US History Unit 2 Summer School

The Sioux had taken land in South Dakota from the ___.

Cheyenne Early in the 18th century the Sioux had been moved from Minnesota into South Dakota. Some of the Sioux had come freely during the early 1700s and taken territory from other tribes, including the Cheyenne. The Sioux were a fierce and proud people with a long tradition. In 1876, their territory in South Dakota was threatened by construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad and by gold prospectors in the Black Hills. The Black Hills area was sacred to the Indians; they would not stand by and see it desecrated.

vowed to fight no more forever

Chief Joseph

restricted by immigration laws after 1882

Chinese

Why are colonists not usually considered immigrants?

Colonists are still part of their old nation, which is expanding into a new area.

The ______ provided for the purchase of reservation lands by Indian families and individuals.

Dawes Act

the nomadic tribes were not as exposed to the diseases of white men

Fetterman Massacre

lost the Battle of Little Bighorn

George A. Custer

The ______ was a religious ceremony performed by the Sioux in hopes of gaining help from the spirits.

Ghost Dance

The Sioux people turned to their ancient ways and performed the ___ in hopes of getting help from the spirits.

Ghost Dance By 1890, the Sioux people had become dispirited. They turned to their ancient ways for comfort and sought help from the spirit world. This seeking for help turned into a popular spiritualist movement called the Ghost Dance. The dancers believed that by performing the Ghost Dance, they could banish the white men from their lands, return to their homes, and become invincible.

The Great Sioux War of 1876 might better be called the ___.

Great Cheyenne War The Great Sioux War began in the late spring of 1876. Technically, this war was led by Cheyennes, and if Indians had written the history of the war, it would have been called the Great Cheyenne War. However, two of the most famous leaders of this war were Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, who were both Sioux.

once called the Great American Desert

Great Plains

What type of mining was used to find gold?

Hard rock mining

This legislation provided money for experimental fields.

Hatch Act

Why did immigrants desire to leave their homelands to come to the United States? (Include both "push" and "pull" factors.)

Immigrants faced hardship at home, including war, poverty, and famine. They came to the United States for the promise of new jobs, homes, and prosperity.

Why were people interested in building a transcontinental railroad?

People wanted to connect the west coast, especially California, with the eastern states for faster travel and greater business profits. California was thousand of miles from the East and difficult to reach. Californians were interested in building a railroad that would connect them with the East. Eastern businessmen were just as interested because they knew it meant increased business and a new source of profits.

site of completion of the first transcontinental railroad

Promontory Point

Where did the two railroads join?

Promontory Point, Utah The railroads faced many difficulties and obstacles. In spite of all of this, the railroads were completed at Promontory Point in northern Utah. By 1869, the railroads were ready to be joined. The nation celebrated the first transcontinental railroad.

Colonel Chivington led a shameful Indian massacre at ___.

Sand Creek

This cabinet level position was created in 1889.

Secretary of Agriculture

3) What cabinet level position was added to the President's cabinet in 1889?

Secretary of Agriculture The federal government established programs designed to help agriculture. The Department of Agriculture was established in 1862. In 1869, the Secretary of Agriculture became a member of the President's Cabinet. The department was established to run experimental farms for developing new varieties of crops, to study plant diseases and pests, and to issue publications to train and inform farmers.

What act was designed to break up trusts?

Sherman Antitrust Act

took land away from the Cheyenne in South Dakota

Sioux

The act created agricultural extension services.

Smith-Lever Act

4 feet, 8 inch and a half inches from rail to rail

Standard Gauge

What was "standard gauge"?

Standard gauge was the name for the 4 feet, 8½ inches between the inner sides of the rails, the track gauge used for the transcontinental and all major connecting railroads. The Overland Route, as the first transcontinental railroad was known, was built to the "standard gauge" of 4 feet, 8½ inches between the inner edge of the rails. This distance had been established in England to insure that locomotives and train cars could be transferred among different lines.

