongside men from North America, the carribean, holland, France, Spain, .... sailors referring to their terrible working conditions : lighting, reefs, hurricane, shipwrecks, storms, washing overboard, yellow fever, malaria, warfare, skin disease, being enslaved by Algerian pirates. growing gulf between merchant captains and seamen- they would hold back rations, whip them, labor discipline

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. she also preached change in gender roles when women were normally forced to stay quiet. said she had a direct revelation from god that she could interpret scriptures herself- caused her to be banished. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

smallpox

A highly contagious disease responsible for killing Native Americans. theme: ecological/ to consider in how europeans affected the americas. caused populations to decrease at high rate- Taino people in 1492 had 300,000 and by 1548 500. this was part of the columbian exchange. diseases were common in Europe but native Americans had never been exposed so they lacked immunity, gold mining overworked the taints and crowded them together and forced them into fewer but larger settlements which was a death trap= smallpox more prone. in Mexico, it caused the largest Indian city in the americcsas to follow- tenochitlan. pueblos also rebelled because of this and pope . in Great Lakes caused many people to die between ages of 15-40 who did most of farming, hunting, caring for children, sick and elderly. by 1640s epidemics killed more than half the population of Iroquois. the iroquious seemed to reclaim power in the face of loss and launched a series of attacks that reshaped eastern North America, these attacks which began the beaver wars . cycles of violence and disease dispersed a lot of Iroquois tribes. John Winthrop said that the natives are falling from smallpox so God is clearing the path for what the colonists possess. only enough as Native American populations declining- the world population as a whole was growing.

the middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Atlantic slacve trade. morality rates of about 20 % in the early 18th century. increasing distinctions between whit and black people led this to happen. in the 1630s sugar and cultivation spread throughout the carribean, Barbadian planters were holding africans in the children in perpetual bondage- slave from carrubean sold in Virginia and ideas circulated back and forth. 95% of exports from the americas to Britain in the 18th century came from sugar, tobacco, rive, and indigo plantations. the slave trade as a key part of British economy.

New York 1741

a supposed large scheme plotted by black slaves and poor white settlers to burn down and take over New York. Fort George was destroyed by a fire, next week a house on fire and more. people were scared and suspicious went to city enslaved population. government offered reward to anyone who named names. Mary Burton revealed plans of a conspiracy to burn down the city and kill whites- she pointed fingers at the owner of where she worked and and two slaves. they were tried and hanged. accusations continued and more people were killed (suspicious of Spanish and cathoic church because England was at war with Spain ). the witchhunt ended when Mary began to accuse wealthy, prominent New York citizens. 18 blacks were hanged it was actually waterfront transients, west africans, Irish, army barracks fear! protestant themes overlapping with Salem

gentility

those of gentle birth; high social class; refinement; quality of being. 1660 Englands merchants began to build stylish townhouses in cities, while its gentry, lesser aristocrats remolded country houses or built new ones according to latest fashions. new standards of beauty, speech, dress, body carriage and personal conduct roe. British north americas wealthiest strove to be genteel- meaning modeling themselves on their English counterparts. follow rules of polite soiety- typically people of power. gentility was drinking tea. mansion house also hastened and symbolized the rise of gentility in North America. reflected a more assertive and native born Chesapeake elite. power of families increased as their married among each other.

cabeza de vaca

wrote La reclacion. Appalled by the Spanish treatment of Indians, in 1537 Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain to publish an account of his experiences and to urge a more generous policy upon the crown.

French and Indian war

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. transformed North America politically and socially- victory made Britain eastern north americas dominant power and sparked new tensions between imperial officials, colonists, and Indians. representatives of colonies met with iroquious league met at Albany in a bid to keep the Iroquois league at Albany in a bid to keep the Iroquois from siding with the French. George Washington gsine dmilitary power although his mission failed, British military advantage came from differences in how the English and French had colonized North America since the early 1600s. massive immigration, high brith rates, and intensive resettlement of Indian lands gave the British a much larger potential fighting force in North America than the fenwhc. French was minimal immigration and reliance on native Americans so once the native Americans abandoned the war the French were screwed. French and Indian war redrew political boundaries in north america- France surrendered North America swapping Canada for return of gudaluope, Spain ceded Florida to French, aND British claimed most of North America east of the missipii. result- Indians who lived between MISS and Appalachians confronted new challenge could no longer play two strong European rivals against one another as Many had for decades. worse, more populous empire win . reuslt- tendons rise between colonists and British- wars orsectuon and deep costs demonstrated they needed more control over colonial affairs including tighter regulation of commerce. division in colonists - wakers began saying slacvery is nad. 181-187,

