US History Set 2 (separate from folder)

Counter Culture

1960's-1970's anti-establishment youth movement that opposed the Vietnam War, believed in the use of mind expanding drugs and extreme liberalism.

John F. Kennedy

1960; Democrat; Cold War: Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis; established the Peace Corps, domestic program called the "New Frontier," promoted civil rights, major supporter of the space program; assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963. First televised presidential debate between Nixon (Nixon sweats on national television)

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Developed war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the Great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a Department of Housing and Urban Development. his most important legislation is often cited as Medicare and Medicaid.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Patriot Act

A controversial law overwhelmingly passed by Congress in October 2001, after the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It greatly expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists.

Credit Mobiler

A coperation set up to skim profits from the Union Pacific Railroad, Construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific RR, used it to dishonestly skim railroad profits for themselves

Miranda Rights

A criminal procedural rule, established in the 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona, requiring police to inform criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their legal rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to counsel; these warnings must be read to suspects before interrogation.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. (1920s)

Dorothea Lange

A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time. She didn't stop documenting the suffering of people until her 1965 death, but her 1930s pictures are the most well-known.

Gold Standard

A monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold. , A system in international monetary relations, prominent for a century before the 1970s, in which the value of national currencies was pegged to the value of gold or other precious metals

Poncho Villa

A leading general of the Mexican Revolution who became angry at the U.S. for recognizing his opponent as new Mexican leader. became a folk hero seen as fighting injustice toward Mexicans on both sides of the border.

Bataan Death March

A long trek across the Philippines that American and Filipino prisoners of war were forced to make by the Japanese in 1942. The Japanese forced 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners too march 65 miles w/ little food or water. About 100,000 prisoners died or were killed.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled., This mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in 1941-1945 killed over 6 million

Beat Generation

Denotes a group of American writers (especially poets) who became prominent in the 1950's. Their convictions and attitudes were unconventional, provocative, anti-intellectual, anti-hierarchical and anti-middle class ('squares').

Donald Trump

Developed casino resorts and hotels, An American business magnate, author, television personality, real estate tycoon, and property billionaire.

April 4,1968

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is killed in Memphis Tennessee by James Earl Ray

Medicare

During Clinton's first term, he appointed his wife to chair a committee to focus on the future and reform of this health care program.

Al Gore

He was Vice President for Clinton and lost the 2000 presidential election to George w. Bush in one of the closest elections in history.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Woody Guthrie

He was a country music artist during the 1930s that sang about the hardships of farmers.

Bill Gates

He was a very successful entrepreneur in the Silicon Valley computer industry and founded Microsoft in the 80s.

Alexander Graham Bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

Henry Ford

He was an engineer and early automobile manufacturer. His goal was to build an automobile that everyone could afford. 1863-1947. American businessman who paid his employees enough so that they could purchase the product they made, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Thurgood Marshall

He was appointed Chief Counsel for the NAACP and became the first African American Supreme Court Justice.

Barack Obama

He was elected as the first African American president in the 2008 election.

George Wallace

He was the Governor of Alabama that worked against the integration of the Univ. of Alabama.

Harry Truman

He was the President after Franklin D. Roosevelt at the end of WW2. He approved the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end WWII.

John Steinbeck

He was the author of the Grapes of Wrath, a story of the migration during the Great Depression.

Orval Faubus

He was the governor of Arkansas who ordered the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from integrating Central High.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

He wrote Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that to become a world power the U.S. needed a powerful navy. Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy (Imperialism)

Verona Papers

Russian coded papers that were in a format or code that Americans broke and it revealed that their were Russian spies

Pentagon papers

Secret study by the Defense Department on the Vietnam War; leaked to the New York Times in 1971; reveled America had been mislead since 1946 adn every president since Truman had lied to the people but LBJ was the most criticizited

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Benjamin Rush

Sons of Liberty Member, signed Declaration of Independence, supported Federal Constitution, 1745?- 1813 patriot and doctor; signer of the Declaration of Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution (founding father)

Robotics

Sophisticated, computer-controlled machinery that operates an assembly line

Lionel Sosa

Sosa is the founder of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar & Associates, now Bromley Communications, the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the U.S

Feminist Movement

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Speaker 1: A continuing proliferation of weapons will result in global war. Speaker 2: Conventional arms are more important than advanced technology. Speaker 3: The military draft is essential for combat preparedness. Speaker 4: Increased defensive strength will discourage aggression by others. --------------------- Which speaker would most likely agree with President Ronald Reagan's national security policies?

Speaker 4

Stock Market Crash and Black Tuesday

Speculation and Buying on Margin caused this to crash on Black Tuesday in 1929 causing a chain reaction in the economy. Black Tuesday--October 29th when stock market prices took the steepest dive-stocks lost $10-$15 billion in value.

Imperialism

The Age of American acquiring new territory, A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Andrew Carnegie

This man was the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company & promoted philanthropy among wealthy industrialists known as the Gospel of Wealth. Used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production and distribution of steel. A philanthropist who built libraries, schools and universities. Was one of the "Robber barons" of the Gilded Age.

Prohibition

This movement against the sale of alcohol resulted in a disrespect for the law and a rise in organized crime.

Chicano Mural Movement

This movement was an expression of Mexican American culture. The murals became an important expression of their identity.

Trench Warfare

This new form of warfare developed during WWI separated troops by fields of barbed wire known as "no man's land."

Flappers

This term was used to describe women who rejected traditional female clothing and behaviors exercising their independence, smoking in public and wearing shorter dresses.

Hawaii

This territory was annexed in 1898 by President McKinley after sugar farmers ousted Queen Liliuokalani.

Hundred Days

This the term referring to the initial part of FDR's presidency when he pushed through many of his programs including the Bank Holiday. During the first three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, Congress passed a record number of bills in order to implement the New Deal and provide relief, recover, and reform from the Great Depression.

Laissez Faire

This theory refers to a lack of government interference in American business through regulations.

Treaty of Versailles

This treaty ended WWI and took away all land holdings from Germany and forced them to accept blame for the war.

Affirmative Action

This was Kennedy's plan increase minority representation in colleges, professions and businesses.

Tuskegee Airmen

This was a group of African American fighter pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school in the US Army Air Corps. They escorted pilots on bombing missions and was famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes.

Moral Majority

This was a highly influential conservative group of evangelical Christians successful in pushing social issues into presidential politics. Founded by Jerry Falwell.

Rock and Roll

This was a new type of music that blended traditional blues and electronic instruments to become "American music." (Included Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry)

Heritage Foundation

This was a political think tank during Reagan's presidency that sought to promote conservative policies.

Transcontinental Railroad

This was completed in 1869 and connected the East to the West. It led to better communication, trade and closing the frontier.

Panama Canal

This was dug through jungle and mountains to create a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Contract with America

This was published by the Republican party, outlining their conservative policies towards taxes, spending and government size.

Bataan Death March

This was the 60 mile march of U.S. and Filipino POWs by the Japanese. They suffered starvation, disease, physical abuse and murder.

Chinese Exclusion Act

This was the first (1882) to limit the immigration of a specific group. It also eased job competition by forcing the Chinese into railroad jobs.

Korean War

This was the first significant armed conflict between communist and non-communist forces. It ends with an armistice on the 38th parallel.

Holocaust

This was the name for Hitler's mass extermination of people during WW2, totaling over 11 million. Many were kept in concentration camps.

New Frontier

This was the name for Kennedy's domestic and foreign program to expand social programs, end poverty and initiate the Peace Corps.

Manhattan Project

This was the name for the development of the atomic bomb. The first successful test took place in New Mexico, 1945.

Executive Order 9066

This was the order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that called for the internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry.

Credibility gap

This was the result of the inconsistency between government reports and media reports on the war. It led to suspician and distrust of government.

Island Hopping

This was the term for the military strategy for U.S. military advancement through the Pacific Islands through Japanese territory to the mainland.

Dear Stop ERA Friend . . . In the face of all the pressure the ERAers are exerting this month, we need to remind all our Senators and Representatives that we are counting on them — 1) To vote NO on ERA, and 2) To resist all efforts to eliminate the 3/5th majority that the Illinois Constitution requires for constitutional amendments. —Letter from the National Chairman of Stop ERA, December 6, 1978 The author of this letter was —

a leader of a conservative interest group

bull market

a long period of rising stock prices

Anti-Trust Acts

These acts, led by Theodore Roosevelt, focused on dissolving unfair business consolidations or monopolies.

Labor Unions

These are formed in response to poor working conditions and low wages. (Ex: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor)

Entrepreneurs

These individuals brought new innovations and capital to expand American industry.

Machine Guns

These new mechanized weapons used during WWI increased loss of life from previous wars.

Missionaries

These people supported imperialism as an opportunity for evangelism in other countries, to spread Christianity to other countries.

Political Machines

These sought control of the cities by offering incentives in exchange for political support. (Ex: Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed)

Victory Gardens

These were also call "War Gardens," grown by Americans to help with the food supply during a period of rations.

Atomic weapons

These were developed during World War II as a result of the Manhattan Project. Two of these would be used on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Tanks

These were first introduced in World War I.

Conventional weapons

These would include the weapons of war such as machine guns, tanks, and airplanes. It would not include atomic weapons.

National Highway Act

This 1956 act created the nation's interstate freeway system. It looked as if it was intended solely to improve the country's infrastructure, but the 42,000 miles of road were also meant to provide for the quick evacuation of large urban centers, the emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles.

American Recovery & Reinvestment Act

This 2009 Act increased the role of the federal government by increasing government spending to jump start the economy.

Securities and Exchange Commission

This Commission oversees the day to day operations in the stock market and prevent fraud. SEC- monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

This Corporation was created by FDR to oversee and protect bank deposits. FDIC - A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank.

Vernon Baker

This First Lieutenant was awarded the Medal of Honor by Bill Clinton for his efforts in WW2. He was in the all black 92nd Infantry.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

This General commanded the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He is known for success during Operation Torch and D-Day. Supreme Allied Commander of the forces in Europe (became president after the war)

W.E.B. DuBois

This Progressive leader is credited with starting the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights.

Meat Inspection Act

This act (inspired by The Jungle) was passed in 1906 to require truthful labeling products to protect consumers.

National Origin Act

This act established a maximum number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. from each country. Eastern and southern Europeans were discriminated against.

Voting Rights Act

This act in 1965 eliminated obstacles for African Americans and increased the federal governments power over voting.

Homestead Act

This act motivated more Americans to settle in the west by promising 160 acres in exchange for cultivating the land for 5 years.

Endangered Species

This act passed in 1973, Nixon designed this law to protect species nearing extinction due to human interaction.

Pure Food and Drug Act

This act regulated the preparation of foods and the sale of medicines.

War Powers Act

This act restricted the ability of the executive branch to use force by requiring Congressional approval

Dawes Act

This act was part of the Americanization movement of Native American tribe. Each family was given 160 acres of reservation land.

Federal Reserve Act

This act, passed in 1913 by Wilson, established the central banking system through 12 central banks to serve as the "banker's banks" and manage the money supply.

13th amendment

This amendment ended slavery.

14th amendment

This amendment guaranteed for citizen rights for everyone.

15th amendment

This amendment guaranteed the right to vote for all men regardless of race.

19th amendment

This amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of gender.

26th amendment

This amendment lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18 in response to protests and in support of the young people who served in Vietnam.

Eighteenth Amendment

This amendment was passed in 1919 to eliminate the consumption, manufacture and sale of alcohol.

Seventeenth Amendment

This amendment was passed to fight corruption at the state level through the direct election of senators by the people.

Sixteenth Amendment

This amendment was ratified 1913 creating a graduated income tax

Nineteenth Amendment

This amendment was ratified in 1920 and granted women the right to vote.

Midway

This battle is considered the turning point for the Pacific Theater. Americans broke the Japanese code and resulted in destroying 4 Japanese aircraft carriers.

Puerto Rico

This became an American possession after the Spanish American War.

Philippines

This country along with Guam and Puerto Rico were acquired after the Spanish American War.

Rosenburgs

This couple was tried and executed for selling secrets to the Soviet Union to make the atomic bomb.

Free Enterprise

This economic system allows people to expand their business as they choose and leads to the development of new industries.

Election of 2000

This election ended up being decided by the U.S. Supreme Court following a problem with the counting of ballots in Florida. President George W. Bush ended up winning the electoral vote over Al Gore.

Cuban Missile Crisis

This event is considered the high point of nuclear tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Great Migration

This event was during WWI when hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated to northern U.S. cities for job opportunities and to escape Jim Crow racism.

American Indian Act

This group gained citizenship with an act in 1924 in large part from their contributions during WWI.

Black Panthers

This group of activists worked against problems in the ghetto and for self-sufficiency of African-Americans.

American Expeditionary Forces

This group of forces were under the command of General John J. Pershing during World War I. By the end of the war this group included over a quarter of a million Americans.

National Rifle Association

This group was the largest political lobbying organization that sought to secure 2nd amendment rights.

Hurricane Katrina

This hurricane led to the evacuation of 80% of New Orleans. It holds the record for the highest storm surge and costliest hurricane.

Populism

This idea developed because of the issues of the farmers including lower crop prices, overcharging railroad costs and supporting bimetallism.

Media

This industry had a great influence on shaping public opinon on the war. (Newspaper, TV, Radio)

Cattle

This industry supported the growth of railroads because of the increased demand for beef in the east.

