US History: Unit 3 Test Constitutional Era
The Cabinet
the group of department heads who served as the President's chief advisors. first cabinet officials: Alex Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, Edmund Randolph
Elections 1788-1804
1788 - P: George Washington (F) VP: John Adams (F) 1792 - P: George Washington (F) VP: John Adams (F) 1796 - P: John Adams (F) VP: Thomas Jefferson (DR) 1800 - P: Thomas Jefferson (DR) VP: Aaron Burr (DR) 1804 - P: Thomas Jefferson (DR) VP: George Clinton (DR)
Daniel Shays
A captain veteran of the Revolutionary War, Shays led impoverished back country farmers to rebellion in Massachusetts. The rebellion by Shays stressed the importance of a strong central government.
Constitutional Convention
A meeting held in 1787 to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; resulted in the drafting of the Constitution.
Democratic-Republican
A political party led by Thomas Jefferson that supported states' rights and individual rights over the rights of the central government
12th Amendment
Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
5 overall Purposes of the Constitution
Establish legitimacy Create appropriate structure Describe and distribute power Limit government powers Allow for change Article 5V
Ratification Debates
Federalists needed a yes from nine states to ratify it.
Federalist
Federalists: Well educated, wealthy, urban. George Washinton, James Madison, Alex Hamilton, John Jay, Ben Franklin.
Edmond Genet
French diplomat sent to the United States to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships
Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians
Hamilton - believed in a strong central government by a prosperous education elite of upper-class citizens (commerce and industry) Jefferson - favored strong state and local government rooted in popular participation (farmers)
Founders of the Constitution
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington
Lewis and Clark Expeditions
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
No national army or navy No national courts Each state has own paper money There was only one vote per state, regardless of its size No power to tax
The National Bank
The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual states with their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies
The Preamble (memorize)
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions nullification
Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional
XYZ Affair
a 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats
Aaron Burr
a Democratic-Republican, running mate with Jefferson. Tied for presidency and became Vice President. He was also President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and aquitted for treason involving a plan to seperate the US and combine with Spain.
The Articles of Confederation
a document adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781 that outlined the form of government in the new United States
Embargo Act
a law signed by Jefferson that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries
Land Ordinance of 1785
a law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union
Judiciary Act of 1789
a law that established the federal court system and the number of Supreme Court justices and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts
Comparison between the Presidents
a quick Quizlet comparing George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson http://quizlet.com/_11dd9e
Alien and Sedition Acts
a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States
nullification
a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
Protective Tariff
a tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition
Excise Tax
a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo. Spain gave up all claims to land east of the Mississippi River (except Florida). Spain also agreed to open the Mississippi River to traffic by Spanish subjects and US citizens, and allowed American traders to use the port of New Orleans to trade
Shay's Rebellion
an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787
Roger Sherman
came up with the Great Compromise, signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution
George Washington
delegate to 1st and 2nd Continental Congress General of the Continental Army President of the Constitutional Convention signer of Declaration of Independence and the Constitution after victory over the British, went home to become a farmer created the Cabinet first national Census called for a Bill of Rights selected and started the District of Columbia DC chartered the Bank of the United States famous Farewell Address moved to Mt. Vernon after stepping down established 2 term tradition from Virginia
Marbury v. Madison
established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review. Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional
Whiskey Rebellion
farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. An army led by Washington, put down the rebellion.
John Marshall
first US Chief Justice of Surpreme Court, oversaw Marbury v Madison. Principle of Judicial Review.
The Constitutional Scavenger Hunt
in a separate quizlet. (this was on the review sheet) http://quizlet.com/_11dc2a
James Madison
known as "the father of the constitution"
Midnight Judges
nickname for the judges appointed by John Adams in the last hours of his administration
John Adams
only time nation had a President and Vice President from different political parties building military XYZ affair signed Convention of 1800 ended Franco/American Marriage Naturalization Act Alien Act Sedition Act
The Federalist Papers
papers written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defending the Constitution that were published anonymously
Anti-Federalist
rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states. Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry
Louisiana Purchase
the 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains for $15 million
3/5 Compromise
the Constitutional Convention's agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation
The Great Compromise
the Constitutional Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house each state having representation based on its population in the other house
Judicial Review
the Surpreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional, power given to judiciary branch to maintain checks and balances. Decision that affirmed Marbury v Madison
Neutrality Proclamation
the United States would not support either side in the war and Americans could not aid either Britain or France. George Washington issued.
The Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizens' rights and freedoms
Jay's Treaty
was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
Thomas Jefferson
wrote Declaration of Independence delegate to France under Articles of Confederation 1st Secretary of State VP to John Adams Started Democratic-Republican party attempted to remove several federal judges that President John Adams appointed in the final hours of his term declared war on Tripoli acquired the Louisiana Purchase organized Lewis & Clark expedition signed Embargo Act of 1807