columbian exchange

1493 Columbus's second return to espanola set this in motion. the historic movement of people, plants, animals, culture and pathogens between the americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus. it took centuries for europeans, africans, and asians to adopt American crops. the impact of European microbes on American Indians was devastating especially combined with colonial violence. farmers of America introduced the rest of the world to new crops, including tomatoes, tomatoes, cocao, peanut and CORN. brought cattle and pigs to espanola which caused them to overrun land and ruin biodiversity also since no European women accompanied Columbus's second expedition, Taino women became Spanish mens sexual partners- spaniards got disease and many Taino raped and some long term relationships., diseases caused Taino population to develop. established requirement- must submit to Catholicism and king. the decimation of the Taino and missionaries efforts to stem it facilitated the extension of African slavery and plantation agriculture in the americas,

st. augustine, florida

1598 *French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida *Spain, which oversaw Florida reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church *Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants *The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States 3. How did religious changes in Europe and piracy lead to the founding of St. Augustine? Problems in frnace- Calvinists aka Hugenots were facing reliigous conflict. In england, Elizabeth the 1 established a a policy of religious moderation that siatisdied Anglican church but discirminated smaller minority of Calvinists. So France proposed to find an Anglo-French communtiy in florida for regude. Sothe y sent. Ahugenot to establish a colony in florida. Spain was worried about their development especially because while they were in war there were pirates who raided ships and they continued to do so after the war. Founded colony hugenot in brazil but then portugese invaded- so florida seemed like a abetter opportnity. Sent hugenot french to build conolony. Returned to france and went to england where he probosed to find a joint protestant colont in florida. French wwere making alliances, caused Spain to fear their stance in florida, so they wanted to monitor and founded St. Augustine to prevent pirates. Battle bw two forts and spain won. attacks by French and Indian converts destroyed it- st Augustine founded started to integrate Indians into their lives able to survive. timucan chiefs who benefited from European goods, encouraged establishment of missions and allies. eventually resulted in Indians working there which led to timucua revolt and killed colonists, executions and raced labor ended it. caused conflict between political and religious officials in florida.

Jamestown

1607 the first permanent English settlement in America located in Virginia. people hope to turned it into quick profit. hunger, diseases, and lack of gold and silver did not help. Powhatans tribe used diplomacy, marriage, intimidation and warfare to gain their allegiance. pocahantus helped him monitory events in Jamestown by acting as a emissary and keeping lines of communication open. reforms shifted to break English independence on Indians. tried lending land to servants in exchange for servitude. Virginia company played role in trying to save. John Rolfe cultivated carribean tobacco and began to export and eventually dominate the global market. indentured servitude. need for labor lead colonies to enslave Indians and africans which lead to first Indian war. prisoners of first war were the first slaves and then eventually led to entry into Atlantic save trade. people being allowed to now land drew many people to Virginia over the next few decades. Powhatan became concerned wore broke out and it ended. ultimately thickening ties to The Atlantic world and England saved Virginia. although the Virginia company failed, its policies empowered colonists to own land, form militias, and elect representatives offered other English colonies a blueprint to follow.

house of burgesses

1618. the first representative government assembly and ruling body in America, founded bu the Virginia company in 1619. the assembly replaced martial law with English common law, setting in motion the development of the county court system. first to pass legislation opposing the stamp act. the Virginia royal governor dissolved house, but the legislative body met illegally at a tavern to endorse a new boycott and call for a continental congress to coordinate protests. so the original house of colonists meeting inspired the contintental congress to form and therefore start the boycott movement, discuss colonial indolence, endorsed a declaration of rights and grievances to the kings, organize an army to begin fighting.