The ________ ruled that the U.S. had illegally occupied the Black Hills.

Supreme Court

What is indicated by the expression "end of the frontier"?

The Great Plains filled rapidly so that there was soon no unexplored or unsettled territory. Within fifty years of the end of the Civil War, the country had filled in to the extent that newspaper editors spoke of the "end of the frontier." This was an exaggeration, but it is true that the habitable parts of the Great Plains had certainly seen the birth of many new towns and communities.

4) What was the name of the act that provided money for establishing experimental fields for agricultural research?

The Hatch Act The Hatch Act provided money for establishing experimental fields for agricultural research. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 established agricultural extension services. Each county had a county agent whose responsibility was to keep farmers informed of current developments and improvements in agriculture. The agent was available to advise farmers concerning pest control, plant diseases, and specific fertilizers for certain types of soil and crops.

6) Make a connection. Why do you think there were so many farmers who needed training in the Great Plains in the late 19th century? Select three reasons.

The Homestead Act brought many people to the Great Plains who had never farmed before. There was an increase in immigration, so the demand for more food increased. The Great Plains required dry farming techniques because of the scarcity of water.

5) What was the name of the act that established agricultural extension services?

The Smith-Lever Act The Hatch Act provided money for establishing experimental fields for agricultural research. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 established agricultural extension services. Each county had a county agent whose responsibility was to keep farmers informed of current developments and improvements in agriculture. The agent was available to advise farmers concerning pest control, plant diseases, and specific fertilizers for certain types of soil and crops.

The battle at Little Bighorn ___.

was lost because General Custer showed poor judgment and was outnumbered The most famous event of the Great Sioux War of 1876 occurred at Little Bighorn in southeastern Montana. George Armstrong Custer, underestimating the fighting capability of the Cheyenne and 2,500 Lakota warriors, led several companies of the 7th Cavalry into a trap near Little Bighorn River. Outnumbered, his entire command of 210 men was wiped out. The victory at Little Bighorn led to an increase of U.S. Army forces in the area.

What two immigrant groups provided large numbers of laborers for the first transcontinental railroad?

western section: Chinese western section: Irish The lines were laid mostly by hand labor, with the use of dynamite, picks, and shovels. The Union Pacific recruited many Irish immigrants to work on the railroad. These men had learned to lay track during the Civil War. The Central Pacific hired many Chinese workers, who were escaping from difficult conditions in China due to a revolution.

The growing of _______ became popular along the northern rivers of the Great Plains.

wheat

The most important crop in the northern Great Plains became ___.

wheat

viewed as the last armed resistance by Indians

wounded knee

How did the desire for wealth impact the owners' concern for workers?

The desire for wealth caused the owners to disregard the health and safety of the workers. The factories that were being opened existed for the purpose of making money for the owners. Their ideas were being put into action. They were financing and controlling every aspect of the business. Therefore, they were concerned about the bottom line - making a financial gain. Many of the factory owners had little concern for the conditions in which their employees worked. Health, safety, and comfort were not high on the priority list of the factory owners.

The discovery of gold, _______, and other minerals brought thousands of miners to the West.

The discovery of gold, _______, and other minerals brought thousands of miners to the West.

What was the reason for varying amounts of low interest loans for each mile of track?

The loan amounts varied based upon the difficulty of laying track through the terrain.

If conditions were so bad in the factories, why were so many people interested in taking these jobs?

There were few jobs available, and the jobs gave the workers a better life than that of agriculture or unemployment. Conditions improved over time for several reasons, but for the first generation of factory workers, times were hard. Still, many people sought these factory jobs because they led to improvements in their lifestyle. The alternatives were subsistence farming, looking for work in the mining or ranching industries, or unemployment. The number of new immigrants coming into the country meant that the factory owners had little reason to worry about a labor force.

What are the ways in which the land-grant programs benefited the nation at large? Select all that apply.

