US History Study Guide Unit 3- Birth of Modern America 1877-1900

What was the theme of Gilded Age politics

Triumph of business and industry due to laissez-faire practices

How did the growth of urban areas impact American industry

Urban populations provided cheap labor and new Markets

Name seven conditions that immigrants living in large cities often faced

inadequate housing, poor sanitation, contaminated water supply, crime, violence, fire, disease

how did social Darwinism explain the success of industrial tycoons

it said that these business owners had overcome and eliminated weaker competition

what is the message of the political cartoon regarding politicians- "political bosses"- during the Gilded Age

the dishonest politicians would take advantage of the power to make a lot of money

Why were some Business Leaders in the late eighteen-hundreds called robber barons

Because they used ruthless tactics to get rich

What is Jane Addams best known for? Why did Addams established the Hull House

Best known for helping immigrants and others through settlement houses. Established the hull house to investigate and improve the conditions in industrial districts of Chicago

What is William Jennings Bryan's 1896 Cross of gold speech most closely associated with

Bimetallism

what was the name of the 1954 Supreme Court case

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

how are the new immigrants able to preserve their own language customs and religion

By living in ethnic neighborhoods

What did many nativists fear regarding the large numbers of Catholic immigrants arriving in the US

They feared it would give Catholic Church too much power in American government

How did reformers respond to the large numbers of new immigrants arriving in the US at the turn of the century

They helped newcomers to assimilate as quickly as possible by teaching them American customs and culture through education program called Americanization

Name four facts regarding working women in the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds

They made up about 18% of Labor Force, they received less pay than men even when doing the same job, excluded from most labor unions including AFL, First National Association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues

List three functions of political machines. Name for a powerful political bosses

They provided essential services to immigrants, helped immigrants find places to live and find jobs, helped immigrants become citizens. William M "Boss" Tweed, George washington plunkitt, james "big jim" pendergast, thomas pendergast

during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries how were Urban immigrants influenced to support local political machines? what group of people was considered a natural Ally of the political machines? After reading the famous quote by George Washington plunkitt why did party bosses help immigrants

They provided essential services to the immigrants. The urban immigrants were natural allies with the political machines. Party bosses wanted to get and keep immigrants votes

What was the result of the large influx of immigrants and people from rural areas into the growing cities

A Separation by class. For example, wealthy middle-class and working-class lived in different parts of City

what were the legal codes that established a system of segregation in the South called

The Jim Crow laws

in response to corruption in local state and National politics what did the middle-class reformers pressure the federal government to replace the spoils system with

A merit system

What is Herbert Spencer best known for

Applying Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection to Human Society

What was the term used by reformers to describe the push for Native Americans to be absorbed into American society

Assimilation

Identify 3 facts regarding buffalo soldiers

Assimilation Fought to bring oeace and order to frontier tht extends fro mexican brder to canadain border and rockely mtns to prarire plains, established tradition of lride in regiments, played important role as principle line of defense

Name the two religions for which many of the new immigrants face discrimination

Catholics and Jews

What two strategies did the AFL(American Federation of Labor) focus on that made it different from the Knights of Labor

Collective bargaining, and aggressive use of strikes

What did Congress do in response to public pressure after the Supreme Court ruling in the 1886 Wabash case

Congress passed a new law called the Interstate Commerce Act

Name three goals of the NAACP

Federal anti-lynching laws , blacks to reach Highest Potential economically and politically, use lawsuits to end segregation and discrimination

What was the focus of Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 essay the significance of the frontier in American history

Focused on importance of the existence of cheap unsettled land in the expansion and development of us

Identify four facts regarding Dwight L Moody

He believed in helping the poor by redeeming their souls and reform their character , he rejected Social Gospel and Darwinism Kama he strongly supported Charities that help the poor, he educated helped and gave hope to countless children teens and young adults

How did political parties in the Gilded Age often control local elections

He provided people with services and favors in exchange for votes

Who was Thomas Nast

He was a political cartoonist that helped bring Boss Tweed down by exposing his corrupt methods to the public

Name three reasons why the American Federation of Labor was successful

It had economic power in craft unionism, collective bargaining, and used strikes as a major tactic

what did Jacob Riis expose through his photographs and book "How the Other Half Lives"