Massachusetts bay company

1629 a business enterprise founded by English puritans and merchants in 1629 that founded the massachussetts bay colony, resulting in a swell of English emigration to the colonies. founded off if colonists united and honored their word to God and one another, they would set the standard for others to followers. but if violated covenant, there would be suffering. to sustain their city on a hull, puritans tried to ensure that only God's elect were church members and hold political power. conversion test .. if on outside no voting rights . well educated society- everyone knew how to read to read bible established Harvard. easier for divorce tried to model English society and convert Indians and live alongside them peacefully, puritans trend to punish by exile laccelerated colonial New England expansion. early wars caused fear... Salem witch trials? puritan view of sin points to it, people show ere executed associated with them ... social control to keep city on hill?

beaver and mourning wars

1642-1698 70 year conflict among iroquious and their neighbors driven by Iroquois demand for hunting territory and captives, The Iroquois Confederacy, spurred on by English allies, fought frequently with French-backed Algonquin tribes of the Great Lakes region over fur and fishing rights. the native Americans incorporated beaver fur as an important thing in their society in order to trade, but then the French over hunted beaver and started to move into iroquious territory. These conflicts called the "Beaver" Wars because beaver was an important fur animal hunted by Indians and European settlers throughout the region. When beaver numbers declined due to over-harvesting, territorial conflicts between trappers intensified. Though largely forgotten in popular history, the Beaver Wars were considered the bloodiest in North American history important because it shows native Americans making themselves more vulnerable by becoming more and more independent on British goods. during this war they also began to fight like europeans by using guns and killing people the result was the French have a presence in the Ohio river valley

barbados slave code

1661 English americas FIRST SLAVE CODE. prescribed different treatment and contrasting levels of legal protection for enslaved africans and white servants. it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions. encouraged white men to police slavve movements and whip those found without a pass from their masters. became one o fat most influential pieces of legislation in the anglo- Atlantic world. many Spanish colonies duplicated portions of it, four colonies South Carolina and Georgia copied it completely. decrease in peoples view of the africans humanity caused things like that planters did not care about their slaves surviving, only having young good workers. found it cheaper to import people rather than ensure those they had already enslaved live longer and healthier lives. 84-86

bacon's rebellion

1676 an uprising of poor white men, free blacks, and some enslaved people led by the English aristocrat Nathaniel bacon that temnoiraarily drove colonial governor William Berkeley from tjamestown. participants opposed the governments moderate policy and concentration of land holding in elite hands. mad when Indian tried to collect tax for living on their land. remade Virginias borders and politics- Indians went north, English involvement in Indian diplomacy diminished the threat of Indian attacks while pressuring native nations to cede more land, accelerated the entrenchment of racism and slavery. empowered masters and officials to exeermore control over slaves and free blacks, , probing interracial marriage poor people seeking help- wealthy remained powerful in Virginia- gentility theme and Their distrust of the poor, especially of indentured servants (many participated in Bacon's Rebellion), grew. This actually led to the growth of the slave trade, as they sought a more reliable, controllable, permanent labor source than indentured servants.

pueblo war for independence

1680-1696 a revolt by a diverse coalition of pueblo Indians that succeeded in forcibng Spanish colonists out of New Mexico for over a decade. southwest (new Mexico). Indian warriors raided caused 1400 colonists with some Indian slaves abandoned New Mexico leaving behind hundreds dead. the pueblos had waged the most successful war for independence in North American history to date. number of factors prompted war: decline Indian population since Spanish conquered region, worsened drought and food shortages, some colonists raped women. pope claimed the gods had punished the pueblos for adapting the ways of the Spanish, pueblos wanted Spanish gone but disagreed about what to do when they left. some wanted to keep stuff some tore it down and punished anyone who spoke Spanish and practiced ways, some wanted to keep this because spams tools had become integrated into their lives and violence broke out. eventually decided they wanted a future alongside Spanish and did peace talks- no more forced labor and some converted, some disagreed and continued to gut - eventually forced to surrender and this ended the war. in exchange for more autonomy pueblos constructed buildings, manage irrigation systems, and work Spanish officials fields while women performed domestic labor. settled into an uneasy alliance as result of pueblo war for independence. 102-105, 121