United Nations

This international organization was created following World War II with the hope that it would prevent future world wars.

Referendum

This is a progressive era reform that allows a citizen to reject or accept a law passed by the legislature.

Social Darwinism

This is the belief that different human races competed for survival like plants and animals in the natural world.

McCarthyism

This is the name for the era of investigations based on accusations of suspected communists.

Internment

This is the term for detaining Germans, Italians and Japanese during WW2.

Hooverville

This is the term used to describe the make shift shanty-towns where many of the unemployed live. A nickname given to shantytowns in the United States during the Depression

GI Bill

This law passed in 1944 to provide returning servicemen educational opportunities, low interest loans and unemployment insurance.

World Trade Center

This location was one of the targets hit during the 9/11 attack.

Oprah Winfrey

one of the wealthiest women in the world and the highest paid entertainer in the world, endorsed Barack Obama - giving his campaign a significant boost and helping him edge out Hillary Clinton among women voters in the Democratic primaries

One action that influenced the U.S.-Soviet signing of the SALT I treaty in 1972 was President Richard Nixon's —

opening of diplomatic relations with China

Upon entering World War I, the United States enlarged its military by —

passing the Selective Service Act

Moral Majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

24 Under the U.S. Constitution, the government may not take private property unless —

the government pays the owner fair compensation for the land

During the Gilded Age there was a notable increase in federal support for —

the growth of big business

The entertainment industry is one of California's major industries and one of America's largest exports. However, in recent years, more film and TV production has gone abroad. . . . Senator Boxer pushed legislation, now law, to provide a tax break to encourage film and TV production to stay in the United States. —Website of Senator Barbara Boxer of California (accessed April 16, 2010) Senator Boxer supported the legislation mentioned in this excerpt most likely because she was concerned that —

the loss of domestic production work would result in fewer job opportunities for Americans

Urbanization

Mass movement of people from farms to cities; growth of city into surrounding countryside

Sojourner Truth

"Ain't I a Woman" speech, American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Vietnam War

"American War" Vietnam was split into North Vietnam (Ho and communists) and South Vietnam (non communists). South Vietnam avoided elections and prevented the spread of communism but discontent of the people caused guerrilla warfare. America stepped in a spreaded the war into Cambodia along causing the war to end in a draw. This war was ended by the Paris Peace Accord but that did little to stop hostility between the sides

Jacob Riss

"How the Other Half Live" author and photographer, A Muckraker who sought to expose the political and social injustices in the United States during the early 1900s. Riss exposed the horrid conditions of the New York City's tenement housing in his most famous work, "How the Other Half Lives".

Which quotation could most likely be attributed to Sandra Day O'Connor?

"The power I exert on the Court depends on the power of my arguments, not on my gender."

Which headline describes an event that resulted from the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001? "Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations Resume" "Debt Crisis Shakes European Union" "Russia Increases Petroleum Exports" "Troops Deployed to Afghanistan"

"Troops Deployed to Afghanistan"

Frances Willard

"the most famous woman of the nineteenth century;" ran the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from 1878-97; campaigned for woman's suffrage, abstinence from alcohol, reformation of prison systems, abolition of prostitution, and elimination of wage system

Gerald Ford

(1) became VP after Spiro Agnew resigned (bribery scandal) and became president after Watergate scandal forced Nixon in Aug. 1974; (2) he pardoned Nixon and pushed a conservative domestic policy, but was little more than a caretaker president when respect for government was at an all-time low

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanaton in 1869.

Civil Rights Acts

1960 & 1964, Passed by Congress, it set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was founder of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Was criticized for "accommodating" segregation or blacks should start at the bottom of the ladder and gradually work on being accepted into society through and education., A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Progressive Movement

(1901 -1917) Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Marshall Plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

Korean War

(1950-53) The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea., ..., (The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.), conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China came to North Korea's aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea.

Little Rock 9

(1957) Group of African Americans uniting to integrate an all white Arkansas school Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Nine African-American students became the first to attend. Ernest Green was the first to graduate. The 101st Airborne had to be sent in to escort the students to class.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-2011 ) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

(1972) The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not require Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade because it would violate their long-held religious beliefs

White v. Regester

(1973) The Court reaffirmed that multi-member districts were not unconstitutional, per se, but only if the result was unequal access to the political process. The Court considered TX's history of exclusion, white "slating" groups, lack of minority elected officials, and non- responsiveness of white officials. Basically established: "totality of circumstances".

Endangered Species Act

(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

George H. W. Bush

(1989-1993) , President after Reagan, was in presidency when the Cold War ended and when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, he also sent troops to Iran which started the Persian Gulf war., 1989-1993, 1988; Republican; increased welfare and unemployment benefits during a recession, yielded to Democrat Congress on economic issues, signed the American with Disabilities Act, sent troops to Panama, Soviet Union collapsed in 1991: end of Cold War, sent troops to fight Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf War; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Hurricane Katrina

(2005) The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the U. S., killing nearly 2,000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, especially in the city of New Orleans, in late Aug. of 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly centered on the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

American Indian Movement

(AIM) A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota., led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans;

NAFTA

(Acronym) This agreement passed by Clinton created a common market between Mexico, Canada and the U.S. removing trade barriers and tariffs.

HUAC

(Acronym) This group led investigations of suspected communists and fascists. Many who were questioned by this committee included actors and directors.

OPEC

(Acronym) This is the organization formed by oil-producing countires to control the supply and set prices. It was used as a political weapon when they imposed an oil embargo on the U.S. for siding with Israel in the 1973 war.

GATT

(Acronym) This organization was designed to reduce tariffs. It was later replaced by the World Trade Organization.

NATO

(Acronym) This was a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective security against communist aggression.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health, created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Those payments would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age fo 65. Workers who lost their jobs, people who were blind or disabled, and dependent children and their mothers also received benefits.

Omar Bradley

(February 12, 1893 - April 8, 1981) was a United States Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II, and a General of the Army of the U.S. Army. From the Normandy landings through the end of the war in Europe, Bradley had command of all U.S. ground forces invading Germany from the west; he ultimately commanded forty-three divisions and 1.3 million men, the largest body of American soldiers ever to serve under a U.S. field commander. First chairman of the joint Chiefs of Staff,

House Un-American Activities Committee

(HUAC) committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War, Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

Detente

(Soviet Union and US) Easing of relations period roughly in the middle of the Cold War, signing of treaties, installation of direct hotline between Washington DC and Moscow, the so called red telephone, enabling both countries to quickly interact with each other in a time of urgency, ended after the Soviet intervention of Afganistan

Chinese Exclusion Act

..., (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Vietnamization

..., A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

Third Parties

..., Any party that is organized to compete against the two major parties (Democrats and Republicans). They have always existed in one form or another. In fact, Republicans may be the most successful third party in history after they replaced the now-defunct Whig party.

Court Packing Plan

..., Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

Tenemant

..., Cheapily built, crowded, and often squalid multistory dwellings, often constructed by factory owners to house workers

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

..., Commonly referred to as the Stimulus Package/ ARRA; intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession that followed the financial collapse in 2008. No Republicans in the House and only 3 Republicans in the Senate voted for this bill, arguing against the massive growth in federal spending

Political Machines

..., Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Hillary Clinton

..., First Lady from 1992-2000; maintained a significant career as First Lady; attacked by conservatives and anti-feminists; took leading role in government affairs; promoted equality of sexes, Headed up President Clinton's effort to reform US healthcare. US Secretary of State

Immigration

..., In the 19th century the United States remained the world's strongest magnet for immigrants, offering them chances to take up farming or urban employment. Passenger ships begun to cross the North Atlantic in large numbers. Between 1845-1854 was the greatest influx of immigrants in U.S. history, 14.5 percent of the total population in 1845. The three largest groups were the Irish (1.6 million), the Germans (1.2 million), and the British (588,000).

Edgewood ISD v. Kirby

..., Landmark case involving the financing of public schools. Edgewood considered the equity of funding public schools by the existening property tax system in terms of texas constitution. Argued states reliance on local property taxes to fund public edu discriminated against poor. Month after case legislature passed bill 72, modest reform measure that increased state aid to poor districts.1990 master appointed by supreme court announce equity financing plan.made 188 county eduducation districts to equalize wealth across districts.passed senate bill 7.

Political Bosses

..., Politicians who provided some aid to the citizens of their districts - helped the poor to find homes and jobs, apply for citizenship and voting rights, built parks, funded police and fire departments, and constructed roads and sewage lines; in exchange, expected the citizens of their respective areas to reelect them; often used corrupt means to accomplish goals

Sun Belt

..., U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

William Jennings Bryan

..., United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925), 3 time candidate for President; former secretary of state; respected reformer; his goal in Scopes trial was to allow citizens the right to determine what is taught in their public schools

Delgado v. Bastrop ISD

.1948 Supreme Court case pitted parents supported by the GI Forum and LULAC against a Central Texas school district and ended with a ruling that public schools could not legally segregate Hispanic children from their peers, Bastrop ISD segregated their schools and Delgado sues Bastrop. Supreme Court sides with Delgado and orders the Bastrop schools to quit being segregated. After this victory most school districts evaded the court ruling and discrimination and segregation continues

Homestead Act

160 acres of free land; 1862, 1862 and strengthened in 1889 law that provided 160 acres of Western land to any citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years. This law gave land that was previously reserved by treaty for nomadic Native Americans to whites as private property.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., he made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

W.E.B. DuBois

1868-1963 Civil rights leader and author. Called for full equality of African-Americans, which included social, civil, political, and economic equality. Opposed Booker T. Washington's "gradual approach" to equality. Through higher education, DuBois wanted to develop leaders from the most able 10% of African-Americans ("The Talented Tenth") Co-founded the Niagara Movement, which became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Gilded Age

1870's - 1890's; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor, ..., A name for the late 1800's, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Dawes Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Mao Zedong

1893-1976. Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. Heralded as an influential leader who transformed China into world power. Programs led to large unnecessary loss of life and damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations.

Sanford Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii.

Sanford B. Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He forced the taking of Hawaii to increase profits and get rid of tariffs. He asked US to annex Hawaii. (Imperialism)

Spanish American War

1898 War, "The Splendid Little War" that resulted in US gaining Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam. This 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine

Prohibition

18th Amendment, ..., the period from 1920 to 1933 when the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Chicano Movement

1960's Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. The Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts.

Great Migration

1900 - 90% of blacks live in south. During the industrialist war boom, 500,000 black workers rush north to find better jobs. Although there is still racism and race riots, they have a much better chance. Mexican population almost doubles, since a ten-year civil war revolution against Porfirio Diaz causes refugees to flee northward. Mexicans make up 3/4 of Californian agricultural workforce. Huge amounts of racism are targeted against Mexicans.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence int he country; peasants, resenting special privileges for foreigners and Chinese Christians, who were protected by foreign missionaries, formed a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists (AKA the Boxer's).They surrounded the European section of Beijing and kept it under siege for several months, This revolt was an attempted answer to this wave of foreign exploitation. "A desperate revolt by the superstitious peasant class in China against the European "foreign devils" who were carving up China in the new imperialism of the 1890's; quickly suppressed." by European and American troops

World War One

1914-1918. The global military conflict which involved the majority of the world's greatest powers; Germany, Turkey, Austro- Hungary (Central Powers) vs. Britain, France, Russia (Triple Entente). The US entered in April 1917 because of U Boats and the Zimmerman Telegram....

18th Amendment

1919- Progressive amendment that made the production and sale of alcohol illegal in an attempt to improve morality and family life.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism, tested the Butler Act (to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals)

Malcolm X

1925-1965; message: black power, enemy is the white man, supported black nationalism, may have been less separatist and more moderate at the end of his life; supported by northern urban black youth, Nation of Islam, northern white student radicals; methods: militant speeches, confrontations with white establishment, challenged King's nonviolence, urged self-defense against white violence; black Muslims identified with violence in 1960's, opposed gradualism, accommodation, frightened whites, was assassinated in 1965. Civil rights leader who studied Nation of Islam teaching, 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; Converted to Nation of Islam in jail in 1950 dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on segregationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality,

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.(1) Mexican-American migrant farm worker & founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963; (2) helped exploited Chicano workers with his successful "boycott grapes" movement that led to better pay, limits on the use of toxic fertilizers, and recognition of farm workers' collective bargaining right,

Herbert Hoover

1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

Teapot Dome Scandal

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Tea Pot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation government officials Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.,

Korematsu v. U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor, The court ruled that the ordering of Japanese=Americans into internment camps was constitutional

Harry Truman

1945-1953, Democrat, Missouri, Atomic bomb attack on Japan ended WWII. Fair Deal to extend New Deal; Truman Doctrine to contain communisn, Marshall Plan to rebuild economies in Europe, NATO, unexpected election victory in 1948 after campaigning against "do-nothing" Republican Congress, sent troops to Kores

Cold War

1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment), This prolonged conflict for world dominance from 1945-1991 between two superpowers- the democratic, capitalist US and the communist Soviet Union. The weapons of conflict were commonly words of propaganda and threats.

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communist. He took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; anti-Communist demagogue.

Brown Vs. Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) This 1954 decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendments guarantee of equal protection. this case marked the end of he legal segregation in the US.

