ush semester 2

How did the US response to the growing crisis in Europe change throughout the 1930s and up to US entry into the war in 1941? Why did the US want to remain "neutral"? In what specific ways did the US show its loyalty to the Allies prior to joining WWII?

The United States went from very neutral and isolationist in the '30s to entering WWII in 1941. The United States wanted to remain neutral because of WWI, the U.S didn't really gain anything from that cause and lost a lot of men. The American people did not want to meddle in ANY European affairs as they didn't want a repeat of the first world war. However this resulted in the US letting many things "slide" Hitler's rise to power, Mussolini's rise to power, Japan's militaristic values, etc. However as these fascist groups continued to become more evil and take more land, FDR, and some of the American populous realized action had to happen. The cash and carry act was passed and as situations became more dire for Europe, the Lend-Lease act was passed as well. This showed allied loyalty before the US announced it's declaration of war. The final straw that lead to the U.S waging war was Pearl Harbor.

GI Bill of Rights

The ____________ is a piece of legislation that greatly benefited the America GI Veterans of World War II greatly. To help segway the veterans back to normal civilian life, the __________ was passed in 1944. Veterans were given part of their tuitions payed if they wanted to pursue higher education, and were given a guaranteed year of unemployment benefits to allow the veterans to find a job. GIs were also given low interest federally guaranteed loans which allowed them create families and to build and buy houses, farms, and businesses. This bill not only was great for the veterans, but also great for the country as letting these veterans get educations and eventually find jobs and create businesses ultimately helped stimulate the economy and strengthen the already healthy economy.

United Nations

The _____________ was an organization founded after World War II by world superpowers to ensure international peace and prevent catastrophic events like the World Wars. Although the __________ was created to promote peace, not long after both the USA and Soviet Union used the _________ as a forum to spread their influence internationally.

"Little Rock Nine"

The ________________ were the brave African American students who were the first ones to enter a desegregated public school. Although this was a huge step forward for the opportunities of all African American students, the ______________ were mistreated and weren't allowed to participate in all the schools activities, their peers did not accept them as their classmates. The federal government actually presumed this and sent the national guard to accompany the ____________ into their schools to protect them. Although these students had t o endure a lot of harassment, they truly opened doors for all immigrants and colored folk in the United States, following the case of the Little Rock Nine, James Meredith, an African American applied to Ole Miss, and was initially denied entrance. However because of the Little Rock Nine and the Brown V Board of Education, James was able to ultimately become the first African American in an American University.

Brown v. Board of Education

The _________________ was a monumental supreme court case that resulted in the desegregation of the public schools in the United States. The precedent of "separate but equal" was debunked and the new precedent of desecrated schooling would give opportunity to African Americans, but also was received with tremendous backlash and rejection by a significant amount of traditionalist Americans.

Beat Movement

The __________________ was a movement which advocated for "freeform" styles of art. This meant the the social and literary nonconformity of artists, poets, and writers. There have always been certain rules for music and literature but these were recommended not to be followed. This revolution represented the new arising generation of children who were "rebellious" and did not find peace in the society that was set upon them, wanted to be different.

House Un-American Activities Committee

The __________________________________ was a committee where "suspected communists" were called to testify for their actions in front of people like Joesph McCarthy, many were falsely accused. The committee also focused on Hollywood and accused many actors and directors for creating Communist Propaganda. People were blacklisted, falsely accused and forced out of their jobs, completely violating civil liberties.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism. ____________ lead to tons of confusion and disarray in American society and questioning the loyalty/relations to communism of almost anyone, especially people in the Government.

What was the arms race? What weapons were developed? How did this impact the Cold War?

The arms race was literally a race of arms between the USSR and the USA. They were "racing" to see who could develop deadlier nuclear weapons. This impacted the Cold War as it basically showed that both the USSR and the USA were following the virtue of Brinksmanship. Both countries rapidly increased their nuclear arsenal and were willing and capable to go into nuclear war with each other if any country overstepped their boundaries.

Pearl Harbor

The attacks on Pearl Harbor were very meaningful to say the least. Japan wanted to remove the looming threat of the U.S on the pacific front by attacking their largest naval base in the pacific, destroying as many boats and planes as they could. This would allow Japan to freely acquire more oil and land, as well as attack China with no U.S threat. However this ultimately lead to the U.S finally breaking away from their isolationist temperament and would wage war on Japan, and shortly after the rest of the axis powers, completely changing the balance of the war.

What was the situation with the Bonus Army? What was the impact of this incident?

The bonus army was when tens of thousands ofAmerican troops (WWI) who were promised retirement bonuses marched into the US Capitol demanding their bonuses now as the American economy was in terrible condition. ADD

General MacArthur

The brilliant general behind the operations in the Korean War. All you really need to know about _______ ____________ is that after he suffered defeat against the North Korean/Chinese troops, he wanted to bomb and wage war on communist China.

Great Depression

The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s, everything that is above this term is basically a MAJOR contributing factor.

What was the goal of FDR's Four Freedoms' speech?

The goal of the Four Freedoms' Speech was to motivate the majority of the US to move away from their isolationist beliefs and help out their endangered allies. In this speech FDR reminded his listeners what it meant to be an American, and showed the Americans how people were going to suffer and the new fascist governments were fundamentally evil. This inspired Americans to inch away from their isolationist ideals for the betterment of the world. Shortly after this speech the lend-lease act was passed.

Blitzkrieg

The main German attack tactic on the Western European front. This tactic proved to be extremely affective and efficient. In this strategy, Germans would launch an attack without any warning, and would usually target relatively weak spots of defense. German tanks would efficiently break the enemy line, opening up room for German to send a force of more armored cars into the enemy grounds. Finally, soldiers would be sent in for clean up. Often times airplanes would be deployed for the blitzkrieg tactic as well.

D-Day

The main battle of Operation Overlord. Truly one of the most insane battles the U.S fought in WWII, over a hundred thousand men were sent on assault boats to the beaches of normandy. The condition these brave men faced on the beaches were pretty crazy, assault boats full of US soldiers were being blown up before even landing at the beach, machine guns in large fortified bunkers rained fire down on the allies, and land mines were set up all across the beach blowing up US tanks and infantry. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of soldiers continued to storm the beach for the Allied cause, and to overthrow tyranny; forever making the world a better place. The Allies after taking considerable losses eventually won the battle, giving the allies a good foothold to retake France and eventually enter Germany, ending the war.

body count

The measure of merit under this approach became the body count; the defining objective and the so-called crossover point became the point at which enemy soldiers were being killed at a greater rate than they could be replaced by infiltration from North Vietnam or by in-country recruitment in South Vietnam.