Pope

1680s medicine man who Spanish friars whipped for practicing idolatry went to alert towns that a planned uprising would occur. pueblos were diverse but united against Spanish rule. Indian warriors slaughtered horses and mules to constrict colonists mobility before storming missions and Spanish towns. caused colonists to abandon New Mexico. factors that prompted the war: decrease in population of Indians , drought (Spanish took away their religious stuff and one of their gods was rain god), food shortages, raping women... pope considered the pueblo gods as the wars real leaders and himself their instrument and claimed the hods punished pueblos for adopting ways of their foreign oppressors. only when they return to their beliefs would the gods grant them peace the ideally time did not return- most pueblos wanted Spanish gone but disagreed on what should happen when they left.. popes people wanted to completely get rid of what Spanishbrought, but many pueblos had incorporated some traditions into their culture. and did not want to- this caused conflicts that erupted- violence between supporters and opponents of popes reforms. after pope died many pueblos decided they wanted a future alongside the Spaniards. ] led to pueblo war for independence- people continued to fight after Spanish came back in, Vargas (NM governor) bullied them into submission, had rebels executed, and forced them to surrender,

metacom

1680s Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War. as English people grew more and more and stopped relying on Native American things (especially currency) the native Americans ran into deep debt in which the only way they could pay was through selling land. multiplying herds threatened to overthrow land. native Americans eventually decided to adopt English ways and began keeping pigs. colonists were not open to sharing gazing lands with Indians and they forced Metacom to remove his pig and years later they demanded them to formally submit to colonial rule. the English took part in a crime that should have been handled by Indian authorities by hanging three people who may've killed a spy- they took up arms. it is one of the most deadly conflicts in American history - many towns destroyed but ultimately Indians, no matter what side they fought on, suffered most from the war. got Indians to raid up his allies and exiled them and illegally sold them into slavery. Metacom was eventually shot and hundreds of other Indians POW were enslaved in New England or exported to slave markets in Virginia or the carribean. metacoms death did not end the war- people continued to raid. attacks were traumatic for colonists- Mary rowlandson heightened anti-endian racism and English officials saw war as proof they needed tighter reins on the colonists.

spectral evidence

1692 In the Salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil's agent to be introduced as testimony. The accused had no defense against this kind of "evidence." When the judges later disallowed this testimony, the executions for witchcraft ended led to over 200 accusations and 20 executions.

tituba

1692 Reverend Parris's black slave from Barbados. Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigail's request. basically used Salem witch trials to gain her freedom. one of first to be accused. delivered longest testimony in Salem witch trials. Paris daughters and friends having fits they could not explain- blamed tituba of voodoo and baking a witch cake to tell fortunes. said the devil came to her in a apparition.. as soon as she said this people wanted to root sin out of Salem. she claimed to not remember other people so she was imprisoned and got out and left again.. start to the scare

Benjamin franklin

1700s most famous American in Europe. scientific publications, negotiated with French to support revolution, played huge role in declaration of independence and represented colonial interests to British crown. helped engaged the enlightenment by opening library. typically Britain thought of colonists and suppliers, not as scientists so he was an exception. wroteamerican philosophy books. formed American philosophical society- which would soon become leaders of colonial resistance to Britain, negotiated peace treat @ end of war

queen Anne's war

1702-1713 a war fought between the British and the French for control of North American colonies, simultaneous with a war in Europe over the Spanish monarchy. in america, Indian people like the Mohawks joined to further their own political and economic goals. Mohawks traveled to Britain and met with Queen Anne to lobby for a British Invasion of Canada but it failed. British and French fighting for alliances with native Americans. the end of queen anne's war sparked a growth of piracy. they targeted ships belonging to colonial merchants. British gained more land, but the treaty resulted in more conflict with Indians because they were not represented in the treaty.

yamasee war

1715-1717 war between the South Carolina settlers and the local natives who did not like being used for slavery and threatened for their land.defeated but led to decline of Indian slave trade in the region. reshaped Native American politics by accelerating Native American politics by accelerating nation building. groups of survivors formed diverse nations that were multilingual and multiethnic , the creek nation pursued a policy of neutrality, refusing to pativcpate in colonial wars while paintings diplomatic and economic ties with French, English, and Spanish. able to stabilize populations and enhance political power.