TET Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Daniel Elsberg

1971. gave Pentagon Papers to public and press during winter soldier investigation. he was convicted for conspiracy, theft and to be in violation of the espionage act for tapping lines and recording the conversations into the pentagon papers. the supreme court overturned his indictment citing 1st amendment and saying the pentagon papers were an example of the credibility gap. he served on Nixon's pacification team, was also a professor at Harvardd

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was threatened with impeachment Nixon resigns and stepped down as President

Roe v. Wade

1973-Supreme Court case advocating women's right to abortion. Allowed abortion rights to women in all 50 states. , established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut

Flying Tigers

1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force; trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II with the intention of defending China against Japanese forces., American pilots who volunteered to fight for China

John Glenn

1st American to orbit Earth in "Friendship 7" in 1962. He was an Ohio Senator for 25 years then he became the oldest person to travel in space at the age of 77 in "Discovery"

Sputnik (Russia)

1st artificial satellite

Dorie Miller

1st black American to earn the Navy Cross for his heroic actions during the Pearl Harbor attack

KDKA (Pittsburgh, PA)

1st radio station, 1st radio station

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600,000 more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion, Camps, A presidential executive order issued during WW II by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps.It was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety.

Barack Obama

2008-Current; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, He initiated the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War, the construction of the Panama Canal and Big Stick Diplomacy. 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, "Big Stick" Policy, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War (Progressive and Imperialism)

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal, "genial, garrulous, and debauched" Was an undistinguished senator from Ohio. Got the republican presidential nomination for being noted as a "good second-rater". Won election of 1920. Recognized his own weaknesses→ Gambling, illegal alcohol, attractive women, intellectually limited, and very passive in his presidency. Attempted to stabilize the nation's troubled foreign policy

Franklin D Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII. Lend-lease Act, Gave "Infamy Speech" and declared war on Japan in 1941, gave the order to send Japanese Americans to internment camps, died before war ended.

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached; scandal with White House intern Monica Lewinsky and Whitewater business faults

Lester Maddox

A 1966 segregationist who was elected governor. Actually, he was selected to be by the Democratic Ga. Government because no party received a majority of the votes. Had no real organization or power which allowed for more power in the legislature. 1970 was lieutenant Governor under Jimmy Carter.

Social Gospel Movement

A 19th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

GATT

A United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Barry Goldwater

A candidate for President in 1964, he lost to Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the biggest landslides in U.S. History. Many consider him to be the founder of the modern conservative movement within the Republican party.

George Patton

A commander in World War II, where he led the Third Army into battle following D-Day at the Battle of the Bulge. He ordered a 90 degree turnaround of forces to relieve American troops that were surrounded. US General who lead tank battalions in North Africa and Western Europe during WWII.

World War Two

A global military conflict including all of the great powers. The most widespread war in history that involved two opposing military alliances: the Axis and Allies. The war between the Axis and the Allies, beginning on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and ending with surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, and of Japan on August 14, 1945

William Randolph Hearst

A highly successful publisher of several papers who used yellow journalism to boost success, the most famous of which was the New York Morning Journal. Served in the House of Representatives, and owned 28 newspapers, 18 magazines, and several other news sources and radio stations by 1935.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Egypt and Israel (helped by Pres. Carter) to resolve long-term disputes.

Harlem Renissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished., a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American

Era

A period of history defined by a common, unifying theme that can last for any length of time

Big Stick Policy

A policy enacted by President Theodore Roosevelt that encouraged being peaceful in making resolutions but use force if necessary.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens., A political system where the state, usually under the power of a single political person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. Hitler, Stalin , Tito

Recall Vote

A procedure in which people can vote to remove a public official, enables a certain number of voters to demand vote on whether an elected official should be removed from the office

Sussex Pledge

A promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships - but not passenger ships - to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost.

Department of Homeland Security

A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees, US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Urbanization

A shift in population toward cities--corresponds to the rise of industrialization and was also a consequence of industrialization.

Primary Source

A source of information that comes from the time period you are studying

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. Direct Vote,,,

Tariffs

A tax on imported goods to protect American businesses. This protects the American businesses because the seller will pass the tax on to consumers which results in higher prices on imported goods.

Genetic Engineering

A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally., Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.

Which situation demonstrates one way that U.S. culture has spread to other parts of the world? .

A teenage girl buys a hip-hop CD in China.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920's who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. (1920s)

Vernon Baker

African American; Died 2010; Congressional Medal of Honor, He was a US Army officer who received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in WW II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5-6, 1945 near Viereggio, Italy, when he and his platoon killed 26 enemy soldiers and destroyed six machine gun nests, two observer posts and four dugouts. He was the only living black World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state., A revolutionary variant of socialism that favors a partisan (and often totalitarian) dictatorship, government control of all enterprises, and the replacement of free markets by central planning. Soviet Union is prime exemplar.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries., North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a pact that unites Canada, Mexico, and the United States in one of the world's largest free-trade zones. It builds on a free-trade agreement between the United States and Canada that became effective in 1989

Transcontinental railroad

A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. The Central Pacific laborers were predominantly Chinese, and the Union Pacific laborers predominantly Irish. Both groups often worked under harsh conditions.

General John J. Pershing made a major contribution to the Allied victory in World War I

A transforming inexperienced troops into an effective military force

Roy Benavidez

A war hero of Vietnam, who had been presented with the Congressional Medal of Honor by Reagan. This man received the Medal of Honor for his bravery under constant fire to secure the safety of fellow wounded soldiers. He had 37 wounds yet refused care until all were evacuated. (1980s)

Montgomery, AL Bus Boycott

A year-long bus boycott of African Americans, In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal., African-Americans walked and carpooled forcing an economic haradship on the city bus company with a loss of 65% of its normal income.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

AAA- Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Sammuel Gompers

AFL leader, led the American Federation of Labor; avoided larger political questions, concentrating insead on such "bread & butter" issues as higher wages and shorter workdays, an approach that proved successful; he also realized that his union could gain more power if it excluded unskilled workers

Schenck v United States

Charles Schenck was arrested for handing out leaflets urging individuals to resist the draft during WWI. He claimed freedom of speech. The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech can be limited if the speech creates a "clear and present danger" to others.

Submarine Warfare

After the sinking of the Lusitania, Germans promised to stop this unrestricted action. When they resumed it prompted U.S. entry into WWI.

National Park Service

Agency that manages all national parks, national monuments and other conservationist and historical places.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores. She would later go on to become one of the founders of the NAACP and one of the first African American women to run for public office. African American journalist.

Education

After Sputnik, the U.S. increased funding for this field (especially math and science) to improve American ability to compete with the Soviets.

War on Terror

After the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the U.S. began this campaign to fight terrorism. This war led to the deaths of Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden.

Balkans Crisis

After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 wars between former Soviet nations led to this humanitarian crisis and charges of ethnic cleansing.

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Also called the TVA- A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity, A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Monroe Doctrine

America informs Europe that American continent is no longer open to colonization, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Isolationism

America wanted to avoid participation in foreign war(s), A foreign policy course followed throughout most of our nation's history, whereby the United States has tried to stay out of other nations' conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was reaffirmed by the Monroe Doctrine.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Vernon Jordan

American civil rights leader who wanted to register black voters, headed National Urban League in 70s

Bill Gates

American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers Entrepreneur and philanthropist (modern times)

Bill Gates

American computer software designer who co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the largest computer software manufacturers in the world.

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourge.

Betty Friedan

American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique" which argued against the traditional role of women. She also cofounded NOW and is credited for inspiring the modern women's liberation movement.(1960s)

Isolationism

American foreign policy return to this after WWI, separating themselves from other countries' affairs.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dust bowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Environmental Protection Agency

An agency of the federal government created in 1970 and charged with administering all the government's environmental legislation. It also administers policies dealing with toxic wastes. It is the largest federal independent regulatory agency.

Consumerism

Americans enter and era of buying frenzy, A social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts., with a concentration on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged

Rural

Americans move from this to the urban areas because of increased job opportunities in the cities.

Expansionism

Americans supported this policy to spread U.S. influence abroad through colonies that would provide raw materials, markets, and naval bases.

War Bonds

Americans were encouraged to buy these to help finance the war effort. They reduced the currency in circulation and curbed inflation.

Billy Graham

An Evangelical fundamentalist preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950's with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal., One of the most popular evangelical ministers of the era. Star of the first televised "crusades" for religious revival. He believed that all doubts about the literal interpretation of the bible were traps set by Satan. He supported Republicans and a large increase to money in the military.

Billy Graham

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher, he has been a spiritual and moral adviser to many U.S. Presidents. As a prominent Christian leader, he spoke out against communism during the Cold War era. Most Presidents since Dwight Eisenhower have called upon Mr. Graham during times of crisis. A vocal supporter of the civil rights movement; he refused to join the Moral Majority.

22nd Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution stating that no president can be elected to said office more than twice, and no person who inherits the presidency due to death can be elected more than once. This amendment had little, if any, awareness published about it, as people had little concern for it and weren't very involved.

Laissez-fair

An economic philosophy developed by Adam Smith that promoted an economic theory brought about by enlightenment, physiocrats believed that government should not interfere with private economic activity; formed basis of 19th century economic reform

Free Enterprise System

An economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin to determine what to produce, how to produce, how much to produce, and for whom to produce. The quest for improvement financially and materially motivates consumers and producers.

Which of the following was a defining characteristic of the United States during the 1930s?

An extended period of economic depression

Cuban Missile Crisis

An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

War on Iraq

An ongoing military campaign, started in 2003, led by the United States to remove the government of Saddam Hussein and replace it with a democratic government

Multinational Corporations

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

Okies

An unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s in places like California.

Phyllis Schlafly

Anti-feminist and an outspoken critic of the Equal Rights Amendment and Women's Liberation Movement. She believed it threatened the rights of wives and harmed family life.

Sandra Day O'Connor

Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. In 1981 Reagan nominated her as the first woman Supreme Court Justice by Ronald Reagan.(1980s)

Iran Contra Affair

Arms sales to Iran in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages. Arms were later sold to Nicaraguan Contras.

George Marshall

Army Chief of Staff General during WWII, pushed for the formation of a Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC). He said there were many duties being performed by soldiers that could be done better by women. The WAAC was passed in 1942. United States secretary of state who formulated a program providing economic aid to European countries after World War II. The Marshall Plan provided massive American economic assistance to help Europe recover from the war.,

Sequencing

Arranging information, concepts, and actions in order

English Word Navajo Word Meaning Dive-bomber Gini Chicken hawk Fighter plane Da-he-tih-hi Hummingbird Bomber Jay-sho Buzzard America Ne-he-Mah Our Mother Germany Besh-be-cha-he Iron hat Philippines Ke-yah-da-na-lhe Floating land ---------------------- How were the Navajo words in this table used during World War II?

As a language of diplomacy for exchanges with enemy forces

Victory Gardens

As the war called for the need of men and arms it also called for the need of resources such as food. When America focused on sending food to the troops. Those at home had to learn to live with limits on what food they could buy. So instead almost all Americans made their own victory garden with vegetables and fruit in order to help them make their own food. In which it also called for communities to unite. The food made from the victory garden was used in order to help families who could no longer buy as much food as they were used to.

Dolores Huerta

Co-founded the United Farm Workers, advocated for Chicano rights, immigrants, women's rights, and farm workers; negotiated the first contract with grape growers and a non-white union

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Charles Lindberg

Aviator who in 1927 made the first transatlantic solo flight from New York to Paris in thirty-three hours and thirty minutes, a significant triumph for the young aviation industry. (1920s)

Black Entertainment Television

BET is part of BET Networks, it is the most prominent television network targeting young Black-American audiences and is the leading provider of Black-American cultural and entertainment-based programming. Robert L. Johnson Founder

In 1997, Vernon Baker was awarded the Medal of Honor. How was this award historically significant?

Baker was the only living African American veteran of World War II ever to receive the medal.

deportation

Being sent back home, the removal or banishment of someone.

Presidential Election of 2000 Bush v. Gore

Bush beats gore in electoral college

Bank Failures

By 1933 many of these closed due to the increase of people withdrawing their money. This crisis was one of the first to be addressed by FDR. This occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations due to lack of money to refund deposits; After the stock market crashed, defaulted bank loans meant the banks did not get back the borrowed money, which had come from savings accounts; depositors later demanded their savings, so the banks went bankrupt and closed.

Discontent with major political parties leads to the organization of a third party. Potential voters mobilize support for the third party. The third party becomes competition for the major parties. ----------------------------------------------------------- How have major parties reacted to the scenario described above?

By addressing the issues raised by the third parties

Lee Ioccoca

CEO of Chrysler Automobile Corporation. Credited for saving American Auto Industry

Iran-Contra Affair

CIA director William Casey and National Security Advisor William Poindexter believed if the Sandinistas took over in Nicaragua, a domino affect in Central America would take place. Poindexter and Casey found a way to sell arms to Iran for millions of dollars via Oliver North. That money was then used to buy weapons for the Contras, even after aid to the Contras had been cut by Congress.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. (early times)

PENT-UP CONSUMER DEMAND ---- COLD WAR MILITARY SPENDING ---- NEW INDUSTRIES ---- HOUSING ---- FEDERAL HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Causes and Effects of Economic Prosperity in the 1950s

20th Amendment

Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress

Iron Curtin

Churchill's phrase describing the division of Europe into two sections, democratic W Europe and communist E Europe, Churchill's phrase describing the division of Europe into two sections, democratic W Europe and communist E Europe. became the symbol of the cold war. it expressed the growing fear of communism.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. , An important Japanese military center where the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Forty-three seconds later, almost every building in the city collapsed into dust from the force of the blast. Hiroshima had ceased to exist. Still, Japan's leaders hesitated to surrender. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. By the end of the year, an estimated 200,000 people had died as a result of injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blasts. Emperor Hirohito was horrified by the destruction wrought by the bomb. On September 2, formal surrender ceremonies took place. Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb remains very controversial.