What were the voluntary and involuntary measures US citizens took to take part in the war effort?

The most important measure was enlistment, and that was somewhat voluntary and involuntary. Hundreds of thousands of Americans volunteered to fight against the evil that the axis powers were. However millions of soldiers were required. Over 10 million Americans were registered for the draft. Other voluntary measures were Women at work and in the WAC. Thousands of women enlisted to serve for the military and even took up new jobs in industrial fields. Many on the home-front bought war-bonds and grew victory gardens as well. Other involuntary methods were how the United States WPB put industries into new fields, and how the government regulated the things people bought through rationing.

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression, this means the cumulative efforts of Roosevelt to fix the country. Made banking reforms, helped the people, overall solved the issues of the American economy.

What was the New Deal? What were its goals? Who supported it? Who opposed it? What major New Deal programs did Roosevelt implement? What were the first actions Roosevelt took to deal with the Great Depression?

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression, this means the cumulative efforts of Roosevelt to fix the country. Made banking reforms, helped the people, overall solved the issues of the American economy. ADD

Levittown

The original ____________ was a New York suburb built by the Levitt brothers and was basically the first suburb. The postwar builders pioneered the techniques of mass home construction and were able to build homes at unheard of speeds(16 minutes a house) and for a very cheap price as well. The form of the ______________ Suburb was replicated across the country and directly lead to the rise of "suburbia."

Reagan Doctrine

The policy created to undermine the Soviets. This called for the US to openly support anticommunist insurgents and movements around the world. Under this policy, the US provided aid to rebels righting Soviet-backed governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Reagan called these groups "freedom fighters"

Nazism

The political principles of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Lead by Adolf Hitler, wanted to take out the Jews, give power to Germany, give living space for Germans, and take over the world, implement the "aryan master race," nice.

What was the Dust Bowl? What were the causes of the Dust Bowl? Where did it occur?

The prolonged drought that affected 100 million acres of farmland in middle America. Killed tons of crops.

What were the reasons for the communist hysteria in the U.S.?

The rapid international expansion of communism lead to many Americans fearing that communism could spread to the United States. James McCarthy made a majority of Americans to believe that there were conspirators involved in the Government, in Hollywood, and in schools. Soon society became very fearful of "communist spies" everywhere.

Brinkmanship

The virtue of ____________ means being on the brink of war. Any direct military action between the USSR and the USA would've lead to war. Both the United States and USSR were prepared for war against each other, and the only thing holding the peace was avoiding mass international destruction.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

There was a lot of backlash against the unfair bus law that segregated each bus. THe most well known protest was Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger. There was a bus boycott and 90% of African Americans honored it showing that they were serious about making a change.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

These boys basically monitor the economy. They maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets. Facilitate capital formation.

Hoovervilles

These were basically homeless encampments that housed the people who suffered the worst from the Great Depression, they were basically groups of tents sometimes made of trash, a very sad sight. They named these "Hoovervilles" because of their hatred for president Hoover, and his inability to fix the American economic situation.

What roles were women expected to take during the 1950s? Why was this the case?

They actually took a step backward during the 40s. Women had a more independent role than ever during WWII, they took up many new jobs and found a powerful place in American society. However in the 50s the American Woman was not the strong independent woman, but was rather the stay at home mom. As family culture increased and job opportunity dropped, the role of the American Woman/mother became more pathetic and more set in stone. Advertisements and society pushed them to accept this role and become the women who just raised children and pleased their significant others.

How did the US respond to Pearl Harbor?

They waged war on Japan, three days later Germany and Italy waged war on the US. The US then began to strategize on how to successfully launch an attack on the axis powers on the battlefield as well as at home. -Know about Europe first and such.

What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? What unforeseen problems occurred because of it?

This was a bill passed that was meant to protect American businesses by putting tariffs on foreign European businesses, unfortunately this caused political backlash, as many European businesses responded by putting Tariffs on American businesses, which forced the United States into even worse of an economic situation.

Works Progress Administration

This was a new organization that came into existence during the Second New Deal, was another work relief program that put millions of Americans into work, and this was used progressively to build thousands of buildings, parks, and other beneficial things. Not only were they put in work to stimulate the economy at the time, but they were able to create works that have had a lasting positive effect like schools.

Double V campaign

This was an aphorism popularized by African Americans during WWII. This slogan meant that African Americans would overcome victory against fascism for the United States, as well as victory at home with the fight against racism. African Americans fought very valiantly during WWII, gaining the respect of the army. However at home, although some African Americans were trying to make progressive movements, things like lynch mobs were still a problem.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

This was another economic relief program in the new deal that gave state agencies large grants of money for them to better their own situations.

Operation Desert Storm

This was the operation launched by Bush during the Persian Gulf war, that would liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. With an air assault of Iraq and a ground offensive from Saudi Arabia, Bush announced a cease fire, and Kuwait was successfully liberated.

Space Race

To say the least, the United States and the Soviet Union had beef, and neither of them wanted to look in any way lesser than the other. When the USSR launched a satellite into space, the _____ _____, a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union commenced. The United States significantly increased science funding and NASA was created. In about a decade, the USA ultimately put a man on the moon, showing the strength and dedication of Americans as well as ending the space race.

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of Gay (LGBT) Americans?

goals: Make a stand for equal treatment, following the success of other civil liberty movements. They wanted to participate in making the decisions that affected them. Equal rights and acceptance. - There was a gay bar called Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village in New York, where Homosexuality was outlawed, this bar was often subject to unfair police raids. Those at Stonewall protested this treatment and rioted for hours, bringing national attention to their struggles as homosexual Americans. The way they protested to achieve their goals was obviously through rioting as well as bringing National attention to their cause. Milk did a great job of this and was even elected to a board of supervisors in the United States. However, he was ultimately assassinated, becoming a martyr. Additionally, organizations like the PFLAG arose to bring attention to homosexuality in the United States, and give a community to people who felt isolated at home. - Organizations like the PFLAG arose to bring attention to homosexuality in the United States, and give a community to people who felt isolated at home. They began a fight for gay rights. Started the group PFLAG. Harvey Milk was elected board of supervisors in SF.