George whitefield

1730s English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation. allowed the awakening to spread- set up schools in colonies. it was a reaction against the enlightenment and also a long term cause of the revolution. before, the ministers represented upper class but awakening ministers not always ordained and broke down respect for betters- challenging authority and tax pater supported religion. the new faith was very democratic in its approach. the overall message was no one is of greater equality. it was the first major event that all the colonies could share, hiking break down differences between them and it further separated them from England.

Stono Rebellion

1739 south Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways. the largest uprising of enslaved africans in mainland North America during the 18th century in which 80 or more slaves burned South Carolina plantations as they marched toward Spanish Florida. authorities failed to stop the rise of an autonomous slave economy, people afraid that the hiring of enslaved men would threaten their livelihood or security risk. result- prohibited slaves from hiring themselves out and fined those who hired them, required licensees for enslaved men to work fas porters, laborers, fishmerna. fear of role of alcoves, especially women, played in public markets - could buy stuff and resell and make profit- ancierty that economic autonomy afforded slaves too much power. led to people to think that the consumerism had led to moral and social decline. In response to the uprising, South Carolina soon passed the Negro Act of 1740. This further restricted slaves' activities, including their ability to assemble, grow their own food, earn any money, or learn to read. It also made it harder for slave-owners to free their slaves (called manumission) by requiring government approval for each grant of freedom. The government believed that the presence of free blacks in the colony would make slaves more restless and likely to rebel. ultimately resulted in tighter government control over the activities o f both slaves and masters.

task system

1750... one of the two general types of division of labor of plantation slaves. assigned individuals specific tasks. rather than being part of a group that worked continuously to the day's end, the task system allowed individuals to end their workday when their task was done and thus granted them more autonomy. South Carolina plantation systems began using this in 1750s. once they completed their own tasks they can tend to their own garden, raise chickens, weave baskets- slaves gardens offered wider range for diet and they sold their crops and earnings enabled them to buy clothes or hats. these slaves were distinguished because of their clothing. this caused fear- security risk, worried about role of slaves in public markets- by going there they could buy goods and sell it to other slaves when they get back increasing their power. the anxiety about slaves economic activities was part of a larger discussion in which wealthier colonists, mostly men, insisted consumerism had led to moral and social decline. poor no longer knew their place.

treaty of Paris

1763. he British emerged as the dominant European power in North America and the West Indies and seemed on their way to becoming the worlds mightiest empire. the treaty ending the French and Indian war. the terms of the treaty transformed eastern both americas political geography. France surrendered North America, ceased Louisiana to Spain, and Spain traded Florida to British for control of Havana. the British empire claimed almost all of North America east of the Mississippi. as a result, most Indians who lived between the missipppi and the Appalachians were challenged- they couldn't play European powers against each other and Britain, the more populous empire, won so colonists wanted their land. Pontiacs rebellion Indians fought and won and got treaty prohibited colonists from crossing the applachians- this increased divisions between them (proclamation of 1763) the war increased divisions between colonists and Britain- the wars prosecution and steep costs demonstrated they needed more control over colonial affairs especially commerce- led to higher taxes.

stamp act

1765 law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British colonies in North America on printed materials and products. this triggered new era of colonial resistance. lead to a new resistance movement more widespread and coordinated than any it had seen before crowd violence against British authority spread- hanging, attacking officials. despite their traditional lack of political interests both rich and poor people joined the protests. led protest groups to form such as sons of liberty, colonial assemblies passed legislation opposing the stamp act and petitions claiming no taxation without representation, parliament eventually repealed but Britain retained its authority to tax the colonies, after it was repealed however British were concerned this would send the wrong message to colonies so they passed the declaratory act. resistance of stamp act lead colonies to resist other things such as quartering British soldiers, and consumer resistance. groups that formed while resisting this reemerged while forming non-importation agreements and boycotters- which eventually caused a decline one the British economy since colonies were 26% of British consumers. claimed it was a violation and destroyed Americans freedom and liberty.

William penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania in 1682 to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. promised people religious freedom. they recruited immigrants. Philadelphia as a model city and merchants ties to ports throughout the English Atlantic spurred more immigration and anchored a growing trade in four and other probivisons to west indies- helped slavery tale root in Pennsylvania. slavery but. penn negotiated land concessions with Delaware leaders, learned their language and bought land from them on terms they found agreeable.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa. Portuguese import the first slaves from Africa to the new world North America The triangular trade model allowed for the swift spread of slavery into the New World. Twelve million Africans were captured in Africa with the intent to enter them into the slave trade. As slave labor was in high demand in the colonies, the triangular trade was lucrative for Europe, which allowed the trade to remain robust for centuries. The slave labor supplied to the colonies allowed for the proliferation of plantations, which in turn helped with the growth and prosperity of the New World. The triangular trade brought new crops and goods to Africa. African leaders took advantage of the economic benefits offered by the trade and willingly sold captives and prisoners of war to European traders

black legend

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good tale that the Spanish released unspeakable cruelty on the Indians. eoncomiendas- slavery idea was used by later settles (Especially England) to justify their own settlements. claiming this reason to expand their empires was to save the Indians from the Spanish;.

horses on the plains

Cortes introduced them in 1514. faster transportation, efficient to hunt buffalo. before the Europeans came most Native people made their living through farming. By early 1700s they obtained guns from French and British traders via Mississippi valley and horses from spanish and pueblo settlements in southwest. While many plains people still farmed, the availability of horses and guns transformed hunting into an attractive lifestyle (before it was very tough). Increasing number of native americans moved onto plains and revised economy to focus on hunting bison, herding horses, and trade. Also resulted in segregation within Native American culture... the Osages welcomed French into their town and gained privilage acess to their trade, they blocked other tribes off. Pueblo War for independence got access to spanish horses which they began to trade among themselves. Horses enchanced the power of some indian nations but it came with a cost. Weakened native neighbors, produced deadly wars. Resulted in many captives from region . The expansion of the global economy increased violence among native peoples and contributed to indian slave trade.

1662 Virginia Law

Made slavery hereditary, based on condition of mother. increasing distinctions between white and black people and also increased number of slaves in the colony because every child was now considered a slave. accelerated rise of slavery and decline of indentured servitude

indian enslavement

South Carolina depended on Indians for slaves. Indian warriors captured people and traded them. slaving raids engulfed the Indian SE and spread disease to populations weakened by warfare and displacement. attacked apalachee missions in florida- killed and exalted many. people who suffered from slave raids often split apart. . South Carolinas leading role in Indian slacve trade tarnished its relationship with neirgnoring nations. 25% of white households owned at least one Indian slave. caused war. result tho- colonies reduced demand for Indian slaves in fear of other uprising. in barbados- barbados salve code declared all africans and Indians brought to island are to be considered slacves unless contract. pueblos. \ 83-84, 93

Neo-Europes

Term for colonies in which colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home. People brought goods from home. Example of neoeurope is New England. British goods filled ships and proudly displayed British china, wore clothing, and more. in 1773- North Americans brought 26% of manufactured goods. the expanding choices as consumers led colonists to redefine their relationships to one another and the British empire. colonists could buy the same things as long as in same socieconomic bracket- so popular. consumerism lead to moral and social decline- lower class and slaves no longer knew their place. north americas growing significance to Britain led imperial officials to seek more control over the colonial economy. between 1732-1764, parliament enacted laws that tightened regulations on colonial mafucturing and restructured what British North Americans could import or export. so during the revolution, thousands of colonists linked liberty and consumer choice by boycotting British imports to protest imperial reforms - which weakened the British by causing a decline in their economy since many consumers were colonists.