It exposed the harsh realities and squalid conditions of urban life for new immigrants living in New York slums

What does the political cartoon entitled what a funny little government imply

Implies that federal government with laissez-faire policies allowed wealthy industrialists like Rockefeller to become powerful

Identify the two main reasons for the rapid growth of US cities during the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds

Industrialization and immigration

Identify three causes of the rapid growth of cities in the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds

Industrialization, European immigration, and Improvement in transformation

In the gospel of wealth what did Andrew Carnegie say a rich man should provide? Why did Carnegie say it would be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires

Is that rich man should provide the means for people to improve themselves. He said that quote because he thought that wealthy Americans will help economy more than those with low incomes

what impact did the large numbers of new immigrants coming to the u.s. have on wages

It kept the wages low especially for unskilled workers

How did the u.s. government attempt to facilitate the growth of domestic industry in the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds

It placed High tariffs barriers on Foreign imports which protected American industry from foreign competition. this helped American companies but hurt farmers trying to sell their goods

Lester Frank Ward challenged social Darwinism with reform Darwinism. What did reform Darwinism state

It stated people succeed because of their ability to cooperate and not their ability to compete

What did Helen Hunt Jackson attempt to do by writing A Century of Dishonor 1881

It was an attempt to expose government's many broken promises to Native Americans

Social Darwinism was used to justify several beliefs or practices during the Gilded Age. "social Darwinism was used to justify... "Social Darwinism discouraged...

It was used to justify the laissez-faire of the federal government , success of big business and power of millionaire industrialist, individual responsibility , existence of poverty or failure of poor. It was used to discourage government intervention and regulation of business and economy, and giving directly to poor

Although it was intended to break up monopolies how did the wealthy Business Leaders use the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act? What did they claim regarding those labor union activities

It was used to limit labor union activities. They claimed they interfered with trade

Identify one positive and unifying effect of the railroad

It's standardized time zones which divided the country into four time zones in 1883

Identify three things that industrialists of the late nineteenth century were likely to support

Laissez-faire policies, social Darwinism, and monopolies

What happened to many rural Americans as farming became more efficient and mechanized after the Civil War

Many rural Americans move to large cities

Why did immigrants choose Midwestern industrial cities like Pittsburgh Detroit and Chicago to settle in

Midwestern steel meat packing and other mass production industries were offered by many unskilled jobs

What were political machines

Organizations that controlled a political party's activities in the city

What was one major effect of the social gospel movement

Other progressive reformers

according to the followers of the Social Gospel what should organized religion place a greater emphasis on

Reform and restructuring of urban communities

name two main reasons why the new immigrants often faced discrimination

Religion and they were willing to work for low wages

what was the most common reaction among immigrants of the late 18 hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds to the Americanization movement

Resentment towards the pressure to give up parts of their own culture like language customs and religion

What did vertical and horizontal integration, designed to eliminate economic competition during the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen-hundreds, result in

Resulted in the formation of trusts and monopolies

identify five technological advances that offered new approaches for housing and transportation in urban areas

Skyscrapers, cable cars, electric trolley cars, subway system, and suspension bridges

what philosophy did William Graham Sumner associated with

Social Darwinism

what did the social gospel and settlement house movement promote

Social responsibility towards poor

What did the wobblies(IWW) believe was the cure for labors woes

Socialism

Where did most immigrants come from by the late eighteen hundreds

Southern and Eastern Europe

what invention most affected and or change the American landscape? give five examples of the ways in which this invention affected or change the American landscape

Steel. Successful settlement of the Great Plains, growth of major industrial centers like Pittsburgh, National transportation of resources products and people, ability to access challenging terrain, architectural changes within large urban areas

In his 1895 Atlanta Exposition speech what did Booker T Washington urged African Americans to strive for

Success Through education and economic independence

in the 1896 case of Plessy versus Ferguson what did the Supreme Court rule that drastically affected the African American lives

That racial segregation in public accommodations are constitutional and don't violate the 14th Amendment

what belief did Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of wealth Express