Chicago

City that introduces the cable car system, A city in the Northeast Illinois State. The Largest city in Ill, and a port and steel manufacturing center.

Freedom Riders

Civil Rights activists called Freedom Riders, rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, (1960) 364 U.S. 454, which outlawed racial segregation in interstate transportation facilities, including bus stations and railroad terminals. A total of 436 Freedom Riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim Crow laws, etc. All but a very small number were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) while the others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Pendelton Civil Service Act

Civil Service commission set up after President Garfield's assassinsation, 1883 law that created a Civil Serive commission and stated federal employess did not require to contribute the campaign fund nor be fired for political reasons

Betty Friedan

Co-founder of NOW (National Orginization of Woman) , wrote Feminine Mystique as the author of "Feminine Mystique." 1960s; wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they suboordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement

Eugenics

Coined by Frances Galton. Aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population. Embraced views of social darwinism and manipulated the human population in order to better it. Think of things like the Nazi's, where the argument was made that in order to purify the human race some parts of it had to be removed/changed. Positive eugenics focused on encouraging the reproduction of anglo-saxons (ex. healthcare, health food). While, negative eugenics aimed toward genocide and extermination, sterilization, and euthanasia (intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain) thought to be doing society a favor in prohibiting the reproduction of the unfit.

Success doesn't just happen to a company or to an individual. Success comes as a result of clear thinking and long-range planning. And that is just what the young engineer in the picture is doing. He is studying the many possibilities of a career in guided missiles. ---------------- Jobs such as the ones described in this 1956 advertisement became available because —

Cold War defense programs had spurred technological innovation

shantytown

Collections of makeshift shelters built out of packing boxes, scrap lumber, corrugated iron, and other thrown-away items

Douglas Macarthur

Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the Pacific theater during World War II, he accepted Japanese surrender in 1945. Would serve as General for UN forces in the Korean War and would be fired by President Truman.

Reperations

Compensation or repayment; compensation payable by a defeated nation for damages sustained by another nation as a result of hostilities., Cash payments for the damage of war. Germany was forced to pay $300 billion in damages

Which of the following was the main reason for the rapid settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800s?

Congress passed a law allowing people to claim public land and convert it to private property through homesteading.

G.I. Bill

Congressional Bill (Law) passed in 1944 Helped World War II veterans get established, Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

Heritage Foundation

Conservative American think tank in Washington D.C to promote conservative public policies. based the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional american values and a strong national defense.

Congressional bloc of Southern Democrats

Conservative southern Democrats who worked to block the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by relying on a filibuster in the Senate to postpone the legislation as long as possible, hoping that support for the legislation throughout the country would falter

Sam Walton

Created large box store style of retail, founded Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Bought in extremely large quantities and sold at low prices. (Discount Stores)

Jeff Bezos

Creator of Amazon.com, he started his business in his garage, pioneered book retailing on the web.

Anti-Semitism

Culturally ingrained prejudice and/or hatred of Jews.

Concentration Camps

During World War II, Adolf Hitler ordered the Jews to be contained in these. Many were killed in these camps.

Volunteerism

During World War II, many on the home front were called upon to volunteer and assist the war effort. This included buying of war bonds, conserving raw materials, and planting Victory gardens.

Computer Revolution

During the 1980's personal computers began to appear in many homes across the world. By the late 1990's, computers had become a staple in most industrialized country's homes.

Big Business

During the Gilded Age, the economy saw a rise in this, often seen as more efficient but also as unfair competition.

Fireside Chats

During the depression years of the 1930's, President Roosevelt used the radio to communicate with the American people, using plain language to explain complex issues and programs. These had a reassuring and steadying effect on the public and boosted confidence.

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

During this time over 30 million babies were born in the United States during the postwar era of prosperity.

John Hancock

Easily recognized signature from declaration of Independence, President of Continental Congress, A merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. Served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was one of Boston's leaders during the crisis that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Famous for writing his signature in a large fashion on the Declaration of Independence. (founding father)

Which pull factor contributed to the Great Migration?

Economic opportunities in industrialized cities

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

repatriation

Efforts made by local governments and/or the federal government to encourage or make Mexican immigrants and their naturalized children return to Mexico

Dwight Eisenhower

Eisenhower (nicknamed "Ike") later became a very popular 2 term Republican American president. He was elected because he was a WWII war hero. Ike planned the successful Operation Torch attack and was later appointed to be "Supreme Allied Commander" in Europe (he was placed in charge of all generals for all nations allied with the US). His next big plan was Operation Overlord which was the Invasion of Europe (D-Day)

What does President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial reflect about modern U.S. politics?

Elected officials face greater scrutiny of their personal lives.

Which of the following has resulted from the increased use of computers in the workplace?

Employees are required to sign Internet-usage agreements.

government poster directly related to the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Employment Discrimation is Illegal

The participants in this week's antidraft demonstration . . . are . . . students or young men . . . who are working within a coalition . . . which calls itself the Stop the Draft Week Committee. . . . —Douglas Robinson, New York Times, December 6, 1967 The demonstration described in this article was most likely prompted by —

Escalated deployment of US forces to Vietnam

Containment Policy

Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II., Faced with the Soviet threat, American officials decided it was time, in Truman's words,to stop "babying the Soviets." In February 1946, George F. Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment - an effort to block the Soviets' attempts to spread their influence by creating alliances and supporting weaker countries. This policy became to guide the Truman administration's foreign policy. When Stalin hear about Churchill's Iron Curtain speech, he declared in no uncertain terms that Churchill's words were a "call to war."

Office of War Information

Established in 1942 by FDR, it took charge of domestic propaganda through films, books, and other media which portrayed the Allies as heroes against evil., established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort., Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine.

You, Mr. President, are not declaring a quarantine, but rather are setting forth an ultimatum and threatening that if we do not give in to your demands you will use force. —Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev, letter to President John F. Kennedy, October 24, 1962 Which U.S. action is Khrushchev challenging in this excerpt?

Establishing a naval blockade to stop the shipment of missiles to Cuba

Rosenberg Spy Case

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of selling US atomic secrets to the Soviets Most famous spy case in U.S, couple accused of taking Greenglass information about Los Alamos to the Soviets, both executed in 1953, 1951:

Nisei

Executive Order 9066 permitted the military to require Japanese Americans or Nisei to relocate to internment camps in the U.S.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Court Packing Plan

FDR's proposal to allow the president to appoint an additional Justice for every member of the Supreme Court over 70.

WSM

Famous Nashville radio station that aired The Grand Ole Opry.

Al Capone

Famous gangster, A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Route 66

Famous interstate road to west, legendary route from Chicago to California that was built to provide a road way for the newly created automobiles this "The Mother Road" was the opportunity, finished in 1926, that connected Chicago to Los Angeles

Anne Dallas Dudley

Famous suffragist from Tennessee, she was the National director of the Women's Suffrage Movement. She lobbied for the passage of the 19th Amendment from Tennessee.

Cesar Chavez

Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later called the United Farm Workers, who led nonviolent protests, strikes, fasts, and boycotts to draw attention to the needs of migrant farm laborers.

F.D.I.C

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) , a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions. past of Roosevelt's programs designed to fix depression era economic issues. (Bank Failures)

Bankruptcy

Federal court process to help individuals/business eliminate debts, A legal process that relieves debtors of the responsibility of paying their debts or protects them while they try to repay

Jackie Robinson

First African American to join major League Baseball (Brooklyn Dodgers 1947) , The first African American player in the major league baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for other African Americans.

Sonia Sotomayor

First Latino Supreme court justice. Controversey regarding the criteria that a judge should use in deciding a legal issue before the court. Federal court judge. Her latino background may have an influence on her judicial decisions (living law). The constitution and the law must change and adapt to social values and technology.

Truman Doctorine

Harry Truman's 1945 speech before a joint session of Congress, calling for the United States to take a leadership role in the world, and declaring that the United States would support nations threatened by communism.

Sherman Anti Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Spanish American War

Fought in 1898, the U.S. defeated the Spanish forces in the Philippines proving the strength of the U.S. military.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The skill and courage of the Tuskegee Airmen served to —

Hdecrease opposition to integrating the armed forces

George Wallace

Four term and very racist governor of Alabama; runs for president. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 gets shot paralyzed but lives tpo soften his segregationist views. , A governor of Alabama who widely and openly opposed integration of public schools, and has been famously quoted as saying, "I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."

Korematsu v US

Fred Korematsu filed this case claiming that his rights as a U.S. citizen were denied by the internment of Japanese Americans. The court ruled that the relocation of these citizens was constitutional.

Company A Special Text messaging plans starting at 25¢ per text Company B Special Add a family text message plan $29.99 for 1,000 text messages per month Company C Special Upgrade to a monthly unlimited data plan for $49.99 What do these advertisements suggest to consumers?

Free Enterprise promotes competition between cell phone providers

Panama Canal

French company - Ferdinand de Lesseps bought 25 yrs concession from Colombia, later abandoned it. U.S. passed the Spooner Act because of Canal price drop from $100 M to $40 M. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted United States a 10-mile-wide strip of land payed the Panamanians $10 M. Shorter route between Atlantic to the Pacific making global shipping faster and cheaper. American now has no need for Two Navies

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb ahead of the Germans

How did the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business?

Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama who widely and openly opposed integration of public schools, and has been famously quoted as saying, "I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas during the time of the Little Rock Crisis who attempted to block the integration of the school by using the National Guard. Led to a confrontation with Eisenhower and ultimately integration of the school

Lester Maddox

Governor of Georgia from 1967-1971; known for forcefully removing African Americans from the restaurant he owned; once he became governor, he appointed more African Americans to government positions than all previous governors combined

Desegregation

Harry Truman supported this policy to end racial separation in the armed forces with Executive Order 9981.

Benito Mussolini

He became the dictator of Italy, formed the Fascist Party and invaded Albania and Ethiopia.

Adolf Hitler

He became the leader of Nazi Germany and led an attempted genocide known as the "Final Solution."

What role did Arkansas governor Orval Faubus play in the Little Rock Crisis?

He challenged the authority of the federal government to desegregate schools.

Omar Bradley

He commanded the 1st US Army during the D-day invasion. It was under his command that Paris was liberated and the Germans were turned back at the Battle of the Bulge.

Alvin York

He fought in the Battle of Argonne Forest in WWI. He reportedly killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners. Won Congressional Medal of Freedom (WWI)

Selected Wars Between Israeli and Arab Forces • First Arab-Israeli War, 1948-1949 • Six-Day War, June 1967 • Yom Kippur War, October 1973 How did President Jimmy Carter attempt to end hostilities between the groups that fought these wars?

He helped negotiate a peace treaty known as the Camp David Accords.

Lionel Sosa

He is the founder of Bromley Communications, the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the United States. His successes in organizing campaigns for Hispanic candidates world lead him to serve as the Hispanic media consultant in six Republican campaigns. Most recently for George W. Bush in 2004.

John J. Pershing

He led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), trained US troops in Europe and helped with the victory in the Battle of Argonne Forest. Before WWI he was sent into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa.

Hector P. Garcia

He moved to Texas as a young man when his family fled the Mexican Revolution. The discrimination he witnessed against Mexican Americans during WWII led him to form the American GI forum to focus on increasing veterans' benefits for Mexican Americans. He was awarded the American Medal of Freedom in 1984 for his community activism.

Cesar Chavez

He organized the migrant farm workers union to defend Hispanic migrant workers.

Martin Luther King Jr.

He promoted civil disobedience and led the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Ronald Reagan

He ran on a campaign based on the common man and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reaganomics, the "trickle down" economics or supply side economics. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. He sought to return more control to the states and decrease the size of the federal government. (1980s)

George Marshall

He served as FDR's chief consultant during World War II and would go on to become Secretary of State under President Truman. It was during this time that he proposed the Marshall Plan which was an economic plan to rebuild post war Europe and insure that the speed of communism was contained. Army chief of staff, pushed for the formation of a women's auxiliary army corps (WAAC).

Which statement best describes a major impact Bill Gates has had on U.S. business and technology?

He started the company that provides operating software for most personal computers.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who strongly supported the idea of expansionism for moral reasons, disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was a major opponent to the League of Nations and mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. (WWI)

James Earl Ray

Hired by unidentified people to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. He shot and killed King on the balcony of his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. He was captured two months later in London.

This table shows the number of votes received in the state of Florida by the three leading candidates in the 2000 presidential election. Candidate Party Votes Received George W. Bush Republican 2,912,790 Al Gore Democratic 2,912,253 Ralph Nader Green 97,488 --------------------------------------------- Which of the following best describes Ralph Nader's effect on the election in Florida?

His candidacy drew crucial votes away from the other candidates.

