u.s history short answers

explain the challenges faced by the south in industry and agriculture in the late 1800s

-South struggled to develop in industry and shipped raw materials to the North-They made railroads but they only went to the North-Had to repair damages of war-Didn't have capital investment or money to start or improve businesses-Lacked education, banks-Wages, cotton quantity and price decreased

disadvantages of the Sherman antitrust act

-difficult to enforce -lacked clear definition of the practices that resulted in a restraint of trade -most often used successfully against labor unions than monopiles

why was it important for architecture to become a specialized professional career in the late 1800s

Architecture as a career was important because the cities grew larger and new inventions arrived in the cities. The architecture was used to build homes, parks and recreation areas, schools, libraries, train stations, banks, and buildings.

What was the most likely reason that healthy first and second- class passengers were admitted to the U.S. without being processed at Ellis Island, while those in steerage had to go through processing

Because they had paid the price for such accommodations, it was assumed that they had money, which was sufficient to allow them to enter the United States. If they had money, they didn't need to have a skill or a sponsor

How were Chinese immigrants treated in late 1800s?

Chinese immigrants were treated more harshly than other immigrants. They often spent weeks or months in poor conditions at Angel Island. The rules for Chinese immigrants to be admitted were stricter—they had to be either American citizens or related to people already living in the United States to be allowed to stay. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in 1882, most immigration from China halted

analyze urban growth in the late 1800s

Cities attracted immigrants, women and rural Americans because there were many job opportunties. Transportation made it easy to get to cities, or move from city to city. City life also offered workers a schedule. Many immigrants who had established themselves in the city would send for friends or relatives and they would immigrate to the city where they knew someone. Farmers also migrated from the country (rural) to the city (urban) because factory jobs would pay cash which was sometimes scare or slow to pay out on family farms.

Why did many people choose to move to cities?

Cities offered a variety of jobs for both men and women. Children had greater access to schools. More opportunities for entertainment and cultural activities were available in cities. Also, many families were able to raise their standard of living.

explain how technology, new types of stores, and marketing changed americans standards of living

Conspicuous consumerism, advertising attracted customers, there are higher standards of living

How did consumption patterns change in the late 19th century?

Consumption increased because goods could be mass produced and more people could afford these cheaper goods. Department stores opened

why did forming corporations allow big business to increase in power profitability

Corporations allowed many investors to combine their funds to create huge businesses that could buy raw materials in bulk, access large markets, fund new technology, advertise widely, and operate in different regions. Because each investor's risk was limited to his or her investment, a corporation could become involved in a business with a high level of risk as well as potential profit, such as railroads and mining, without investors losing their entire fortunes.

evaluate the problems caused by rapid urban growth and ways the city dwellers tried to solve them

Couldn't afford mass transit: would live within walking distance from work Couldn't afford a place to live: tenements provided low cost housing for multiple families to share Cities were filthy: city planners began to regulate housing sanitation, sewers and public health enacted rules and laws on how cities could stay healthier and cleaner. Fire, crime, and police force were developed to handle issues and create rules/laws

How did urban gangs that were such a source of tension in the late 1800s reflect wider social problems?

Crowding in cities made the streets dangerous and police forces had not yet started patrolling regularly. Gangs in the late 1800s were made up of people from the same ethnic or racial group. Each gang fought with other gangs of different ethic or racial identifications. The need for the protection of a gang reflected the lack of police protection, and the fighting between gangs reflected the wider social problems of prejudice against immigrants and racial intolerance that existed in day-to-day life.

why was free enterprise system so important to entrepreneurs and why entrepreneurs were crucial to free enterprise system

Entrepreneurs would have been unwilling to risk their own money if the business atmosphere had been one with tight controls on what they did and how they ran their businesses, making it hard to gain a profit. Without entrepreneurs to start and manage businesses, there would have been no individuals driving the free enterprise system, no factories built to manufacture or produce goods, and industrialization would have come much more slowly or not at all.