Consumerism

_____________ was and is the virtue of buying material goods. As the United States was in excellent shape after World War II, and since people finally had stopped rationing for the war, people began buying products again. And they bought things like never before, since people had money to spend and companies had products to sell, buying material goods soon became very popular, equated with success. Product sellers created a culture where people were recommended to buy products they didn't necessarily require. Since people had more leisure time after the war, they were more than willing to buy things like televisions, record players, new clothes, and cars.

Containment

_____________ was the American policy of stopping international expansion of communism and influence from the Soviet Union. Initially when communism was rapidly sweeping over communist nations in Europe, the United States sent tons of economic support to countries resisting the spread of communism in order to make sure these countries would not fall into the grasp of the USSR.

Harry Truman

_____________ was the president who superseded FDR, people saw him as a down to earth type of guy; However, he did face many strikes from discontented workers during his presidency. He used the federal government's power to stop these strikes, and threatened to use the government to seize railroads, this made him relatively unpopular. He was a very progressive president in terms of black people, integrating the African Americans into our military and schooling systems. ___________ also created the Fair Deal, which was an extension of FDR's famous New Deal. The fair deal gave steady income to more people like farmers and increased job security to millions of people. Under the fair deal, the government cleared out slums and made almost a million homes for the lower class as well.

Planned Obsolescence

___________________________ is the strategy used by companies to update their products periodically if consumers were willing to buy. In order to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufacturers purposely designed products to become obsolete and outdated. Clothes makers would make new better looking clothes, cars would make a shinier cooler model, etc. Consumers who didn't update would feel outdone by people who did, and thus it was a very successful strategy.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

a civil rights organization in the United States formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Dubois

Vietminh

a growing nationalist movement within Vietnam led by a group known as the Viet Minh

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality - a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

allowing affirmative action because it said race could e used as one of the criteria in admissions decisions. Affirmative action made for an increased number of minority students attending US colleges/university.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorized the president to employ military power against communist North Vietnam.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

busing plan was allowed and would help desegregation. unanimous "Desegregation was not limited to walk-in schools" said one judge.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

case eventually made its way to the Supreme Court. It was ruled that schools could not be segregated any longer. It set an important precedent for further court cases in the US. overturned poesy

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 60s race riots. It blames the riots on an "explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end school segregation

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

founded by students committed to nonviolent direct action. assisted the desegregation of many public facilities (eventually stopped freedom rides)

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of American Indians?

goals: More equality in society, US government honor the treaties, More Indian control - The Indian Americans occupied Alcatraz for a year and a half and tried to buy it for $24. They took a symbolic walk from SF to DC. The group occupied the office of indian affairs in DC. They also protested the town of a broken knee because there was a massacre there in the past. - The indian self determination act was passed where schools were funded and gave Indians jobs at the Bereo of affairs for Indians. They also got a deep blue hole back in New Mexico. They gained 40 millions acres of land and were given 81.5 million dollars for some of their land.

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of Asian Americans?

goals: end of racism against people of asian origin or ancestry, change the portrayal of Asian Americans in the media, more representation in university activities, reparations for WWII internment of Japanese Americans. - Fought for reparations against internment during WW2, they organized the Day of Remembrance for interned Japanese Americans, and they got Congress to pay $20,000 to each of them - They succeeded in 1969 when San Francisco State University started the country's first school of ethnic studies.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

included a fair housing component that banned discrimination in response to MLK Jr.'s focus on economic equality and the housing discrimination. gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against anyone who violated these laws.

Operation Rolling Thunder

massive bombing campaigns, such as Operation Rolling Thunder. Starting in early 1965, American planes began to drop what would eventually total 4.6 million tons of bombs onto North Vietnam, as well on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a supply line that the communists used to transport people and goods from the north to the south.

Who was in favor of the war? What was the domino theory? Who was opposed to the war? Why? What was the silent majority?

politicians and people who didn't want communism were in favor of the war. the domino theory was that if one country fell to communism, the surrounding nations would follow. People who did not think we needed to intervene in Asia and who didnt want to risk the lives of thousands of american opposed the war. The silent majority was supporters of the war according to nixon

Who could be drafted in the early years of the war? Who could be deferred?

rich and influential people could be deferred and basically all healthy men over 18 could be drafted

de jure segregation

segregation established by law. was common in many southern cities. example: racial zoning, which was local laws that defined where the different races could live.

de facto segregation

segregation established by practice and custom, rather than law. was common in many northern cities. example: restrictive covenant which was an agreement among neighbors not to sell or rent to African Americans or other racial minorities.

What was the role of the media during the war?

the media swayed peoples opinions about the war

Vietnamization

the process of progressively turning the primary burden of fighting the war back over to the South Vietnamese as American forces disengaged, became the dominant theme.

Why was the US unable to win in Vietnam?

they didn't care enough to make it happen and the vietnamese were good fighter

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of women?

- goal: attain the same rights as men and receive the same opportunities. (included voting rights, equal pay, same educational opportunities to birth control and abortion rights, equal pay for women.) - congress passed two laws - Equal Pay act and Civil Rights. The Equal pay act made any wage discrimination based on gender illegal and the Civil Rights Act similarly prohibited al discrimination based on gender. - another very monumental success was the Equal Rights Act. It states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S or by any state on account of sex". Also, the Number of women that made up law students quadrupled, and the number of women that were medical students doubled, and eventually women made up most of college students and received the majority of Master's degrees.

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of Older Americans?

- goals: Better healthcare, Fair insurance, and the ability to get and keep a job without discrimination based on their age. - They formed groups like the AARP to help protest, as well as a group called the Gray Panthers. - Programs were made to help retirees get health care and insurance. Laws were passed that outlawed age based discrimination for jobs, and they pushed the maximum retirement age from 65 to 70, allowing older people to enjoy the benefits of being employed for longer.

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of Latinos

- goals: an end to employment discrimination, better benefits, better education with bilingual teaching, and improved housing and living conditions. - groups were formed such as the United Farm Workers (National Farm Association) that organized the boycott/ strike against grapes, La Raza United that fought for education reform, and the Brown Berets, a group modeled after the Black Panthers that fought for improved housing and employment - These groups had many successes, after a five year strike on grapes, the United Farm Workers were awarded a contract that granted most the workers demands, which included Union recognition and higher wage benefits. The bilingual education act was also passes which legalized instruction in languages other than English and later that schools must address the need on non- English speakers.