New Orleans Flood

Hurricane Katrina, August 2006, storm surge breached levees and walls, 80% of city flooded, 1800 deaths, levees not high enough, levees and other structures failed; primarily due to weak soil

United Nations

I An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

Speakeasies

Illegal saloons, An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

New Immigrants

Immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1890-1917. Most from Southern and Eastern Europe. Faced more discrimination, and it was hard for them to blend in due to language and customs.

Supported Opposed Civil disobedience - Expressions of violence Nonviolent resistance - Racial separatism Desegregation - Political compromises The name of which civil rights leader best completes the title of the graphic?

Martin Luther King, Jr.

1973

Important year was the year that the last troops pulled out of South Vietnam., Arab Oil Embargo. Roe v. Wade

Klondike

In 1896, a discovery near this river in Alaska caused a rush for gold that brought miners to the west.

Guam

In 1898, this was taken by the United States as a result of the Spanish American War.

Battle of Midway

In 1942, the U.S. went through a collective effort to crack Japanese military codes, called "Magic." The commander in charge had a hunch that the next place of Japanese invasion would be the island of Midway because it was strategically important. So the commader had the U.S. marines radio that they were low on fresh water, which the Japenese heard on the radio and then in result signaled that "AF was low on fresh water." They were able to break the codes and figure out Midway was the next place of Japanese invasion. The battle took place in 1942, with the U.S. Navy waiting for japan's attack and within the first 5 minutes of the battle the U.S. sunk 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. The significance of the Battle of Midway is that it turns the tide of the pacific war, there is now an offensive war for the U.S., and Japan's navy never recovers.

Truman Doctrine

In 1947 this policy was passed to assist nations in preventing communist takeovers. It initially focused on Greece and Turkey and later opened to all.

Marshall Plan

In 1948 this plan extended efforts to prevent communist takeovers by providing economic aid to war torn countries in Europe.

Arms Race

In 1949 the Soviet Union developed their own atomic weapon, this led to a race between the United States and the Soviet Union as to who could develop more powerful weapons.

McCarthyism

In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists in government that led to more than four years of charges and countercharges, ending when the Senate censured him in 1954. McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950's.

Sputnik

In 1957, Soviets launched the first man-made satellite escalating tensions and resulting in an arms race

Space Race

In 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the first satellite into space. This led to more federal spending by the U.S. government in science education. The United States was the first to land a man on the moon.

Tet Offensive

In 1968 this event was a series of failed attacks by the Vietcong and resulted in turning American opinion against the war.

Energy crisis

In 1973, US support for Israel led to an oil embargo by OPEC countries. This caused high gasoline prices for Americans and in some areas, shortages at gas stations.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, militants held the US Embassy hostage for 444 days. Carter's greatest challenge and led to his defeat in 1980.

Venona Papers

In 1995 these documents were released confirming the identities of Soviet spies in the American government and other industries.

Financial Crisis of 2008

In 2008, a series of bank and insurance company failures triggered a financial crisis that effectively halted global credit markets because people where too afraid to loan money. Decrease in spending caused a drop in inflation.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Patriot Act

In response to 9/11, Congress passed this act to provide law enforcement agencies more resources to combat foreign and domestic terrorism by allowing them to search private records.

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

War on Drugs

In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities.

Secondary Source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

Bessermer Process

Injects air into molten iron, A method that was used that could produce more steel in a day than an order techniques could turn out in a week.

al-Queda

Islamic terrorist organization organized by Osama bin Laden. They are responsible for numerous terrorist attacks, including the destruction of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City.

Which of these is an effect rock and roll had on society in the United States in the 1950s?

It contributed to a cultural divide between generations

Which of the following was a major contribution of the Harlem Renaissance to U.S. culture?

It established jazz as a prominent musical form.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. . . . — 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution -------------------------------------------------- What was one way the constitutional amendment excerpted above helped advance the cause of gender equality?

It gave women a greater opportunity to influence government.

How did the military innovation (TANK) affect the course of World War I?

It helped break the stalemate of trench warfare.

How did President Harry S. Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb affect international relations?

It initiated the arms race with the Soviet Union.

How did the Zimmermann telegram influence U.S. entry into World War I?

It revealed a proposed military alliance between Mexico and Germany.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920's; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

12/7/41

Japan attacked the American Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the attack on pearl harbor by Japan, caused the United States to enter World War Two

Pearl Harbor

Japanese forces attacked this military base on December 7, 1941. As a result of this attack, the U.S. officially entered the war.

Elvis Presley

King of Rock n' Roll, United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)

Silent Majority

Label Nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

Oakridge TN

Land acquired to separate the building of the atomic Still in use today

Gideon v. Wainwright

Landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Fall of Saigon

Late in April 1975, communist forces marched into Saigon, shortly after officials of the Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country in humiliating disarray. The forces quickly occupied the capital, renamed it Ho Chi Min City and began he process of uniting Vietnam under Hanoi.

Interstate Commerce Act (Granger laws)

Laws regulating railroad rates, Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Strom Thurman

Leader of of Dixiecrat's, Anti-civil rights, talked for 24 hours to prevent civil rights bill (filibuster), , States' Rights, Party presidential candidate in 1948. segrigationist

Black Panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

When citizens can only meet in public for certain purposes, they regard such meetings as a strange proceeding of rare occurrence, and they rarely think at all about it. When they are allowed to meet freely for all purposes, they ultimately look upon public association as the universal, or in a manner the sole, means which men can employ to accomplish the different purposes they may have in view. —Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1840 Which value is best reflected in this excerpt?

Liberty

Most states allow citizens to vote in elections after presenting a voter-registration card. Some federal legislators attempted to pass a bill requiring another form of identification for voting. Some citizens who opposed this proposed bill solicited donations and hired someone to talk to members of Congress on their behalf. The hired representative met with the members of Congress and attempted to persuade them to vote against the bill. What type of political activity is described in this scenario?

Lobbying

Menlo Park, NJ

Location of Thomas Edison's lab

Charles Lindburgh

Made the world's first solo trans-Atlantic flight in 1927 and instantly became world famous and an American hero. Greatly helped to popularize the aviation industry and showed the will of America to reach new frontiers.

Versailles Treaty

Major points of Treaty. 1) League of Nations; 2) Germany found responsible for starting war; required to pay reparations and indemnities; German army and navy restricted to tiny defensive forces; Rhineland demilitarized buffer zone; 3) new nations in Eastern, Southeastern Europe, Middle East; German colonies become French, UK, or Japanese protectorates

Conservation

Managing natural resources carefully to meet the needs of people

Draft

Many young people opposed this policy by burning documents, protesting, and fleeing to Canada.

Gilded Age

Mark Twain coined this phrase to represent an era where things look good on the outside but are not really that good.

Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter from this location expressing why African Americans could no longer wait for equality.

Selected Events in the History of Ford Motor Company 1908 Ford begins manufacturing the Model T. 1913 Ford introduces the first moving automobile assembly line. 1914 The Ford Motor Company doubles worker pay to $5.00 a day and cuts the length of a shift from nine hours to eight. 1921 The Ford Motor Company accounts for 55 percent of the automotive industry's total production. Source: The Henry Ford -------------------------------------- How did the events on this time line affect U.S. businesses?

Mass-manufacturing techniques were adopted to maximize production.

During the 1920s, what was one result of innovations in U.S. transportation technology?

Mass-produced automobiles made travel more affordable for many people.

Amour Swift

Meat Packing baron,

John Witherspoon

Member of the first congress voted for declaration of independence, American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and president of the college that became Princeton University (Founding Father)

Navajo Code Talkers

Members of the Navajo who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native language, which was undecipherable by German and Japanese spies in frontlines of the Pacific Theater.

Sun Studio

Memphis recording studio run by Sam Phillips that became the focal point for the crossover of music from R&B to rock and roll. Sun opened in 1950. In 1954 recorded Elvis Presley singing "That's All Right" they sold Presley's contract to RCA in 1956

Hector P. Garcia

Mexican American physician, surgeon, WWII veteran, civil rights activist, and founder of the American G.I. Forum for equal treatment of Mexican Americans

Mendez v. Westminister

Mexican-American children denied enrollment to schools for white students in CA, US ruled that segregation was unconstitutional, (1947) a federal court for the first time struck down school segregation, The ruling rejected segregation based on both social science research and legal precedent, and found it to be a violation of the 14th amendment.

Black Power Movement

Mid-1960's movement that called for modifying integrationist goals in favor of gaining political and economic power for separate black-directed institutions and emphasizing pride in African American heritage.

National Labor Relations Board

NLRB- 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations.

Turning Point

Moment in history that marks a decisive change

Fiat Money

Money that has value because the government has ordered that it is an acceptable means to pay debts

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP civil rights lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education who became the first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States

Rosa Parks

NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus

National Rifle Association

NRA, a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government

Muckrakers

Name for those who exposed abuses of industry, corrupt government and unregulated business & demanded reform.

WWI Causes

Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliance Systems, and Militarism all were causes of WWI along with the immediate cause--the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Navajo Code talkers

Native American served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the United States. Most famous was this group, who translated U.S. code into the Native American Language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content.

THEY WOULD CLOSE TO THE NEW-COMER THE BRIDGE THAT CARRIED THEM AND THEIR FATHERS OVER ---------------------------------------- Which group of people most likely inspired the creation of this 1893 statement

Nativists

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between employees and employers regarding the conditions of employment. This can prevent strikes.

Industrialization

New inventions led to the growth of industry in the United States. This in turn led to a move to urban centers (cities) where individuals often found themselves living in crowded conditions.

Environmental Protection Agency

Nixon created this federal agency to protect human health and the environment through rules and regulations.

Détente

Nixon's foreign policy meaning a relaxation of tensions and peaceful competition with the Soviet Union.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Nonviolent Civil Rights leader who became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.

What was the primary reason for U.S. involvement in East Asia during the early 1950s?

North Korean attempts to unify the peninsula challenged the U.S. policy of containment.

The Jungle - Upton Sinclair

Novel discussing horrible conditions of meat packing industry

9/9/39

Official date of World War II beginning in Europe

John Rockerfeller

Oil baron, wealthy industrialist and had a monopoly on the oil industry. believed that capitalism and big business were essential to America's economic success, and that too much competition lead to instability. had little to say about society's problems but donated millions to charitable causes.

World Trade Center

Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

Estée Lauder

One of the wealthiest self-made women in America. Entrepreneur who built her cosmetics empire on the dream of every woman: to feel beautiful; emphasized a personal sales approach

Reagan Doctrine

Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets

Dolores Huerta

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farmworkers gain better pay & working conditions, taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association

Decline in worldwide trade ? Bank failures = Great Depression __________________________________ Which of the following best completes this graphic organizer?

Overspeculation in the stock market

Joseph Pulitzer

Owned NY World, A muckraker who designed the modern newspaper format (factual articles in one section, editorial and opinion articles in another section)., His New York World newspaper was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. Filled newspaper with stories of crimes and disasters and feature stories about political and economic corruption.

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

Community Reinvestment Act of 1977

Pass by Congress to reduce discriminatory credit practices against low-income neighborhoods.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Civil Rights Act

Passed in 1957 to increase African American voting & in 1964 to prohibit discrimination in business engaged in interstate commerce.

Boss Tweed

Political boss, William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

How does the 1966 Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona continue to affect society?

People accused of a crime must be informed of their constitutional rights.

What is one ongoing result of the New Deal?

People can rely more on the federal government during times of economic distress.

Today the world is heavily dependent on for motive power, lubrication, fuel, dyes, drugs, and many synthetics. The widespread use of has created serious environmental problems. The great quantities that are burned . . . generate most of the air pollution in industrialized countries, and [spills have] polluted oceans and coastlines. —The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2007 (accessed January 19, 2010) ------------------------------------------ Which of these natural resources correctly fills in the blanks in this excerpt?

Petroleum

Eugene Bull Conner

Police chief who used dogs and fire hoses to fight black activist, As Birminham head of public safety. tried to stop the Civil Rights marching in Birmingham by bringing out dogs and using fire hoses to put tons of water pressure on the protestors

Roaring 20's

Popular culture (entertainment, communication, & consumerism), Popular image of the decade as a period of prosperity, optimism and changing morals; symbolized best by the "flapper"

Special fabrics that keep the wearer cool --Fabrics that block harmful ultraviolet rays High-strength textiles made for reentry parachutes--Bulletproof vests for law enforcement agents Sensors to detect biological traces on planets--Devices to monitor the presence of contaminants in water -------------------------------------------------- What is one way to describe the developments shown above?

Practical applications of technologies developed for spaceflight

Jerry Falwell

Preacher, organized the Moral Majority, Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Teddy Roosevelt

President 1901-1909 a naturalist, was sickly as a child and stayed inside and focused on school. he loved to be outside and challenged himself.Roosevelt supported pure food and drug law, created the Bureau of Corporations to inspect business earnings, prohibited discrimination by the railroads, and enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act. He changed the nation's foreign policy by making it more imperialistic and adding Hawaii.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's domestic program from 1933 to 1939, which aimed to bring about immediate economic relief from the Great Depression and consisted of Relief, Recovery and Reform. It focused on the Banking Crisis, unemployment and restoring the economy.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Star Wars

President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.

Peace through Strength

President Ronald Reagan's policy of building a strong peacetime military. The Soviet's attempt to keep up with the U.S. pushed their economy to the brink.