Iroquois Longhouse

The Iroquois lived in a type of dwelling known as a longhouse. A longhouse is a long, narrow single room that had doors on both ends. They were usually covered with animal skins during the winters to keep some of the cold air out. Each Iroquois longhouse was designed so as many as twenty families or more could live in it. members of same clan lived in it. iroqious village has 4 or 5 longhouses near river. Large longhouses can also be used for community gatherings or ceremonies.longhouse as a symbol of the Iroquois Confederacy, which extended like one large longhouse across their territory. .

puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England. salem... their idea to make city on a hill- led to discrimination and salem with trials -maladjustment- projecting their own sense of sinfulness onto others... -social control- control women such as Anne Hutchinson? -puritan view of sins- pretty much everyone is a sinner. indian wars.. many towns invaded and people killed.

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions. For example: Spanish conversion efforts (Franciscans in New Mexico). Franciscans zeal faded over time because Indian converts blended their indigenous beliefs and rituals with Christianity. in st. Augustine, the king ordered missionaries should play vital role in colonizing colonies. mandated that baptized Indians should live on missions and be hispanizd- learn to speak Spanish, keep livestock, cultivate European cross, and European tools to master European crafts. catholic missionaries in New France and New Mexico.

matrilineal

a society in which social identity is based on kinship and descendancy from the mother. descent and inheritance rights based on mother. pueblos were originally matrilineal, but as missionary Indians endured campaigns to make them into hispanizeld Christians. pueblo women lost their exclusive rights to land, seeds, and children to men wherever missions took root. by 1693 Hasani a tribe leader forced the Spanish to leave because newcomers did not follow gender norms. as Spanish soldiers assaulted Spanish women they threw Spanish women out. different from the French who married women who afforded them membership in society organized around matrilineal clans, failure to meet ways curbed Spanish influence. . depended on women for everything without wives- missionaries could not convert anyone.they abvandonded the mission and some state behind marring women and adopted culture- prospered by combining weapons with livestock.

mercantilism

encouraging government rule of economy in order to increase power -navigation acts, stamp acts, tea act, coercive acts...

encomiendas

monarchs could not afford to mount military campaigns for themselves, so they licensed private entrepreneurs who shared the spoils of conquest. system whereby the Spanish government granted land, villages, and indigenous people to military leaders who conquered land in the americas. spainards stormed the carribean in search of new conquests, riches and aslaves- the natives they captured worked on encomiendas in espanola. Spaniards were entrusted with native communities. In exchange for native labor and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked slavery and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. each land the were given was called a repartifmiento and the person who owned it was responsible for production and making sure natives converted-- basically slavery,

navigation acts

one of a series of English regulations and taxes on colonial trade dating from 1650-1775. they permitted free trade within Englands colonial empire but restricted commerce with people outside of it. English merchants liked it but the reaction around the colonies was mixed: guaranteed market but colonial planters ad merchants chafed at the regulations and thought it deprived them of markets by levying duties on tobacco and sugar. all commerce had to pass through England first and people thought this put England above them unfairly. orginally they were not enforced and colonials became accustomed to governing themselves on trade matters. after the 7 years war, the British rose taxes in the colonies to pay debt. As duties rose and enforced tension grew which ultimately lead to different uprisings. people who were in debt would be arrested, so this would lead to uprisings. the colonists were shaky about this, so when the other acts such as the sugar act came about they reached their limit.

cahokia

peak: 1050 -1200 Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. monks mound, 3 periods of social change: courtyard patterns, liters put wall around plaza walled neighborhoods, rejecting people in once monumental downtown and 1/2 population moved away theatrical sacrifice , shift from using city mounds as public performance to rituals city primary purpose was spiritual life different neighborhoods good at different things. city did not have universal trade system or currency. people were no longer united- religious going down because not in downtown, environmental factors massive flood and drought changes - abandonment

timucua revolt

sparked from the governor forcing labor and ordering chiefs to muster warriors for dswefense against Britain. a rebellion that exposed tensions in colonial Floridas under danish rule. the timucua, a diverse group of florida Indians, accepted catholic missions but rebelled against abusive labor and military policies enforced by Spanish florida governor. the timucua ultimately lost the conflict and were forced to resettle, but their actions forced the governor to stand trial in Spain.

Proclamation of 1763

treaty from French and Indian war-- A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east leads to revolutionary war - prioritizing Indian needs over colonists this with stamp, sugar, tea, Townshend act, combined to rebellion.