They helped populate the West. Western states could seek statehood. The railroads changed trade relations with Asia. The railroads added jobs and stimulated growth in other industries. The mind-set of settlers was changed by the railroads. The country was brought closer together by the railroads.

How did the government end attacks on the Bozeman Trail?

They put the Sioux on a reservation.

Why did factory owners open their factories?

They wanted to make money. The factories that were being opened existed for the purpose of making money for the owners. Their ideas were being put into action. They were financing and controlling every aspect of the business. Therefore, they were concerned about the bottom line - making a financial gain. Many of the factory owners had little concern for the conditions in which their employees worked. Health, safety, and comfort were not high on the priority list of the factory owners.

What happened if workers complained about conditions or about long hours?

They were discharged and replaced. Most factory workers worked six days per week and often worked 70 or 80 hours. Few of them ever worked less than 60 hours per week. If a worker was sick for more than one day, the foreman hired a replacement. If workers complained about conditions or long hours, they were fired.

What was done to punish the militia after the Chivington massacre?

They were not punished.

Why did factories hire women and children?

They were trying to save money to make a larger profit.

Why did factory owners hire children?

They were trying to save money to make a larger profit. Factories could train workers to do just one or two tasks so many jobs became available. To keep costs low, the factory managers hired many women and children to work in the factories. Children were taken out of school and sent to work in a factory.

railroad running west from Iowa, built by Irish laborers

Union Pacific Railroad

The tragedy at ___ is viewed as the end of armed resistance by the Indians.

Wounded Knee As tensions continued to mount, the U.S. Army went to the Sioux reservation at Wounded Knee in South Dakota and attempted to disarm the tribe. A disturbance erupted between the troops and the Indians. When the fighting ended, as many as 200 of the Sioux, including women and children, had been killed. The tragedy at Wounded Knee is generally viewed as the end of armed resistance by American Indians.

Women and _______ were hired for factory work because they could be paid a lower wage than men.

children

Iron ore and ________ are necessary resources for the production of steel.

coal

The two main natural resources needed for iron and steel production are ______ and ______.

coal iron ore North America has large amounts of the two main natural resources needed for iron and steel manufacturing: iron ore and coal. The Appalachians had extensive deposits of both and became the site of many iron and steel foundries. In the late 1880s, huge deposits of iron ore had been found around Lake Superior, particularly in Minnesota. The Great Lakes allowed iron ore to be transported efficiently to cities.

Most mines were eventually controlled by mining ______.

corporations

Within a few years, most mining claims belonged to mining ___.

corporations

was bayoneted while resisting incarceration

crazy horse

2) What were some innovations in farming techniques that led to great productivity? Select all that apply.

crop rotation irrigation inorganic fertilizers pest control uses for grain products

Much of the growth in American cities can be attributed to the _______.

railroads From 1860 until 1900, and especially after the Civil War, the United States experienced many changes. Railroads spread rapidly throughout the country, including the West. Industries grew as new technologies emerged and many new factories were built. People flocked to the cities to find work in these new factories. The railroads did not cause all the new growth, but they enabled it.

What two types of power made a difference in the late 19th century?

steam electric The introduction of available power, due in large parts to improvements in the steam engine and the introduction of electric power, led to a surge in creativity in industrialized nations.

What are four new machines that led to improved results in agriculture in the Great Plains?

steam-powered thresher tractor gang plow sulky plow

________ was preferred for railroad tracks, and iron was preferred for locomotive boilers.

steel

_______ was preferred for making railroad tracks.

steel The Civil War and the growth of the railroads led to new demands for steel. Steel refined from iron ore was much stronger and lighter than cast iron and therefore preferred for railroad tracks and the bodies of locomotives and railroad cars. However, iron was still used for many years to create the boilers for steam locomotives.