What actions by the US and the Soviet Union during WWII increased distrust or hostility between the two nations?

-Czechoslovak Coup d'etat (1948) -Berlin Airlift and Wall (June 1948-May 1949) -Creation of NATO and Warsaw Pact -Arms Race -Space Race -Communist revolutions in China and Korea -U-2 Incident (1960) Choose two or three of these preceding terms to study THROUGHLY; know exactly why and how these events increased tensions, make sure you have a strong comprehension to the root cause of the events you choose as well. For instance, if you chose the formation of NATO, you must improve this increased tensions because NATO showed that the United States was willing to be on the brink of war with the USSR, by creating an alliance they showed the soviets that any military action on a "democratic" country would lead in direct military the country. There were two main causes of the formation of the NATO. The first was the USSR overstepping their borders and pressuring countries in Europe to become communist satellite states. The next reason was the blockades that the USSR set up in Berlin which directly conflicted with the goals of the United States in providing aid to Germany.

What was the result of the Chinese Civil War? How was the U.S. involved in the war? What was the impact of the war on the U.S.?

-The result was the emergence of a ruling communist party in China, lead by Mao Ze Dong, that would be renamed the People's Republic of China. -The impact of the war on the US was very significant, Americans were surprised that the powerful US was unable to keep communism out of China, the most influential Asian country. Citizens began to be fearful of the influence of communism, and suspected that their were communist insiders in the US government that lead to the set up of a Communist China.

What was the Great Society? Be able to describe important three programs or acts created under the Great Society. (For example: Medicare, Head Start, Food Stamp Act of 1964). What are the main arguments in favor and opposed to the Great Society?

60% of college undergrads receive federal financial aid under Great Society programs Food stamp program helps feed more than 20 million people in more than 8 million households Head start serves 800,000 children a year to help get kids in school His main argument was that much of the progression for blacks in society was already happening and that the Great Society programs did not help society. ------ Teen pregnancies went up Murder rates rose Economic rise of blacks had already begun and did not accelerate because of these programs

Franchise

A _________ was a business that sold its same products at a plethora of different locations nationally or internationally. As consumerism was at a high in the United States, successful businesses could create ___________ to expand their businesses and sell even more of their product over a larger area. McDonalds was one of the first restaurants to _________ and become a "nationwide" establishment, this made their profits higher than they ever could've been otherwise.

OPEC

A cartel that many of the middle east countries who produced oil belonged to. This committee gradually raised oil prices in the 1960's. After the US helped Israel in the Yom Kippur war, the Arab nations in this committee cut off all oil sales to the US. Once the sales finally continued, the price was quadrupled.

My Lai Massacre

A company of American soldiers brutally killed women, children and old men in the village of My Lai. More than 500 people were killed in the My Lai massacre, including young girls and women who were raped and mutilated before being killed. The brutality of the My Lai killings and the official cover-up fueled anti-war attitude and further divided the United States over the Vietnam War. the media played a role in this because it was the first place this information was released since the massacred had been covered up.

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation. During the era of the cold war the Soviet Union would set up communist puppet governments in these ___________ _________ to promote their form of government and international influence. These ___________ .________ were also used as a barrier against potential invasion.

Strategic Defense Initiative

A defense system that would keep Americans safe from enemy missiles. The system was called Star Wars, and was estimated to cost trillions of dollars.

Contract with America

A document drafted by Newt Gingrich which would turn voters dissatisfaction with Clinton into support for republicans. This document had ten items Republicans promised to enact if they won control of Congress. They included congressional term limits, a balanced budget amendment, tax cuts, tougher crime laws, and welfare reform. Because of this, the 1994 election resulted in republicans having control of both houses of congress for the first time since 1954.

Moral Majority

A group that consisted mostly of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the Bible literally and believed in absolute standards of right and wrong. They condemned liberal attitudes and behaviors and argued for a restoration of traditional moral values. They worked toward their political goals by using direct-mail campaigns and by raising money to support candidates.

Black Tuesday

A name given to October 29, 1929, the day when stock prices significantly fell, this was due to too many people wanting to sell their shares at one time, and not many people wanting to buy.

realpolitik

A philosophy promoted by Kissinger, which was based upon the idea that foreign policy should be based solely on consideration of power, not ideals or moral principles. Kissinger believed in evaluating a nation's power, not its philosophy or beliefs. If a country was weak, the US should just disregard that country, even if they were communist.

Iran-Contra Affair

A scandal reported in a Lebanese magazine. It said that Reagan had been secretly selling arms to Iran. Reagan had been selling arms to Iran to help gain the release of US hostages held by Iranian-backed terrorists in Lebanon.

Stagflation

A situation between 1967 and 1973, where the United States faced high inflation and high unemployment. This was one of the pressing issues that Nixon faced regarding the troubled economy.

Supply-side economics

A theory held that if people paid fewer taxes, they would save more money. Banks could then loan that money to businesses, which could invest the money in resources to improve productivity. The supply of goods then would increase, driving down prices.

INF Treaty

A treaty in which the USSR and the US signed regarding arms-control. The treaty eliminated two classes of weapons systems in Europe and allowed each nation to make on-site inspections of the other's military installations

What were the advantages and disadvantages of the economic boom after WWII?

Advantages -People were happy to buy products -Sanitation and public health improved -More people were pursuing higher educations -Homes were being bought (rise of suburbs) and families were being raised in economic security. Disadvantages -People were buying so many products and people felt like they had to socially conform to this pattern.

Greensboro Sit-ins

African Americans would participate in sit-ins where they would sit at a counter where they would not be served so the company would not make money. It was peaceful and the companies were losing money so in cases like the Greensboro protests, the businesses let them have service in order to make money. In 1960, Nashville became the first major city in the South to bein segregating its public facilities.

speculation

Alright I kind of got into this last slide, but this is when you expect that the stock market will keep on rising, this lead to tons of people investing, and getting economically destroyed when the market eventually crashed.

Cash and Carry

Although the American people were still very isolationist, Roosevelt wanted to help out his allies. He passed the cash and carry act, and allowed his allies to purchase items of war(weapons, etc.) from the U.S as long as they shipped it to themselves and paid for it all.

Sudetenland

An area in western (German Speaking) Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler, the League of Nations ultimately let Hitler take this land in the Munich Pact, as Hitler promised that this would be the last land he would take in his conquest., this obviously proved to be utter BS.

credit

An arrangement in which consumers agreed to buy now and pay later for purchases. This was often in the form of an installment plan that included interest charges. Because of this businesses encouraged Americans to pile up a large consumer debt, and eventually many people had trouble paying off their debt so they cut back on spending.