What factors encouraged the rural-to-urban migration of farmers in the 1890s?

Farmers were faced with economic problems caused by decreases in the prices of agricultural products as well as difficult weather conditions. In addition, like other people, farmers were interested in the excitement and opportunities offered by cities in contrast to the isolation of farm life

What factors led to the increase in the number of colleges and universities during the Gilded Age?

Higher education schools provided specialized training for urban careers. Teaching, social work and nursing were open to middle class women and their was growth in women's colleges. African Americans also started schools because they were not allowed in white colleges.

cite arguments for and against increased federal regulatory power of private business using specific examples to support your answer

Increased federal regulatory power of private business can help but also hurt others. It can help by regulating things such as lead paint or other hazardous material used in making toys and it can hurt business by putting so many regulations on them that they can not even do business anymore

describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s

Industrialization quadrupled the U.S. gross domestic product and spurred an urban boom. Industrial waste had risen dramatically and mining had begun to destroy the land. Increasing agricultural production had led to soil erosion and dust storms. Higher cost of living for everyone.

compare life in a company town with life today for a low paid worker

Life today is much better. In a company town, a worker had no choices about where to live, where to work, or where to shop. Everything was controlled by the company owner, who was the worker's employer. It was impossible to save any money or even stay out of debt because a worker had to shop at the company store for necessities and was charged high interest on his purchases. Today, a worker has many choices and is free to leave a low-paying job for another job if he or she can find one.

what were some of the negative effects of industrialization

Low wages, Long hours, Unsafe working conditions, Child labor.

Why was Mark Twain so cynical about American society in the 1870s that he called this period the Gilded Age

Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner were the first to call the years after the Civil War the "gilded age." Struck by what they saw as the rampant greed and speculative frenzy of the marketplace, and the corruption pervading national politics, they satirized a society whose serious problems, they felt, had been veiled by a thin coating of gold.

describe new popular cultural movements in the late 1800s

New forms of entertainment was amusement parks, outdoor events, and theaters, vaudeville shows, exhibitions and fairs, spectator sports, Chautauqua circuit

compare the new immigrants of the late 1800s to earlier immigrants

New immigrants were often unskilled, poor, catholic or Jewish, and were likely to settle in cities instead of farms. Many came alone. Native born Americans felt threatened by the newcomers. Earlier immigrants had come for economic opportunities and religious freedom. They came as families and often lived on farms. In the 1870s, a majority had been Protestant and they came as families to settle in the US, often on farms with family or friends. Many had save money for the journey, had a skill or trade, or were educated.

How did public transportation change urban areas?

New mass transit technologies made cities cleaner and allowed more people to live and work in cities. It also made travel in and out of cities easier, which encouraged the development of suburbs.

analyze mass culture and education in the late 1800s

Newspapers circulate far and wide, literature and the arts flourish, public education expanded rapidly -- more people could read, higher education provided specialized training, factories produced clothing

describe the public debate over the pros and cons of big business

Pros: Efficiency, low prices, innovation and technology Cons: Exploitation-environment-workers-government Elimination and Competition

what are the push and pull factors that motivate immigration, give two examples of each

Push factors are those circumstances that cause a person to want to leave his or her native country, such as famine or religious persecution. Pull factors are those that cause a person to want to go to a new place, such as the opportunity to find work or the presence of religious freedom.

explain the push and pull factors leading immigrants to america

Push factors: in the 1840s, china and Eastern Europe experienced repeated wars and political revolutions. These events disrupted economies and refugees. In the late 1880s, many russians and European Jews fled to America from religious persecution. Push factors re those that compel people to leave their homes such as famine, war, or persecution.Pull factors: pull factors are those that draw people to a new place such as economic opportunity or religious freedom. The US offered special attractions including plentiful land and employment. The homestead act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive. Immigrants were recruited from their homelands to build railroads, dig in mines, work in oil fields, harvest produce or toil in factories. Earlier arriving immigrants promised to help newcomers find work and housing.

analyze different management innovations businesses use to increase their profits

Railroads provided businesses with access to raw materials and customers from a great distance. Investors developed corporation. They decreased the cost of producing goods or services by paying workers the lowest possible wages or paying as little as they could for raw materials. Increase profits by advertising their products. Gained a monopoly.