In 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that ___.

the U.S. occupation of the Black Hills was illegal The Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians (1980) that the U.S. occupation of these lands is illegal and that the U.S. pay the Sioux nations for the lands. However, the Sioux have refused to take the money, wanting to regain control of the lands and force whites to withdraw from the area. The money remains in an interest-bearing account to this day.

Regulations passed by citizen committees in mining towns became ___.

the basis of mining codes

Nomadic tribes had the advantage over stationary tribes because ___.

the nomadic tribes were not as exposed to the diseases of white men

Carnegie used the strategy of _______ organization to make his business profitable.

vertical Some of the wealthiest men in the history of America made their fortunes in the steel industry. These men learned to bring the various aspects of the steel-making process under their control. The most famous of these steel tycoons was Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie started his own steel business and used the strategy of vertical organization to make his business profitable. Within a few years, he had gained control of everything he needed to make steel.

The ______ process involved blasting iron with hot air.

Bessemer Increased demand for steel led directly to new processes for refining it. In the 1850s, two different men independently discovered that blasts of hot air could remove the impurities from molten iron ore and turn it into steel. These men were American William Kelly and Englishman Henry Bessemer, and the process became known as the Bessemer process.

The Sioux would not allow the _______ to be desecrated by miners.

Black Hills

The Sioux would not stand by and watch the ___ be desecrated by miners.

Black Hills Early in the 18th century the Sioux had been moved from Minnesota into South Dakota. Some of the Sioux had come freely during the early 1700s and taken territory from other tribes, including the Cheyenne. The Sioux were a fierce and proud people with a long tradition. In 1876, their territory in South Dakota was threatened by construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad and by gold prospectors in the Black Hills. The Black Hills area was sacred to the Indians; they would not stand by and see it desecrated.

The ___ administered Indian policy during peace time.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

What two companies began building railroads that would join to complete a transcontinental route?

Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Land grants were granted, leased, and sold to the railroads by states for the purpose of connecting towns by rail. Congress approved a route between the eastern banks of the Missouri River and San Francisco. Additionally, two railroad companies were authorized to begin construction. The Central Pacific Railroad would begin in Sacramento, California, and build eastward. The Union Pacific Railroad would begin at Council Bluffs, Iowa, and build westward.

railroad running east from California, built mostly by Chinese laborers

Central Pacific Road

the tribe that led the Indians involved in the Great Sioux War

Cheyenne

came to the United States by force

Africans

____ was the most famous of the steel tycoons.

Andrew Carnegie

The most famous of the steel tycoons was ______.

Andrew Carnegie Some of the wealthiest men in the history of America made their fortunes in the steel industry. These men learned to bring the various aspects of the steel-making process under their control. The most famous of these steel tycoons was Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie started his own steel business and used the strategy of vertical organization to make his business profitable. Within a few years, he had gained control of everything he needed to make steel.

What are the differences between the old-style artisanship and the new division of labor techniques?

In artisanship, one master craftsman learned and performed all the steps necessary to make an item. In the division of labor, the steps required to make an item were divided into small tasks. Each person in the assembly line needed to master only one or two steps. The use of new techniques in factories led to improved efficiency. Before the 19th century, most goods were created by artisans in homes and small shops. The industrial revolution saw the introduction of new methods. These techniques made up an approach to the manufacture of goods that has been termed mass production.

In the 1880s, huge deposits of iron ore were found around _______ , particularly in __________.

Lake superior Minnesota

_______ were important to building western railroads.

Land grants

Why were land grants important to the railroad industry?

Land grants allowed the railroad to pass through territory and to raise money through the sale of lands. Land grants were granted, leased, and sold to the railroads by states for the purpose of connecting towns by rail. Congress approved a route between the eastern banks of the Missouri River and San Francisco. Additionally, two railroad companies were authorized to begin construction.

________ provided a good source of meat for eastern cities.

Longhorn cattle

Why did some immigrants have difficulty being assimilated into the culture?