Berlin Airlift

President Truman authorized this policy to send daily supplies to West Berlin in response to Soviet blockades.

Woodrow Wilson

President during World War I, ..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Richard M Nixon

President of the United States that was instrumental in improving relations with China. This followed the U.S. policy of not wanting to work with countries that were communist. He ushered in a period of "detente" which means a relaxation of tensions during the Cold War period. He later resigned following the Watergate Scandal.

Patriotism

Pride in one's country. During WWII many Americans showed this pride by displaying

Sit ins

Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Manifest Destiny

Providence that America should go from sea to sea, A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. Term first coined by John L. Sullivan. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Ray Kroc

Purchased Mcdonalds 's, founded first McDonalds; 1960 first opened in Des Plaines, IL; exclusive distributor of multimixer of milk shakes (five at once); bought out McDonald's brothers' restaurants; don't dine--we eat and run FAST FOOD

Brinkmanship

Pushing a highly violate situation to the edge of war, A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad Baron, 1st made money in the steamboat business, he had the largest steamboat fleet. At age 73, he saw the future in Railroads. He bought and merged 3 short NY railroads and then added. Within 4 years, he had control over lines to Chicago. He used the latest technology and made the railroad more efficient. He was a shrewd speculator and ruthless competitor. He used insider trading and had little respect for the law or public interest.

Roy Benavidez

Raul (Roy) Perez Benavidez (August 5, 1935 - November 29, 1998) was a member of the Studies and Observations Groups of the US Army. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat near Loc Ninh, South Vietnam on May 2, 1968.

Marines

Reagan sent these to oversee the evacuation of the PLO forces in Lebanon. During the mission their barracks were bombed.

Peace Through Strength

Reagan's policy of combating communism by building up the military, including aggressive development of new weapons systems., Ronald Reagan increased defense spending in an attempt to force the Soviet Union to do the same, which would ruin the Soviet economy. This policy would end the need for containment and/or Detente

Reagonomics

Reagan's supply-side economic program using tax cuts, reducing the government size and spending, and decreasing inflation.

How did press coverage of events during the Vietnam War affect the United States?

Reporting on military setbacks contributed to public disillusionment with the war

Newt Gingrich

Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

Agricultural Adjustment Acts

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production., declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

In 1979 the Shah of Iran was forced into exile. The U.S. government later allowed the Shah to enter the United States for medical treatment. This perceived U.S. support for the Shah of Iran resulted in which of the following?

Revolutionaries kidnapped a group of U.S. citizens in Iran.

Initiative

Right of citizens outside legislatures to introduce a new law by vote, ..., Allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it

Yellow Journalism

Sensational newspaper writing, A term for sensationalist, irresponsible journalism. Reputedly, the term is an allusion to the cartoon "The Yellow Kid" in the old New York World, a newspaper especially noted for its sensationalism., Downplaying legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers --- can be deceptive to readers ---- originated with conflict between Pulitzer and Hearst

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal, 1890. Louisiana passed a law that forced african americas to sit in a separate train cart. Plessy, a 1/8 african american man, got him self purposefully arrested by buying a first clase ticket, and planning it with the train company. They argued that it violated the 13th and 14th amendment. After loosing in lower courts, the supreme court upheld the lower courts decisions., Supreme court ruled that segregation in publicfacilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College, December 10, 2007. Future at our door. Global warming problem. "Earth has a fever." Planetary emergency.

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

Delores Huerta

She co-founded the United Farm Workers of America along with Cesar Chavez. Her leadership in the national grape boycott resulted in the California grape industry agreeing to collective bargaining rights for workers.

Jane Addams

She created the Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house designed to provide slum poor immigrant neighborhoods with education, child care, and services. 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement and First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Estee Lauder

She created the multi-million dollar cosmetic company with advertising campaigns using celebrities & free-gifts.

Frances Willard

She founded the Women's Christian Temperance Union. This group was concerned about the destructive effects of alcohol. This group would be instrumental in pushing for the 18th amendment that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Willard also campaigned for woman's suffrage, abstinence from alcohol, reformation of prison systems, abolition of prostitution, and elimination of wage system.

Oprah Winfrey

She is one of the world's wealthiest women and entertainers. She greatly impacted President Obama's campaign with her endorsement.

Dorthea Lange

She took photographs of migrant workers and displayed the living conditions during the Great Depression.

Eleanor Roosevelt

She was a First Lady and worked for social reform, supported youth employment, helped the poor and addressed the needs of women in her book Its Up to Women.

Rosa Parks

She was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat on a segregated bus. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Susan B. Anthony

She was one of the leaders of the women's rights movement and temperance movements, advocated the 19th amendment and arrested for trying to vote. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869. (Progressive)

Charles Carroll

Signer of the Declaration of Independence who showed patriotism at the time of the Revolutionary War helping to pave the way for a greater acceptance of Catholics in the new nation (founding father)

Upton Sinclair

Sinclair was a muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act (Progressive)

Great Depression

Starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Statement 1: The U.S. oil industry boomed due to oil deposits found in conquered territories. Statement 2: Rebuilding its devastated army cost the United States an enormous amount of money. Statement 3: The acquisition of new territories allowed for the expansion of U.S. commercial trade. Statement 4: Territorial losses forced the United States to purchase expensive natural resources from other countries. ----------------------------------------------------- Which statement would most likely be found in a history of the economic impact of the Spanish-American War on the United States?

Statement 3: The acquisition of new territories allowed for the expansion of U.S. commercial trade.

Andrew Carnegie

Steele baron, A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

October 29, 1929

Stock market collapsed -Black Tuesday, Black Tuesday

Geographic Features of New Orleans How did these features affect New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina?

Storm waters flooded the city after several levees broke

SALT treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty - limited the number, type and deployment of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles this five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.,

Anti War

Student protests on college campuses became more radical as the war escalated. Examples such as Kent State and the Weatherman Underground showed the new level of violence in some cases.

Tinker v Des Moines

Students decided to protest the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands to their schools during Christmas holiday season. The principals told them to remove them or face suspension, In 1969 Supreme Court ststed that The First Amendment, as applied through the Fourteenth, did not permit a public school to punish a student for wearing a black armband as an anti-war protest, absent any evidence that the rule was necessary to avoid substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of others.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's economic policy of encouraging investment by U.S. banks and businesses to maintain U.S. world power.

Hernandez v. Texas

Supreme court case that declared Mexican Americans and all other racial groups had equal protection under the 14th amendment., Supreme Court decision that said it was unconstitutional to keep Mexican Americans off of juries

Schechter Poultry v. U.S.

Supreme court case that shut down the NRA (National Recovery Administration); Justices unanimously held that Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to the executive; declared congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to local fowl business

Rationing

Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system. For instance, during World War II, gas, sugar, and butter were a few of the items rationed in the United States.

The demographics of the United States are changing rapidly because of factors such as longer life expectancy and large-scale immigration. People closely watching these trends include corporate executives and the advertisers they hire to market their products to consumers. -------------------- Which marketing strategy is most clearly a result of the changing demographic patterns described above?

Telecommunication companies spend increasing amounts of money on commercials that air on Spanish-language radio stations.

We are not now required to ascertain the scope of the phrase "general welfare of the United States" or to determine whether an appropriation in aid of agriculture falls within it. Wholly apart from that question, another principle embedded in our Constitution prohibits the enforcement of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. . . . It is a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production, a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government. —United States v. Butler, 1936 --------------------- Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use as a basis of this ruling?

Tenth

Captain of Industry

Term used to describe people who do business in good way and served nation in positive way such as increasing products supply by building factory, raising production, & expanding markets. They also build libraries, universities, and other public services

Flying Tigers

The 1st volunteer American Group of the Chinese Air Force. They trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II with the intention of defending China against Japanese forces. They destroyed over 300 enemy planes and raised morale.

Berlin Airlift

The Berlin Airlift was in response to the Berlin Blockade from June 1948 - May 1949, which was the first international crisis of the Cold War resulting in casualties. After WWII the Allied Powers were coming into Berlin to rebuild Europe from the Potsdam conference but the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies railway and road access to sectors of Berlin under Allied control

Hillary Clinton

The First Lady appointed to bring national attention to health care reform.

American Indian Citizenship Act

The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S., but only if "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous peoples.This law granted immediate U.S. citizenship to all Native American Indians born in the United States.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

The 1943 Hollywood movie Song of Russia was produced with the encouragement of the Office of War Information (OWI). At the time the movie was made, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies in the fight against Nazi Germany. The movie tells the story of an American conductor who falls in love with a Russian pianist just before World War II. Together they spend time in an idealized version of the Soviet Union. When the Nazis invade, they join Soviet villagers in the resistance. ----------------------------------- Which group later investigated the political ideology and actions of many people associated with this film?

The House Un-American Activities Committee

LULAC

The League of United Latin American Citizens was a middle-class Mexican American civil rights organization founded in Texas in 1929. It focused on ending segregation in housing, public facilities and schools.

A student learning about U.S. history is instructed to write a paper about W. E. B. Du Bois and race relations in the United States. Which of the following facts would be most relevant to the student's assignment?

The NAACP was organized to help secure full legal equality for minority citizens.

Neutrality Acts

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist.

Palmer Raids

The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftists in the United States. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson.

Teapot Dome

The Secretary of the Interior under President Harding leased oil rich government lands to his friends in exchange for bribes. This became known as the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Heart of Atlanta Motel v US

The Supreme Court ruled that Congress did have the power, under the Commerce clause, to regulate discrimination in public accommodations.

Militant Americanism was dominant in Washington today—in those quarters of the capital where action counts in this perilous time. By one bold strike President Wilson had emboldened the timid, scattered his enemies, and brought honest critics to his side. The exposure of the German Government's attempt to line up Japan and Mexico with Germany in a war against the United States caused hesitating Senators and Representatives to come out in the open with declarations of support of the President and his method of dealing with the German submarine menace. While the international situation is more critical, the atmosphere has been cleared of doubt and misunderstanding, and Germany's enmity is now clearly revealed. —New York Times, March 2, 1917 ------------------ What was one result of the events reported in the excerpt above?

The U.S. government abandoned its official policy of neutrality.

Persian Gulf War

The U.S. led the UN to remove Saddam Hussein from Kuwait to secure oil reserves in the Middle East during this conflict.

Vietnam War

The US supported the South Vietnamese in this conflict against the Vietcong.

Which of these best explains why worldwide reactions to U.S. involvement in Vietnam grew increasingly hostile during the late 1960s and early 1970s?

The United States was viewed as an aggressor invading an underdeveloped nation.

WTO

The World Trade Organization - an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

WAAC (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps)

The acronym for the women's organization that volunteered during the war. Many of them served as nurses, Radio operators, drivers, etc.

Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addams's Settlement House movement in Chicago?

The assimilation of immigrants

Rugged Individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

Nationalism

The belief that each nationality is entitled to its own government and homeland and was one of the causes of WWI.

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country becomes Communist it threatens the freedom of neighboring countries.

Demography

The branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations.

In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. —Chief Justice Earl Warren, 1954 ---------------------------- Which action occurred as a result of the Supreme Court decision excerpted above?

The desegregation of public schools

Open Door Policy

The economic policy of President McKinley and Secretary John Hay in China promoting equal trading for all nations.

Homefront

The efforts by many that were home in the U.S. to support the war effort. The home-front was called to support the war effort by supporting rationing, buying war bonds, and planting Victory gardens.

The Twenty-second Amendment was passed in response to which event?

The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to a fourth presidential term

Airplanes

The first airplanes used in World War I were used primarily for seeing what was going on behind enemy lines.

Battle of Argonne Forest

The largest battle in U.S. history involving over 1 million soldiers, they would be successful in breaking through the German defenses. It was part of the 100 days offensive that would lead to the end of World War I. The U.S. soldiers were led in battle by John J. Pershing.

An employee contacts his supervisor to request time off guaranteed to him under the Family and Medical Leave Act. Under which circumstance do the provisions of this law apply?

The employee qualifies for time off to care for a newborn child.

Sit-in Protest at Woolworth's Lunch Counter in Greensboro, N.C. ---------- Freedom Rides Begin from Washington, D.C. ----------- 250,000 Participate in March on Washington ------------------------------------------------------- What was the main result of the events referred to in these headlines?

The expansion of political and economic opportunities for minority citizens

Saigon

The fall of this city to communist forces created a refugee crisis and marked the end of the Vietnam War.

Bringing stability and unity to a free Iraq will not be easy. Yet that is no excuse to leave the Iraqi regime's torture chambers and poison labs in operation. Any future the Iraqi people choose for themselves will be better than the nightmare world that Saddam Hussein has chosen for them. —President George W. Bush, February 2003 ---------------------- How did the goal described in this excerpt most affect the U.S. economy?

The federal debt increased dramatically as a result of military spending.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

The federal government could dissolve business monopolies.

FDIC Insured What does the sticker in this illustration represent to patrons of this bank?

The federal government's assurance of protection on individual bank deposits

Pacific Theatre

The fighting in World War II in the Pacific. This consisted of island hopping as the United States fought against Japan.

European Theatre

The fighting in World War II that occurred in Europe. This consisted of the Allied forces of Great Britain, United States, Russia and France against primarily Germany.