Appeasement

Appeasement was the policy for when countries would yield to another's demands in order to keep peace and avoid war. This is the policy France and Britain used against Hitler's growing empire, as they didn't want another world war. Ultimately allowed Germany to get way too much land and power.

Berlin Wall

As Germany had essentially been split into two countries, Eastern and Western Germany, the East being under USSR communist control and the West having democratic influence, ________________ was built by the Soviets in order to prevent the Western democratic influence from affecting the Eastern part of Germany. This increased tensions as it directly opposed the the US' goal of unifying Germany.

Berlin Airlift

As a response to the Berlin Blockade that was set up to prevent the United States from providing support to Germany, the United States took to the skies in order to continue supporting Germany. In the absence of United States support, those in Berlin, the 2 million or so residents only had enough food to last around five weeks. The United States used the _______ ___________ to fly over 2.3 million tons of food and supplies into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes and accumulated 277,000 flights. This aid lead to the Soviet Union eventually lifting their blockade on Berlin.

Truman Doctrine

As a response to the pressure that the USSR was putting on many countries to become communist, the United States would provide support to to any country struggling against communist movements. The _______ __________ also gave over 400 million dollars of financial aid to Greece and Turkey, two countries which bordered the Iron Curtain and were being heavily pressured by the USSR.

Why did the suburbs develop? What impact did this have on family life?

Because so many people were leaving cities to start families, people needed larger, more comfortable homes to raise their children. Additionally because of the baby boom, more homes were needed to sustain the intense growth of American families. The impact was that most American families were able to live comfortably and thrive in these relatively cheap sanitary homes.

Explain why the Soviet Union favored a strategy of forcing Germany to fight a two-front war. When did the Allies adopt this strategy?

Because this would divide the German military force. Although Germany's army was already becoming weaker, Russia's Red Army was not powerful enough to singlehandedly attack from the East and overthrow Germany. However if Britain and the United States came in from the West and Russia pushed in from the East, the German defense would be divided. Ultimately Germany wasn't able to defend from both sides, the Allies were able to break into Berlin and end war in the European theater. The allies adopted this strategy basically when the United States entered the war, and with Britain, they launched several successful offensive campaigns to retake France and eventually push into Germany alongside Russia.

How did the federal government's mobilization for war bring an end to the Great Depression? How did war mobilization alter the role of government?

Because when a nation is in total war, every aspect of society is focused on the war effort, especially the economy. So many men are put into work either to go fight, to build things for the war, etc. Giving tons of jobs, stimulating the economy. During WWII hundreds of thousands of women took up jobs too, sometimes in new industrial fields, helping out the war effort through various means of support. In turn boosting the economy greatly, and successfully ending the Great Depression. The War mobilization altered the role in the government as it was no longer regulating the economy, but completely controlling it. The Government controlled inflation like never before, gave government jobs, changed industries, etc. The role was also to keep people at home safe, and they took many measures to protect people. However some of these initiative failed, like the Japanese internment thing which was pretty messed up.

Black Panther Party

Bobby Seale and Huey Newton founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. They named it because the animal was vicious and would not back up when attacked. This showed they would do whatever it took to get their goals accomplished.

What strategies did the US use to fight in Vietnam? Were they successful? Why or why not? What was napalm? Agent Orange? Search-and-destroy missions?

Bombing Campaigns such as Operation Rolling Thunder search and destroy missions use of defoliants and herbicides and agent orange (napalm is a highly flammable sticky jelly used in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers, consisting of gasoline thickened with special soaps)

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by the United States and then Italy. The Allies were initially getting their asses kicked by Hitler, France collapsed and Britain seemed like the last obstacle, however with the help of Russia and the US, the allies were able to eventually go on an offensive, retake France, and reach Berlin, ending the war.

War Powers Act

By November 6, 1973, Congress overrode another Nixon veto, and the War Powers Act became law, requiring the president to inform Congress within 48 hours of the dispatch of U.S. troops to another country and specifying that the troops must be withdrawn within 60 days unless Congress explicitly authorized their presence.

Camp David Accords

Carter invited the Egyptian president and the Israeli prime minister to the presidential retreat in Maryland, in an effort to negotiate peace between the two countries. After 12 days of intense negotiations, the nations established this peace agreement. It stated that Israel would withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt would formally recognize Israel's right to exist.

Helsinki Accords

Considered to be Ford's greatest presidential accomplishment, this was a series of agreements that promised greater cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe. This was signed by 35 nations, including the Soviet Union.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Couple who was accused of giving atomic bomb secrets to Soviets and were executed for treason. Because of the fear of communism at the time _____________________ were promptly executed before anyone even really proved they were guilty. Although they were ultimately proven guilty, this still shows a loss of American civil liberties.

Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt? What political party did he belong to? What was his view on the role of the federal government? How did this affect his response to the Great Depression? What was the "Court-packing bill?" Why did Roosevelt try to take this action?

Democratic president who created the New Deal to counter the effects of the Great Depression. He served three terms, and is now heralded as an American hero, was very enthusiastic, and had many strong liberal policies that ultimately got the States out of the Great Depression.

Viet Cong

Diem faced enormous challenges in governing South Vietnam, not least because of the small cadres of Viet Minh left behind in the South, known as Viet Cong, still advocating for the adoption of communism in the country.

Zoot Suit Riots

During WWII, many young Mexican-American teenagers began to wear flamboyant "zoot suits." This infuriated some of their American counterparts who saw these suits as very disrespectful, to a point in which white police officers and navy men would attack any Mexican American wearing one of these suits.

Which actions to fight communism at home were the most destructive to American society? Why?

Either the House Un-American Activities Committee or the McCarran act. Both of these lead to the significant loss of civil liberties to Americans. Citizens were forced to not believe in a virtue(communism) and were even wrongly accused of being communist conspirators. Those who were accused of being communist were put on a blacklist which would negatively effect their lives.

black power

Emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.

What did people value most during the 1950s?

Family. Although consumerism was at an all time high during this era, many of these products were marketed towards those trying to establish families; the whole 50s mentality was based upon setting up a new American generation in the form of families after enduring hard times like WWII and the Great Depression.