Many immigrants did not speak English. Many immigrants did not want to give up their native languages and culture. Many immigrants wanted to be surrounded only by people like them.

The state not included in the Nez Perce reservation was ___.

Montana The Nez Perce Indians lived in the Pacific Northwest in the area of present-day states of Washington, Oregon, and Indiana. Review the Nez Perce section in Lesson 4.

The earliest occupation of most Plains Indians was ___.

agriculture

The Dawes Act provided that ___.

all of these In 1887, the Dawes Act broke up Indian reservations and gave the land to the individual Indian families living on them. The Five Civilized Tribes of the eastern states were exempted from the provisions of this act. Each family was to receive 160 acres of land and each family was allowed to choose what land they wanted. Each child in a family would receive 40 acres, as well. Single persons would also receive 40 acres. If the Indians neglected or refused to make a selection, an agent would make a selection for them. The Indians were given deeds to their land, but they were prohibited from selling the land for a period of twenty-five years. All of the reservation lands that were not selected by the Indians were put up for sale to the general public. Thus, in one government act, a great amount of the Indians' lands was lost.

What were the three distinct federal policies toward the Plains Indians?

assimilation relocation eradication

The killing of the _______ changed the nomadic character of the Plains Indians.

bison

led to the end of the open range

blizzard

mining towns which sprang up around new strikes

boom towns

The migration of white settlers into the Great Plains was _______ to the Plains Indians.

detrimental

Steam power and ______ power led to the growth of the factories.

electric

The railroads did not cause all the new growth, but they ________ it.

enabled From 1860 until 1900, and especially after the Civil War, the United States experienced many changes. Railroads spread rapidly throughout the country, including the West. Industries grew as new technologies emerged and many new factories were built. People flocked to the cities to find work in these new factories. The railroads did not cause all the new growth, but they enabled it.

What is the name of the concept of starting a new business or enterprise to meet a need in the market?

entrepeneurship

miners who came to Colorado in 1859

fifty-niners

1) What were some innovations in farm machinery that led to improved results in agriculture in the Great Plains? Select all that apply.

grain drill twine binder tractor steam-powered reaper (combine) steel plow

Crazy Horse died when ___.

he was bayoneted while resisting being placed in prison The victory at Little Bighorn led to an increase of U.S. Army forces in the area. Eventually, agency officials and army officials were able to convince Indian leaders at the agencies that the warring bands could not win. The agency Indians went to the warring bands and convinced them to surrender and report to the agencies. When Crazy Horse brought his people in, he was told he would be able to speak to the commander. When he was not allowed, he threatened to leave. During a struggle to escape, he was bayoneted by a guard. He died from these wounds.

Engine boilers were still made from ________.

iron The Civil War and the growth of the railroads led to new demands for steel. Steel refined from iron ore was much stronger and lighter than cast iron and therefore preferred for railroad tracks and the bodies of locomotives and railroad cars. However, iron was still used for many years to create the boilers for steam locomotives.

The transcontinental railroads were built because ___.

people desired to connect California with the eastern states

There were two main sources of land for settlers in the Great Plains. One of these was land granted by the Homestead Act. What was the other source of land for settlement?

land purchased from the railroads

Each mile of track allowed the railroad company to receive ________.

low interest loans

The Nez Perce's Chief Joseph vowed ___.

never to fight again The Nez Perce fought valiantly and brilliantly, but the army outnumbered them and eventually forced their surrender. Chief Joseph would become an eloquent spokesperson for his tribe's interests. At his surrender, he made a stirring speech. In his speech, he stated, "I will fight no more forever."

What industry was largely controlled by John D. Rockefeller?

oil In 1862, a young man named John D. Rockefeller began to invest in an oil refining company in Cleveland. In 1870, he joined other investors to form the Standard Oil Company. Within twenty years, Standard Oil owned most of the nation's refineries and pipelines. Rockefeller himself became one of the world's richest men with personal assets of over $1 billion by his retirement in 1890.