How were the roles of settlement houses and fraternal organization same? Different?

Settlement houses and fraternal organizations:Alike: Both helped immigrants to have enough food and suppliesDifferent: settlement houses tried to Americanize immigrants while fraternal organizations tried to help them to feel at home by continuing to practice their religion and culture. The members of fraternal organizations might be for example, Irish Catholic Churches, Italian Catholic Churches, parochial schools, or clubs where people are all from the same ethnic group

analyze the factors that encouraged industrialization in the united states in the late 1800s

Several factors led to the rise of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800's. New technologies like steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs made communication and transportation easier. The ability to source and transport materials across the country with ease turned many local businesses into national companies 1. Improved transportation and communication.2. the growth of capitalism and a growing number of capitalistic entrepreneurs.3. New inventions and technology.4. New advertising and marketing techniques.5. plentiful natural resources.6. plentiful labor: migrants, women, children, immigrants, government support

How did immigrants help the US become the country it is today?

Since the U.S. is a country comprised of immigrants, our country would be unrecognizable without the various immigrant groups. More specifically, the United States would not offer the wealth of cultural or food choices now available. Many technological and social advancements may not have been made and our vocabulary and language would be very different. Immigrants helped strengthen the United States into an economic world power.

explain how technology improved city life

Skyscrapers and building codes helped create a cleaner, safer and less crowded environment. Electronic trolleys and subways created mass transit systems that could carry a large amount of people at one time and it was fairly inexpensive to ride/use. City planners such as Frederick Law Olmsted designed beautiful parks such as Central Park in NY and Chicago Columbian Exposition.

in the late 1800s, sweatshops and other factories were horrible places to work, what evidence supports this point of view

Sweatshops differed from other factories only in size. All factories were dirty and dangerous. They wasn't enough light, the space was often too hot, and there was no fresh air. They were also so noisy that some workers lost their hearing. Accidents were common. In addition, factory workers had to work long days, six days a week, and their work was closely overseen by punitive owners.

why was the south slower to industrialize than the north

The South was still repairing damages from the Civil War. In addition, the South lacked a large educated labor force; wages were low; most of the wealth in the South was in the hands of a few; and there were few strong banks to make loans.

explain how government took steps to block abuses of corporate power

The United States Senate created the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 to oversee these railroad industry's unfair fixed prices.

what did the united states have that made it so successful during the second industrial revolution

The United States had an abundance of natural resources, including coal, oil, lumber, and iron. It also had waterways, ports, and far more railroads than any other country, all of which it depended on for transporting raw materials to urban centers and finished products to markets. In addition, it had a huge and willing workforce, quite a few wealthy individuals who wanted to invest in business, and brilliant inventors.

analyze the causes and effects of strikes in the late 1800s

The causes for these strikes are usually responses to cuts in workers' wages, campaign to achieve an eight-hour workday, economic depression leading to cuts in wages, and wages cut without a decrease in the cost of living in the company town. The effects of these are that it sets a scene for violent strikes, Americans became weary of labor unions; the Knights of Labor were blamed for the riot and membership declined.

Why was public health a major concern in large cities during the 1880s?

The cities were very dirty. The streets were unpaved, and litter (even including dead animals) was substantial. The alleys between tenements contained large amounts of food waste. Few people had indoor toilets. These conditions could easily allow epidemics to develop, which happened several times when cholera broke out and killed thousands of people.

why did labor unions such as knights of labor, the afl, and aru have a difficult time carrying out a successful strike

The companies would take them to court. They would get court orders citing legislation like the SHerman Antitrust Act and court routinely denied unions recognition as legally protected entities. In the Pullman strike the federal government intervened and said the strikers had to go back to work on the trains because they delivered federal mail.

interpret the effects of monopiles and cartels on the consumer

The effect was generally negative. Because cartels and monopolies got rid of competition, they were free to set the prices of their products as high as the market would bear. Competition generally benefits the consumer; lack of competition generally hurts the consumer.