Axis powers

Germany, Italy, Japan. All three of these were lead by fascist totalitarian governments. Nationalism was very strong and they were able to raise very large, aggressive militaries. They had a lot of success early in the war, with many of their offensive campaigns succeeding, however a few mistakes in combination with the fact that the US entered the war lead to the collapse of the axis powers by the end of the war.

Identify aggressive military actions by Germany and Japan in the 1930s (before the Munich Pact).

Germany: Once Hitler's Nazi Party had absolute power in Germany, Hitler developed a powerful war machine and began to continue to disobey the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler took over the Rhineland(an area between Germany and France) and continued to take Sudetenland, Hitler then took Austria, again with no opposition. European leaders finally confronted Hitler about his warmongering in the Munich Pact and agreed to let Hitler acquire one last land, Czechoslovakia, however Hitler did not hold true to this agreement, attacking Poland, starting WWII. Japan: Prior to WWII Japan was already feeling very nationalistic, thus they were aiming to obtain more land and more resources. Japan already had an area of influence in Manchuria, a large resource heavy region in China, and thus they invaded, and took control of the providence easily. The U.S told Japan to withdraw from China, but Japan only continued to warmonger and continue their conquest for resources and land in China and other regions.

affirmative action

Government-mandated programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for blacks, women and other victims of past discrimination. esp used in colleges

What strategies did the Vietnamese communists use? Why? How were these strategies successful? How were they not successful?

Hit and run attacks surpprise ambushes homemade booby traps, mines use of tunnels

Trace the steps from the Munich Pact to the beginning of WWII.

I kind of answered this in the previous question but in the Munich Pact, the European leaders to let Hitler have one last act of aggression to appease him, and let him take Czechoslovakia. To nobody's surprise Hitler did take over Czechoslovakia, however he continued to expand Germany, he used his blitzkrieg tactic on Poland. This was the last straw for France and Britain, and it was clear Hitler meant to take over all of Western Europe. War was waged, and WWII commenced.

What was Japanese internment? What was the justification for it? How was it challenged? Did it prove to serve any purpose? How did the government make amends for its actions?

Japanese internment was the internment of the Japanese-American citizens all across the United States. The justification for the internment of all these people was that since these people have a Japanese bloodline, the American government wouldn't know where their loyalties would lie during the war so they put them internment camps to be watched over 24 hours a day. It ultimately didn't serve a purpose as there wasn't a single case of an American-Japanese citizen being a spy. The government ultimately paid those who suffered through this ordeal 10,000$ each. However, this was 40 years later.

Who was Lyndon Johnson? How did he become president? When was he president? Why did he decide not to run for a second term?

LBJ was the president after JFK was assassinated. He did not run for a second term because he was physically weak and was freaked out about Vietnam tbh.

What was similar and what was different about the approach to civil rights taken by Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X? What are the strengths and weaknesses of using violence and nonviolence to achieve goals during the Civil Rights era?

MLK jr used peaceful protests to spread his ideas and Malcolm X promoted violence when necessary to spread his ideas. Violence makes it easier to demonize the minority but it can be more effective than nonviolence.

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

MLK moves the new center of protest to Birmingham. Black protests work this time: police attack protesters. Unexpectedly, black residents of Birmingham fight back against police and defend the activists. The violence prompts JFK and the justice dept to negotiate w/ city officials and the SCLC. SCLC agrees to end the protests, but only if more blacks are hired and the city enforces desegregation. Segregationists protest the agreement violently, forcing JFK to send fed troops to restore order.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Many Iranians resented the Shah's regime's widespread corruption and dictatorial tactics. The shah was overthrown, but Carter let him into the US to undergo cancer treatment. In retaliation, the people of Iran took 52 Americans hostage, and wouldn't release them unless Carter sent the Shah back to Iran.

Analyze Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. What factors went into the decision?

Morality, effectiveness, lives saved, destruction, and expeditiousness. Overall dropping the atom bombs saved thousands of US lives, and was the only way to efficiently end WWII. Without the atomic weapons, the allied armies would have to push into mainland Japan, causing immense casualties on both sides.

Battle of Midway

Most historians believe that the Battle of Midway was the turning point for the United States against Japan in the pacific theater. I would absolutely agree. The United States was using a strategy called Island hopping, where they take over Islands in Japanese control, slowly making their way to the mainland, they would fortify the islands they took and launched assaults from these islands to the next one. The Battle of Midway resulted when the Americans intercepted a Japanese message and found that Japan was bringing the majority of their fleet to Midway. The US was completely prepared and DEMOLISHED the Japanese Navy. They destroyed all four of their aircraft carriers, hundreds of aircraft, and a cruiser. The Japanese offensive force was never able to recover, and they were on the defensive for the remainder of the war.

How did the television impact family life and American culture?

Negative -Time waste -Promoted needless consumerism -INFLUENCES CHILDREN, see below: -Promoted violence, shows like gunslinger -Promoted social conformity and gender roles, reinforcement of traditional values -Promoted stupidity(made people focus on politicians as people instead of their actual policies) Positive -Efficient and interesting medium of transmitting information.

Détente

Nixon and Kissinger's approach to dealing with communist nations. This policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions.

Environmental Protection Agency

Nixon recognized the nation's growing concern about the environment, and wanted to make an effort to "make peace with nature." In 1970 he combined 15 existing federal pollution program into this larger agency. The new agency was given the power to set and enforce pollution standards, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in pollution control. It is still what the government uses to deal with federal issues today.

New Federalism

Nixon wanted to decrease the size and influence of the federal government, because he believed that LBJ's Great Society programs had given the federal government too much power. His plan was to distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments

Family Assistance Plan

Nixon's plan to overhaul welfare every family of four with no outside income would receive a basic federal payment of $1,600 a year, with a provision to earn up to $4,000 a year in supplemental income. Unemployed participants, excluding mothers of preschool children, would have to take job training and accept any reasonable work offered them.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to win over the voters in the South for the 1972 election. His plan was to attract conservative southern democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation policies and a liberal supreme court. He promised to elect a southerner to the supreme court.

Who became President after LBJ? How did he change the course of Vietnam?

Nixon. He secretly sent in troops and Vietnam was kind of a shit show and then eventually pulled everyone out.

Examine the role that oil played in the strategies of both Germany and Japan.

Oil drives war forces for any country. Japan didn't have any of it on its own so they had to attack and expand into areas like Manchuria in order to obtain oil to fuel its war machine. Germany actually had its oil but still attacked Northern Africa in pursuit of oil. Not only would this give themselves more oil, but would deprive the Allies of their main source of oil.