Glenn Curtiss

The first person to fly a publicly viewed flight. He also manufactured airplanes, built the largest fleet during WWI. Was an American aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation. His company sold the first airplanes in the USA. Huge industrial enterprise during WWI Aviation industry pioneer.

To His Excellency William McKinley, President, and the Senate, of the United States of America . . . We, the undersigned, native Hawaiian citizens . . . who are members of the Hawaiian Patriotic League of the Hawaiian Islands, and others who are in sympathy with the said League, earnestly protest against the . . . [addition] of the said Hawaiian Islands to the said United States of America in any form or shape. — Petition, 1897 What were these Hawaiian citizens protesting?

The forced annexation of the islands as a U.S. territory after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy

Robert Johnson

The founder of Black Entertainment Television (BET). He was the first African American billionaire following the sale of his television network to Viacom.

Credibility Gap

The gap between the Johnson Administration and American public support

Monetary Policy

The government uses this policy to protect the purchasing power of the dollar.

Which of these contributed to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment?

The growing political influence of women

Ku Klux Klan

The increasingly tense race relations in the country saw a resurgence of this group, formerly focused on racial prejudice now included hostility towards immigrants.

fireside chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Normandy (D-Day Invasion)

The invasion at this location is also referred to as "D Day," June 6, 1944. This began the effort to liberate western Europe.

Cambodia

The invasion of this country aligned with the escalation of air campaigns to cut off North Korean supplies and force negotiations.

Japan

The military faction in this country invaded Manchuria, allied with Germany and Italy and led the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Enlistment

The military saw an increase of this in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. Over 5 million Americans volunteered for military service.

The Silent Majority

The name Nixon gave to the part of the population that worked, paid taxes and supported the government.

Great Society

The name for President Johnson's reform program including the Civil Rights Act, Medicare and the War on Poverty.

Return to Normalcy

The name for Warren Harding's plan that included reducing government intervention in the government, high tariffs and an isolationist foreign policy.

Beat Generation

The name for writers in 50s that rebelled against the conformity of their era. They preferred to be care-free & often reckless.

Which of the following resulted from the U.S.-led military coalition's engagement in the Persian Gulf War?

The nation of Kuwait was liberated.

In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note . . . that all men . . . would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. . . . Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check. . . . We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and security of justice. —"I Have a Dream," Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963 --------------------------------- What is a major result of the campaign described by Martin Luther King, Jr.?

The national identity of the United States has become more inclusive.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Which of these resulted from the prohibition of alcohol during the 1920s?

The rise of organized crime

Nagasaki

The second atomic bomb was dropped on this city on August 9, 1945. Somewhere between 60,000-80,000 died about half on August 9 and the rest over the next few months. Historians debate whether or not this was necessary to force Japan to surrender.

The conflict is still sharpening throughout the world between two political systems. The one system represents government by freedom of choice exercised by the individual citizens. In the other, and opposing system, individual freedom and initiative are all made subordinate to the totalitarian state. —President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1938 ----------------------------------------------------- What was the ultimate result of the situation President Roosevelt refers to in this excerpt?

The outbreak of World War II

Philanthropy

The practice of giving money to help make life better for others. This was practiced by Captains of Industry during the Progressive Era.

Ethnic Gettos

The process where forced segregation limits residential choices may be confirmed to the older, low-cost housing areas typically close to the city center.

Push and Pull Factors

The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place and the pull factor is what draws them to a new location.

What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century?

The rapid influx of immigrants made it difficult for local governments to provide basic services.

Social Gospel

The religious revival that focused on the problems in urban areas, people could gain salvation by serving the poor.

Vietnamization

The term for President Nixon's plan to replace American troops with trained South Vietnamese forces.

Nativism

The term for a dislike of foreigners.

Harlem Renaissance

The term for the development of African-American art, literature and music (jazz and blues). Key people included Langston Hughes, Alain Locke and Zora Neale Hurston.

Red Scare

The term for the fear of Communists, anarchists and immigrants after the end of WWI. Led to Palmer Raids.

Relief, Recovery and Reform

The three goals of FDR's New Deal.

? Soldiers dug trenches. = A stalemate developed along the western front. ____________________________ Which action completes this diagram?

The use of machine guns resulted in massive casualties.

Office of War Information

This organization was created to encourage Americans to work for the war effort, photograph the war to use as propaganda to promote patriotism.

American Indian Movement

This part of the Civil Rights Movement focused on the U.S. honoring it's existing treaties with the American Indians as well as a recognition of their culture. Their protests included occupying government monuments on Alcatraz and Wounded Knee.

Title IX

This part of the Elementary and Secondary Act banned gender discrimination in educational settings. It promoted gender equity by requiring the same opportunities for women (most often in the area of sports).

Progressives

This party included mostly middle class citizens who felt threatened by the rise of big business. Their platform included political reforms, worker conditions and women's rights.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

This policy allowed President Johnson to defend U.S. forces by whatever means necessary giving the executive branch freedom to escalate hostilities without Congressional approval.

Eugenics

This policy led to the sterilization of over 64,000 Americans in order to keep the U.S. a superior race. It specifically targeted the mentally ill.

Rationing

This policy regulated the amount of goods that a consumer could obtain during the war. Exercising this policy was to work against anger over shortages.

Containment

This policy was used by Americans to prevent Communism from spreading further not overturning it where it existed.

Watergate

This political crisis during Nixon's term involved a failed break-in of the Democratic headquarters and ended with Nixon's resignation.

Populist

This political party represented the "common man" (industrialists/farmers/miners), supported government intervention in business. In the 1896 election they supported WJ Bryan.

Bill Clinton

This president was impeached by the House but acquitted by the Senate for perjury involving a political scandal.

Americanization

This process was designed to make immigrants more "Americanized". It included learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans. This was done through the schools.

Social Security Act

This program was part of the New Deal creating a pension for the retired, disabled and unemployed. 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.

Recall

This progressive era reform gave voters the ability to remove an elected official from office in a special election.

Initiative

This progressive era reform gives voters the right to introduce a bill in the state legislature.

Great Plains

This region was affected by the Dust Bowl. Many left and headed to California in search of employment.

Strategic Defense Initiative

This research program nicknamed Star Wars under Reagan that was designed to protect American from nuclear attacks from the Soviet Union.

Tin Pan Alley

This section of New York city where musicians and song-writers formed the beginnings of American music including blues, jazz and ragtime.

I Have a Dream

This speech by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington focused on civil rights.

Lobbying

This strategy is used to convice Congress to vote a certain way.

Non violent protest

This strategy was promoted by Martin Luther King Jr., Ghandi, and many others instead of more aggressive tactics.

Federal Reserve System

This system controlled the banks and their ability to loan money and reduced the supply of money. The central banking authority of the United States, which manages the nation's money supply and the availability of credit in the country. Established in 1913 by Woodrow Wilson.

National Park System

This system was established by Theodore Roosevelt under the Newlands Reclamation Act to preserve the natural scenery and wildlife for the American people. scenery and wildlife for the American people.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

This tariff passed in 1930 was created to protect American business from foreign competition by raising the average tariff rate to the highest level in American history.

Urban

This term has to do with cities.

Judicial Interpretation

This term refers to the courts ruling on law or policy where they interpret the policy broadly and in some cases might be seen as making a new policy by its interpretation.

Education

Title IX amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to end gender discrimination to these programs.

Litigation

To "litigate" means to sue. Litigation was a tactic used in the Civil Rights movement. Many groups used the courts in an attempt to secure rights for minorities.

Why did the United States adopt the motto In God We Trust in 1956?

To distinguish the nation from countries that restricted religious practices

Why did the Populist Party want free coinage of silver?

To increase the amount of money in circulation

WAR GARDENS FOR VICTORY! GROW VITAMINS RIGHT AT YOUR KITCHEN DOOR! ---------- What was a primary purpose of the program being promoted by this poster?

To increase the food supply during a farm-labor shortage

TVA: An integrated program of the Tennessee River Watershed, for National Defense, Flood Control and Navagation Why did the federal government create this program in 1933?

To promote jobs and improve the regional standard of living.

Fort Campbell Kentucky

Training ground for 101th Airborne Divsion, Training ground for 101th Airborne Divsion

Promitory, UT

Trans-Continental railroad met in Utah

Modernization

Transformation from a rural, agrarian society to an urban, industrialized society

Chester A Nimitz

U.S. Admiral and commander of the Pacific Fleet during World War II. His actions during the Battle of Midway proved a turning point in the war for America as it island hopped across the Pacific on its way to Japan.

Martin Luther King

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

USS Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Nativists

U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them

There is a solidarity and interdependence about the modern world . . . which makes it impossible for any nation completely to isolate itself from economic and political upheavals in the rest of the world, especially when such upheavals appear to be spreading and not declining. . . . International anarchy destroys every foundation for peace. It jeopardizes . . . the future security of every nation, large or small. It is, therefore, a matter of vital interest and concern to the people of the United States that the sanctity of international treaties and the maintenance of international morality be restored. —President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1937 -----------------------------

U.S. involvement in World War II

Bonus Army

Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school during the Scopes "Monkey" Trial(1920s)

Barry Goldwater

Unsuccessful Republican presidential candidate against Lyndon Johnson in 1964; called for dismantling the New Deal, escalation of the war in Vietnam, and maintaining the previous status quo on civil rights. Some see him as the grandfather of the conservative movement of the 1980s

Poison Gas

Used for the first time in World War I. Because of the horrific nature of the injuries, nations would come together to outlaw its use in future wars.

Which civic action demonstrates the most fundamental responsibility of citizens in a democracy?

Voting in a presidential election

Sam Walton

Wal-mart and Sam's Club and emphasized logistical efficiency, such as locating stores near regional warehouses and distributing via the company's own trucking service. He changed the discount store market with the creation of Wal-Mart.

Return to Normalcy

Warren G Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920. Harding's promise was to return the United States to pre-world war mentality; without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people

George Bush Jr.

Was The 43st President of the United States Nominated Clarence Thomas as Supreme Court Justice. Was president during 9/11 and second Iraq War., Winner of the 2000 election, wins the electoral College by not the popular vote, Al Gore wants a recount of Florida sues the recount and goes to Supreme Court Gore loses (causes people to want the electoral college to be changed)

Jonathan Trumbull Sr.

Was an advisor to George Washington throughout the Revolutionary War. Was the only colonial governor to continue in office throughout the American Revolution. (founding father)

Ronald Reagan

Was the 40th president of the United States. Advocated supply side economics sometimes referred to as Reaganomics. Brought down communism with Star Wars Defense Systems. , 1980 and 1984; Republican; "Reagan Revolution": reduce reliance on government; Reagonomics: supply-side, laissez-faire, send troops to Grenada, escalated the Cold War: "rollback" of communism, Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars); War on Drugs, Iran-Contra affair, second term-ended cold war ("tear down this wall" (Berlin Wall))

Atomic Bombs Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki What was the main effect of the event reported in this headline?

World War II ended with Japan surrendering to the Allies.

Black Friday

When Fisk and Gould bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell $4 million in gold from its reserves.

Banking Crisis

When individuals and companies lose confidence in the banking system and withdraw their deposits in what is called a 'run on banks.Crisis swept the nation at the very end of Hoover's administration. 5000 banks failed between 1929-1933

Overpopulation

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Neutrality

When the war broke out in 1914, the U.S. declared this policy until events push Americans to enter the war.

Muckrakers

Writers revealing corruption, A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the Standard Oil Company) Lincoln Steffens (the Shame of the Cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan to reorganize Europe, establish self-determination and create the League of nations.