That wealthy Americans have a responsibility to engage in philanthropy

What two governmental reforms did the populists party propose that became constitutional Amendments during the Progressive Era

The 16th Amendment which was graduated income tax and the 17th Amendment which was the direct election of senators

The populist party was founded by the supporters of four different groups. name those groups

The Agrarian Reform Group , regulation of big business group , the labor reform group, immigration restriction group

What was the Dawes Act of 1887 and how did attempt to americanize Native Americans

The Dawes Act of 1887 reflected forced civilization doctrine of reformers. Americanized Native Americans by cultivating desire to own property and made it possible for each family to own and form their own land

Identify four important facts regarding the populists party

The New National Party founded in 1892 by leaders of various farmer alliances , demanded reforms to lift burden of debt from farmers and other workers , believed government should be responsible for reforming economic and social injustice , called for immigration restriction in which they believed new immigrants were taking their jobs

What area in the eastern part of the US was considered to be the least industrialized

The South

during the populist era the conflict between wealthy industrialists and struggling Farmers became increasingly evident over what issue? The increased coinage of silver was supported by who and opposed by who

The coinage of silver. It was supported by Plains Farmers or Silverites and opposed by wealthy industrialists or goldbugs

describe the conditions under which most African Americans lived in the south. List the sequence of three events that resulted in the disenfranchisement of most African Americans in the south. what does the term disenfranchisement mean

The conditions were little better than slavery although they were technically free but only few escaped grinding poverty and most were sharecroppers. The events were reconstruction ending in the south , white government officials regaining power in South, Southern States implementing poll taxes literacy tests and grandfather clauses. It means to not be able to vote

In the 1896 case of Plessy versus Ferguson what did the Supreme Court rule regarding the use of public accommodations and upholding the 14th Amendment

The legalized segregation of public accommodations

What is the main idea of the political cartoon entitled the bosses of the Senate

The owners of business monopolies controlled the Senate

Identify three facts re:W.E.B DuBois "Niagra Movement" in 1905

The persistent manly agitation was a way to Liberty , it called for full civil liberties and complete equality for African Americans , became NAACP in 1909

What did W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T Washington disagree over

The principle strategy for attaining equal rights

What is the belief of social Darwinism

The principles of natural selection should be applied to the economy business

Identify five major factors that contributed to industrialization (the rapid expansion of American industry) after the Civil War

The wealth of Natural Resources, advances in technology, government support for business, growing Urban population, improvements in transportation

what is the main reason for the growth of populist party in the 1890s

There was discontent among small struggling farmers and desperate labors

Name four reasons why new immigrants settled in the cities

There was job opportunities, lower cost-of-living, convenience, ethnic communities

Why did wealthy industrialists like Rockefeller and Carnegie use vertical and horizontal integration

They used it to eliminate their competition

With helpful rulings of the Supreme Court, what were industrial leaders able to do with the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act

They were able to turn the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act against labor unions

why did Congress create the Interstate Commerce Commission aka the ICC

To administer and enforce government regulation of the railroads

identify the major goal of public education for immigrants

To americanize them

What did the restrictive voting laws and Jim Crow laws passed by Southern States result in

a system of racial segregation in South

what was the role of government in the eyes of the followers of the social gospel movement

government had an obligation to provide basic services for people, including the right to earn basic wage

What posed the biggest obstacle for the federal government in its attempts to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

the rulings of the Supreme Court

What was the major difference between Carnegie's Gospel of wealth and gladdens Social Gospel message

the way in which donations and Gifts were distributed was different

Why did industrialists oppose The increased coinage of silver

they believed it caused economic inflation

how did the populists party gain the support and votes of workers in the urban areas

they endorsed 8 hour work days and restrictions on immigration

how did the populists Party Support the economic concerns of small farmers

they fought for government regulations of railroads and an end to oppressive Freight rates

why did members of the populist Party Support public government ownership of railroads

they thought it'd help small farmers

settlement houses were built in response to what three reasons

they were built due 2 tremendous growth in urban areas, problems faced by immigrants and other City dwellers, message of the social gospel

What was the goal of the Americanization movement

to assimilate ethnic immigrant groups into dominant( American culture)

what was the goal of the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act

to lower excessive railroad rates