Gulf of Tonkin

On August 2, 1964, the budding crises between the United States and North Vietnam intensified with a North Vietnamese attack on the USS Maddox, which was engaged in electronic espionage in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast. The United States launched air strikes against North Vietnam, and Johnson seized the moment to extort from the frenzied U.S. Congress the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the president to employ military power against communist North Vietnam.

March on Washington

On August 28, more than 250,000 people marched in Washington and it was the largest political gathering ever in the US. There were about 60,000 white people as well as union members, clergy, students, entertainers, and celebrities like Rosa Parks and Jackie Robinson. Martin Luther King Jr. have his I have a dream speech.

National Energy Act

One of the actions Jimmy Carter took in order to reduce the US dependency on foreign oil. This act placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and natural gas produced in the United States, and extended tax credits for the development of alternative energy. Along with voluntary conservation measures, the act helped the US rely slightly less upon foreign oil.

Battle of Okinawa

One of the largest battles in the Pacific Theater. At this point Japan was on the major defensive, they were clearly losing the war, but they were never going to surrender, as that was the traditional Japanese way. In this battle, the US bombed this island and the 120,000 Japanese soldiers on this island for months. Yet still the Japanese didn't surrender. Ultimately had to push into the island and fight a very bloody battle, much of it was hand to hand. Eventually the US after taking heavy losses took the island and wiped the Japanese force, but for what reason?

How did the war have a positive and negative effect, overall, on the status of women and minority groups? Explain.

Overall it had a tremendous positive effect for women, however although progression for status of most minorities remained stagnant in the eyes of the American people. Women were able to join the army for the first time, where their effort was greatly appreciated, and also took thousands of new jobs at home, such as industrial jobs to build things for the war such as airplanes. Their efforts in both fields were recognized and the American women was seen as more powerful and independent than she ever was before. Meanwhile although many ethnic groups had their wartime efforts recognized and were integrated into the army, they continued to face prejudice at home before, during, and after the war.

Revenue Sharing

Policy under Nixon where state and local governments could spend their federal dollars however they saw fit within certain limitations.

Isolationism

Policy/Virtue that the United States followed after the terror of World War I. The United States did not want to have any participation in international economic and political relations. Were initially even hesitant to help out their allies in Europe or stop clear tyranny.

North American Free Trade Agreement

President Clinton created this because he saw flourishing trade as essential to US prosperity and to world economic and political stability. This legislation would bring Mexico into the free-trade zone that the United States and Canada already had formed. This would strengthen all three countries economies and increase American jobs, and it also increased trade with Mexico.

Clinton Impeached

President Clinton was accused of improperly using money from a land deal with the Whitewater Development Company to fund his 1984 gubernatorial reelection campaign. Clinton also allegedly had lied under oath about having an improper relationship with a young White House intern. In 1998, the House of Representatives approved two articles of impeachment, charging the president with perjury and obstruction of justice. He faced trial in the senate, but the senate fell short of the two-thirds majority vote, so Clinton remained in office.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the civil rights act of 1964. This act banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin.

Dwight Eisenhower

President ____________________ was a former general in WWII and served as president after Truman. _____________ was a very middle of the road president in terms of political issues. He didn't really concern himself with civil rights issues and mostly focused on balancing the government's budget and cutting taxes. He raised the minimum wage, extended Social Security and unemployment benefits, increased funding for public housing, and backed the creation of interstate highways and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. His popularity soared for all this, and he won reelection in 1956.

Who was Herbert Hoover? What political party did he belong to? What was his response to the Great Depression? What did he believe was the role of the federal government? What policies did he implement? How did his response change over time?

President who served during the start of the Great Depression, and stock market crash. He is known for his conservative policies and inability to take action during the Great Depression, he believed that the American economy would essentially fix itself if it was let alone, and barely took any major action.

Deregulation

Reagan used this as one of his tactics to reduce the size and power of the federal government. This was the cutting back of federal regulation of industry, which meant that businesses had less rules to follow regarding things such as employee health. It increased competition and often resulted in lower prices for consumers.

Who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War? Why?

Reasons for Russia -forcefully set up puppet Communist governments -wanted heavy sanctions on the "War-torn" Germany to ensure that the Germans would never pose a threat to the USSR again. Reason for United States -Overstepped their boundaries. Was the fact that Eastern European countries were setting up communist governments any of their business?

New Right

Rightwing grass-roots groups across the country who emerged in the 1970's to support and promote single issues that reflected their key interests. This group focused its energy on controversial social issues, such as opposing abortion, blocking the Equal Rights Amendment, and evading court-ordered busing.

buying on margin

So basically when stocks were in their specular boom, brokers would sell tons of these stocks, and even would lend tons of money (credit) so they could buy these stocks, and when the stocks eventually crashed, this would push the buyers further into debt.

Korematsu v. United States

Supreme Court case that upheld the government's wartime internment policy of holding the Japanese. Know that this court basically stated that the Nation could and would take away a group's civil rights in order to ensure national "security" during war.

Social Conformity

Tendency to adopt the behavior of the group. Product manufacturers used ________________ to make products very successful and increase consumerism as people who didn't own a certain product would feel out of place in society.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

The AAA was an organization part of the New Deal, which mainly helped the agricultural aspect of the Great Depression. This was accomplished by reducing crop overproduction, and increasing the prices of these crops, balancing out their value in the economy, and giving the farmers enough money to live comfortably again.

Civilian Conservation Corps

The Civilian Conservation Corps was a new deal organization that supplied tons of Americans with work relief. Young men were sent to plant trees and do other conservation efforts.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

The FDIC reformed banks across America and guaranteed a specific amount of checking and savings deposits for its member banks.

Neutrality Acts

The Neutrality Acts of 1936 and 1937 were passed as the general American populous was still PASSIONATELY isolationist at the time, these legislations popularly prevented the U.S from stepping in to stop fascist governments in Spain, Germany, and Italy. However President FDR still wanted to help his allies, and later, legislation would be passed.

Social Security Act

The Social Security Act basically created an insurance program for the deprived in the United States, giving them protection, for example giving some money to the retired or injured or disabled and stuff. Also gave security to everyone in the United States, if they were out of work, they would receive unemployment benefits. The government for the first time gave people security through the economy, not just through laws.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., had a large role in the American civil rights movement.