Bonus Army

World War I vets march to Washington demanding their "pay", 1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Hector Garcia

World War II Hero; a doctor and surgeon during world war II who received the Presidential Medal of Honor Frustrated with the segregation in housing, schools, and hospitals, he organized the American GI Forum for Mexican American veterans in 1948.

deficit spending

a government's practice of spending more money than it receives in revenue, the difference being made up by borrowing

1898

Year of Spanish American War

1929

Year of Stock Market Crash and the beginning of the Great Depression

2001

Year of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon

2008

Year when Barack Obama was elected as the first black president of the United States

1957

Year when Soviet Union launched Sputnik, space race begins

1991

Year when the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War

1914-1918

Years of World War I

1939-1945

Years of World War II

1968-1969

Years when Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated and the United States landed on the moon

Miranda vs. Arizona

You have the right to remain silent................, the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, Geo-strategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

margin call

a demand by the broker that the investor repay the loan at once

gold standard

a monetary policy requiring that every paper dollar in circulation be backed by a dollar's worth of gold in the United States Treasury

in the nineteenth-century the United States was beginning to change from —

a mostly rural society to a mostly urban one

stock market

a system for buying and selling shares of companies

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

a work-relief program established in 1933, as part of the First Hundred Days of the New Dealm, to provide work for unemployed Americans during the Great Depression

George W. Bush (2001-2009)

a. 9/11 (2001) b. US invades Afghanistan (2001) c. USA Patriot Act (2001) d. NCLB (2002) e. US invades Iraq (2003)

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)

John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

a. Berlin Wall (1961) b. The Bay of Pigs (1961) c. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

a. Black Tuesday/ Great Depression Began (1929) b. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) d. "Bonus Army" in DC (1932)

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

a. Brown v. Board (1954) b. Warsaw Pact (1955) c. Suez Crisis (1956) d. Sputnik (1957)

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

a. Camp David Accords (1978) b. Iranian Revolution/Oil Crisis (1979) c. SALT II (1979) d. Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1981)

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

a. Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) b. TVA (1933) c. Glass-Steagall Banking REform (1933) d. Federal Securities Act (1934) e. Social Security Act (1935) f. Schechter Poultry Corp v. US (1935) g. US Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937, 1939) h. Lend -Lease Act (1941) i. Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) j. America in WWII (1941-1945) k. Great Depression (1929-1941)

Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)

a. End of OPEC embargo (1974) b. Helsinki accords (1975)

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

a. Federal Reserve Act (1913) b. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) c. World War I (1914-1918) d. Zimmerman Note (19117) e. Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918) f. Schenk v. U. S. (1919) g. Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

a. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) b. Civil Rights Act (1964) c. Tet Offensive (1968) d. Great Society

Calvin Collidge (1923-1929)

a. Immigration Act of 1924 b. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) c. American Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

a. Insular Cases (1901) b. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) c. Roosevelt Corollary (1904) d. Muller v Oregon (1908) e. Roosevelt Panic of 1907 f. Progressive Era (1910-1920)

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

a. Invasion of Cambodia (1970) b. Treaty of Paris (1973) c. Yom Kippur War (1973) d. OPEC Embargo (1973) e. Roe v. Wade (1973) f. Watergate (1973-1974)

George Bush (1989-1993)

a. Iran invades Kuwait (1990) b. Persian Gulf War (1991) c. Soviet Union dissolves (1991)

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

a. NAFTA (1993) b. US and UK launch military strikes against Iraq (1998) c. Kosovo Crisis (1999) d. US normalizes trade relations with China (2000)

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

a. Nine-Power Treaty (1922) b. Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) c. Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)

Barack Obama (2009-2017)

a. Passed American Recovery and Reinvestment Act b. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) c. Osama Bin Laden killed

William McKinley (1897-1901)

a. Spanish-American War (1898) b. Hawaii is annexed (1898) c. American Open Door Note (1899) d. Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

a. Star Wars (1982) b. Glasnost and perestroika (1985) c. Iran Contra Affair (1986) d. The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

Langston Huges

an African American poet who wrote during the Harlem Renaissance who encouraged other blacks to be proud of their heritage and protested violence and racism.

John Peter Muhlenberg

an American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, he served in the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Pennsylvania; (Founding father)

Platt Admendment

an agreement which governered the relationship between US and Cuba 1) Cuba could not make an agreement with another nation that would weaken its independence 2) US had right to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba 3) Cuba's debt could not exceed its ability to pay 4) US had the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order

Sonia Sotomayor

appointed to the Supreme Court by President Obama in 2009; the first Hispanic Justice and third woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

as part of the New Deal, a law passed by Congress in 1933 to increase production while boosting wages and prices; it created the National Recovery Administration

Boycott RED COACH LETTUCE...is words on a poster. This 1972 poster depicts an organization originally formed to advocate —

better economic treatment of migrant workers

The policy objectives of Reaganomics were based on the theory that —

broad tax cuts and financial deregulation would promote economic expansion

margin

buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest

installment plan

buying an item on credit with a monthly plan to pay off the value of the good

Flapper

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

During the 1920s, Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan were most closely identified with the —

conflict between modernism and traditionalism

Although the women of America are one step nearer to nylon stockings as a result of new ceiling price schedules . . . , the prospect of "nylons for Christmas," except for a favored few, is not good, hosiery manufacturers said yesterday. —"Outlook Is Gloomy for Christmas Nylons," New York Times, November 10, 1945 -------------------------------------- This excerpt suggests that U.S. consumers were affected by —

continued supply shortages after World War II

In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson —

created a legal justification for segregation laws

President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to reassure the American public during uncertain economic times by —

delivering a series of evening radio speeches known as fireside chats

Onset of World War II--Acceleration of the Manhattan Project --------------------------------------------- This diagram indicates that during World War II the federal government —

developed a new weapon designed to gain a strategic advantage over enemies

Japanese Forces Occupy Bataan Peninsula ----------------------------------------------- Many of the U.S. soldiers involved in the event mentioned in this headline

died during a forced march to a prison camp in the Philippines

Americanzation

education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to american culture. America as "Melting Pot"

Barack Obama

elected as the first African American president of the US in 2008

Robert Johnson

first black billionaire in the United States who created Black Entertainment Television, which was the first black controlled company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange

The Union of Concerned Scientists, an organization of citizens and scientists working toward environmental solutions, has a website with information about the risks of nuclear power plants. The site includes a feature called the Nuclear Power Information Tracker and other resources designed to help enhance public access to information about power-plant safety and the link between nuclear power and global warming. -------------------------------------- This organization most likely encourages Congress to pass legislation that —

focuses on finding clean and renewable energy sources

Taliban

fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Selected Foreign-Born Populations in Florida, 1900 Country of Birth Population China 118 Cuba 6,744 Denmark 204 Canada 1,199 Total Foreign-Born in Florida 23,832 ----------- This table supports the conclusion that in 1900

geographic proximity to native countries influenced immigration patterns

monetary policy

government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates

Orval Fabus

governor of Arkansas who tried to prohibit African American students from integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas

America's present need is not heroics but healing; . . . not revolution but restoration; . . . not submergence in internationality but sustainment in triumphant nationality. —Warren G. Harding, presidential campaign speech, 1920 ------- This excerpt illustrates Harding's campaign promise to be a president who would

help the country recover from the turmoil of the previous decade

Jackie Robinson first rose to national prominence in the late 1940s when he —

helped bring an end to racial segregation in Baseball

The Federal Housing Administration is a New Deal agency that continues to assist many Americans primarily by

helping them obtain mortgage loans from banks

Fracking

hydraulic fracturing-using pressurized fluid to create fractures in rock and release natural gas or petroleum

One way the development of the Internet has improved the quality of life in the United States is by —

increasing the ease of obtaining information

The ideas contained in the Declaration of Independence helped —

inspire people in other countries to question the authority of their government

The Roaring Twenties were characterized by —

installment plans, Prohibition, and flappers

Zimmerman Telegram

intercepted by the British; caused the Americans to enter World War I, March 1917. Claimed to be sent by German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

speculation

investing money at great risk with the anticipation that prices will rise

Tin Pan Alley

is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

For the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, to aged needy individuals, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated . . . for each fiscal year a sum sufficient to carry out the purposes of this title. —Social Security Act of 1935, Title 1, Section 1 How did the legislation excerpted above affect the relationship between the U.S. government and its citizens?

it made the government more responsible for people's individual welfare

The primary reason given by U.S. leaders to justify military involvement in Vietnam was that it would —

keep communism from spreading throughout the region

The introduction of vaccines to the United States helped —

limit the spread of infectious diseases

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated —

literacy tests as prerequisites for voting

The opponents of . . . recall, however they may phrase their opposition, in reality believe the people can not be trusted. On the other hand, those of us who espouse these measures do so because of our deep-rooted belief in popular government, and not only in the right of the people to govern, but in their ability to govern; and this leads us logically to the belief that if the people have the right, the ability, and the intelligence to elect, they have as well the right, ability, and intelligence to reject or to recall. . . . — California governor Hiram Johnson, inaugural address, 1911 The reform discussed by Governor Johnson in this excerpt —

made elected officials more directly accountable to their constituents

Hillary Clinton

maintained a significant career as First Lady from 1992-2000; promoted equality of sexes, was a Democratic primary nominee for presidental election, in 2008; served as Secretary of State during Barack Obama's first term as president

During the nineteenth century, one way political bosses gained voter support was by —

making improvements in urban infrastructure

The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity established by this order is directed immediately to scrutinize and study employment practices of the Government of the United States, and to consider and recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination within the executive branch of the Government. —President John F. Kennedy, Executive Order 10925, 1961 ---------------------------------------- The primary objective of the executive order excerpted here was to —

promote fair employment practices in government agencies

Nineteenth-century nativist organizations advocated —

promoting an ethnically homogeneous society through restrictions on immigration

In January 1932 Congress approved the formation of an independent government agency called the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The RFC was funded by the U.S. Treasury and was authorized to make loans to banks, railroads, life insurance companies, and other large businesses devastated by the Great Depression. President Herbert Hoover believed that funds disbursed through the RFC would eventually benefit the average citizen through job growth, higher wages, and the protection of bank accounts and insurance policies. ------------------------------------ The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is similar to later New Deal legislation in that both —

protected the economy through government intervention in private business

Queen Lilloukalani

queen of hawaii

Illegal Immigration

refers to any immigrant who does not go through the correct legal procedure to live and work in a country; other terms are "illegal alien", or "undocumented person"

In the nineteenth-century the United States changed from a mostly___________ society to a mostly ______________ society

rural, urban

Overproduction

situation in which more products are being created than people can afford to buy

Anti-War Movement

student protest that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world, with common denominator of opposition to war in Vietnam and condemning US presence there. as violation of Vietnamese rights and US imperialism. Lead to growing activism on campuses aimed as social reform etc. Primarily a middle-class movement.

• Develop advanced battery technologies that allow a plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle to have a 40-mile range operating solely on battery charge • Foster the breakthrough technologies needed to make cellulosic ethanol cost- competitive with corn-based ethanol by 2012 • Accelerate progress towards the President's goal of enabling large numbers of Americans to choose hydrogen fuel cell vehicles by 2020 — White House National Economic Council, Advanced Energy Initiative, 2006 These proposals most clearly reflect the federal government's developing role in —

supporting environmental conservation

Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully . . . utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States . . . shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both. . . . —Espionage Act, May 1918 ------------------------------------------------------ This law demonstrates that at one time the federal government was willing to —

suspend freedom of speech

Iraq War

the 9/11 attack, George W. Bush declared a war on terrorism. This led to attacking Iraq where Saddam Hussein ruled so that they could stop them from building nuclear weapons. The United Nations claimed Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and that the Iraq government was connected to the terrorists of al Qaeda. American Troops forced the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and his government. .

Senator Joseph McCarthy is best known for his involvement in —

the Red Scare of the 1950s

No single great material work which remains to be undertaken on this continent is of such consequence to the American people as the building of a canal across the Isthmus connecting North and South America. Its importance to the Nation is by no means limited merely to its material effects upon our business prosperity. . . . -------------- The policy outlined in the excerpt was directly influenced by problems that the U.S. Navy had recently confronted during —President Theodore Roosevelt

the Spanish-American War

Another visual mark of change has been in clothing styles. As radical groups have all but disappeared from most colleges and high schools . . . the street-fighting uniforms, the Army surplus look, the blue jeans and work shirts, and the costumes of the "freaks," the tie-dyed, thrift shop and frontier scout styles, have become rarer and rarer. With some exceptions, . . . students are dressing up more—not high-style, but neater, cleaner and brighter. —Douglas E. Kneeland, New York Times This excerpt describes changes in student fashion toward the end of —

the counterculture movement

September 11, 2001

the date 19 al-Qaeda members hijacked passenger airplanes and used them to destroy a small section of the Pentagon & destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Center in NYC; 3,000 people were killed & 6,000 were injured; (2) these events led to an unsuccessful manhunt for Saudi-born extremist Osama Bin Laden, heightened security in the US, and expanded military action abroad

As the human population grows in the Flagstaff region, we increase the impact of transportation corridors (such as roads and rails) and land use changes (such as urban and rural development) on wildlife populations. . . . To that end, the City of Flagstaff and Coconino County requested wildlife corridor information from the Arizona Game and Fish Department. . . . —Jessica Gist and Sarah Reif, Arizona Game and Fish Department, August 2009 The establishment of the wildlife corridors discussed in the excerpt was most likely necessary to prevent —

the disruption of animal migration

The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in —

the expansion of citizens' direct participation in the democratic process

Last Thursday I described the American form of Government as a three horse team provided by the Constitution to the American people so that their field might be plowed. The three horses are, of course, the three branches of government—the Congress, the Executive and the Courts. Two of the horses are pulling in unison today; the third is not. —President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1937 ------------------------------------------------------ Many members of Congress disagreed with President Roosevelt's proposed solution to the problem described above because —

the power of the executive branch would increase

Founded in 1913 as the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CU), the National Woman's Party (NWP) was instrumental in raising public awareness of the women's suffrage campaign. . . . The NWP effectively commanded the attention of politicians and the public through its aggressive agitation, relentless lobbying, clever publicity stunts, and creative examples of civil disobedience and nonviolent confrontation. —Library of Congress ----------------------------------- The political activism of the group described in the excerpt contributed directly to —

the ratification of the 19th Amendment

During the 1950s the federal government funded educational initiatives in math and science in response to

the successful launch of the first artificial satellite

Chronic wrongdoing, . . . which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing . . . to the exercise of an international police power. —President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904 President Roosevelt issued this statement in response to —

the threat of European intervention in Latin America

uneven distribution of wealth

the top 5% of all American households earned 30% of the nation's income; about 2/3 of families earned less than $2,500 a year and had little expendable income

The government issued ration books during World War II in order to —

to allow fair distribution of scarce goods

What major operation ordered by President Harry S. Truman in 1948, was designed to allow an airplane to land every three minutes. Why was this operation undertaken?

to provide supplies for a blockaded city. The Berlin Airlift

John Jay

wrote the federalist where he supported a federalist constitution , American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty (founding father)