How did the middle-class life change during the Victorian Era?

The middle class tried to imitate the lifestyle of the rich. They had more time given the availability of pre-packaged food and factory produced items but fancier meals had to be made and houses were expected to clean. A lot of middle class men lived outside the city and had to commute to work which made for a very long work day

compare and contrast the risk and goals of entrepreneurs and inventor

Their risks were different. Entrepreneurs risked investing their own money and time in starting new businesses; inventors risked the time and effort it took to come up with an idea and turn it into a product. Their goals were the same: to succeed in making something new and profiting by it.

What evidence can you cite to support the idea that the growth of the newspaper industry is related to increasing public school attendance?

There was an increasing number of books, magazines, and newspapers to meet the growing demand of the reading public.Only a few hundred schools in 1870 but by 1910 there were 5000 schools. The literacy rate climbed to almost 90% of the population by 1900

Analyze how immigrants adapted to American life while contributing to American culture

These immigrants brought with them their own culture, but while they were working side by side with others they learned from each other. These immigrants, along with the Americans, molded America into what it was becoming--a world power. Immigrants also demanded a voice and became active in the labor unions and politics. Immigrants expanded the definition of America to include themselves.

describe the challenges that immigrants faced establishing new lives in America

They didn't speak the language. There were cultural differences. They were discriminated against by the native born Americans. Hard to find a job and a place to live.

asses the impact of business practices on workers in the late 1800s

They faced low pay and unsafe working conditions, and many immigrants, women, and minorities often faced ridicule and discrimination. Worked for low wages, worked them for long hours, dangerous conditions.

Why were amusement parks so important during the Gilded Age?

They represented a day long vacation for city dwellers who could not afford a long seaside vacation

why does the concept of child labor in factories seem so terrible to us today when it was a widely accepted practice in the 1800s

Today, almost all people believe that children need and deserve an education in order to function well in life as adults. The idea that children had to do factory work, which kept them from going to school, is at odds with that view. In addition, today we tend to be very protective of children and are amazed that they were ever allowed to do dangerous and unhealthy jobs.

Use examples to support the claim that women had a number of options for work in cities.

Uneducated women had many opportunities for factory or sweatshop work. In addition, they could take in piecework (such as sewing), take in boarders, or work as cooks or maids. Educated women were beginning to find work in offices as secretaries and typists or in schools as teachers.

compare the goals and strategies of the first labor unions

collective bargaining and strikes

advantages of Sherman antitrust act

enabled congress to regulate trade between states and monopolistic practices -tried to eliminate hidden monopiles that affected trade -enabled competitors to sue trustees of rival companies for loss of revenue -levied fines against those forming trusts

summarize what made john d Rockefeller such a successful businessman

he bought out other competitors. he also prevented rival companies from using the rail roads he held a controlling interest in.

someone's bread and butter is his or hers means of support or livelihood, why was afl called a bread or butter union while the knights of labor was not

primary goal of AFL was to push away from social issues and toward the "bread and butter" issues of wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions, all of which could be negotiated through collective bargaining.Knights of labor focused on broad social reform by replacing capitalism with socialism

why would one person use the term bank robber baron and another captain of industry to describe the same person

robber baron was typically applied to businessmen who used what were considered to be exploitative practices to amass their wealth , such as running competition out of business, and captain of industry meant the businessman's personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way, even if he hurt other companies or people.

explain how new inventions, scientific discoveries, and technological innovations fueled growth and improved the standard of living

there were two technological innovations that profoundly changed daily life in the 19th century: steam power and electricity. The railroad helped expand the U.S.. The telegraph, the telephone, and the typewriter brought people together that were far away.