What was the space race? What advancements were made during this time? What was the impact of the space race on the U.S.?

The Space Race was the race between the USSR and the USA on who could accomplish more impressive feats in space. Advancements that were made included Sputnik, the first satellite in space, the first man in space, and ultimately the Apollo mission, which put a man on the moon. The impact of the space race was both the USSR and the USA increased their education spending and greatly, and a much higher emphasis on science. NASA was also created as a result of the space race.

SALT I Treaty

The Strategic Arms Limitation Strategy was a five year agreement that was aimed to limit the number of missiles that the US and the USSR had in their arsenals. This was signed by Nixon and Brezhnev, and it limited the USSR to 1,618 missiles and the US to 1,054. The US accepted the smaller number because its missiles were more advanced.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was one of the major Civil Rights Movement organizations of the 1960s. It emerged from the first wave of student sit-ins and formed at an April 1960 meeting organized by Ella Baker at Shaw University. SNCC's goal in 1960 was for integration to happen. They want this to happen nonviolently. SNCC's goal in 1966 was to create a community where black people feel powerful. They wanted proper representation and wanted to work together to make a change. The goals differ between 1960 and 1966 because in 1960 they just wanted integration but in 1966 they wanted better representation and they wanted to make an even bigger change for equality. These differences developed most likely when they realized integration was not equality and people found loopholes to make integration unfair.

Of the more than 16 million people who served in the military, what different groups were represented? What sacrifices did GIs make for their country?

Well, obviously a great deal of the American war force consisted of white Americans. However World War II gave opportunity for hundreds of thousands of women to participate, and all ethnics in the United States got to fight as well. Predominantly African Americans got to show what they were made of. These men and women sacrificed their lives, and their comfort in order to fight in the war to overthrow tyranny, and prejudice at home.

What was the legacy of the war?

What was the legacy of the war? the legacy of the war was american wooded and casualties stats, war powers act, and refugees

War Production Board

When the United States entered WWII, the nation immediately went into "Total War" which means every aspect of the country is focused on the war effort. The government, economy, citizens, etc. The Purpose of the War Production Board was to ensure the US Workforce was transformed into an "arsenal of democracy" this board's task was to manage the converging of industries and implement them to help out the American war effort. The government would manage many industries and manufacturers to strengthen the war machine. For example car engine producers changed to making tank and airplane engines.

Ho Chi Minh

When the nationalist movement, led by the devoted communist figure Ho Chi Minh, threatened to topple the French government right after World War II and usher in a communist regime, President Harry Truman committed limited U.S. resources to assist the French in reestablishing their presence in Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, Ho proclaimed Vietnam's independence from the French and expressed the hope that the United States and Great Britain would eventually support his anticolonial effort.

What were the goals/methods/successes/failures of Disabled Americans?

- Equal access to federally funded programs for disabled Americans. - They set up organizations to provide help for disabled americans. They also protested and did things like public transit that didn't accommodate to disabled Americans. - They got the rehabilitation act passed. This act was compared to the civil rights act of 1964 and gave disabled Americans access to federally funded programs.

Lend-Lease Act

After Germany demolished Poland and France, the situation in the United Kingdom was looking quite grim, the United States, under Roosevelt, found a way to provide substantial support to their ally, through lending weapons and material with credit, the U.S resolved this issue by leasing them to the country instead of charging any money, letting Britain focus on other aspects of their war effort, while getting "free" weapons from the U.S.

Berlin Blockade

After World War II one of the largest debates between the US and the USSR was what to do with Germany. The United States wanted to economically repair Germany as they believed a strong Germany would have significant positive influence on the stability of Europe and the world. The USSR was more bitter, since Germany had invaded the USSR during the war, the Russians wanted Germany to be heavily sanctioned and be left as a weak country which would never pose a threat to the USSR again. Since the United States was trying to protect Germany from Soviet influence through sending economic aid to Berlin, Stalin used the _______ __________ to close off Berlin from all US trade and ensure Soviet Influence was unparalleled in Germany.

What were U.S. goals at the end of WWII? What were Soviet goals at the end of WWII? Why would this lead to conflict?

After World War II the Soviet Union and the United States basically emerged as the most influential world super powers. Each country had their distinct forms of government that they intended to spread to the rest of the world.

Marshall Plan

After World War II, much of Western Europe was in disarray. People were left without homes, millions were in refugee camps, and many of the economic resources that the countries in Western Europe had been expended or destroyed. The ___________ _____ was a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of these desolate countries. By the end of 1952, 16 European countries had received over 13 billion dollars of aid from the United States. As a result, Western Europe was economically flourished, and since the United States was the cause of this, communist parties lost popularity in the majority of Western Europe.

Little Rock Nine

After the federal judge ordered Central High School to be desegregated, 9 black students came to the school. They were met by tons of protesters and angry white people who did not want black students attending their school. They enlisted for the help of Eisenhower and he sent troops to maintain order and enforce integration (Executive Order 10730). 8 of the 9 students finished the school year.

Warsaw Pact

Basically the Russian off brand version of the NATO, this military alliance consisted of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations. This ensured that the US would not attack the Soviet Union or any of the European satellite states as that would lead to a large scale war.

Baby boom

As stated earlier, after the World War and Great depression had ended, most Americans were finally in the economic and mental position to start families and procreate children. Society in the 50s began to revolve around the baby boom and family life, such as the rise of the suburbs. Also, another fun fact, Asian babies are by far the cutest, and that is an objective fact.

Joseph McCarthy

As the American people became more and more afraid of communism, due to the rising influence of the USSR in China and other places, ________ _________ was able to completely take advantage of the state of the cold war. _________ _________ claimed he knew conspirers for communism in the United Government that lead to the failure in China. People believed him and he was able to falsely accuse many politicians and citizens to be communists, people believed him and he was able to ruin peoples lives out of fear. He caused tons of people to fear a communist threat in the United States that never existed.

Geneva Accords

At peace talks held in Geneva, Switzerland, the French agreed to a gradual withdrawal from Vietnam. In addition, the country was temporarily divided into North and South regions until open elections could be held to allow the Vietnamese to select their new political leaders. The Geneva Accords marked the beginning of the end of French influence in the region, which was almost entirely gone by 1956.

Freedom Rides

In 1961, 7 blacks and 6 whites boarded a bus and they were moved and fire bombs were thrown in the window. Passengers on the second bus were beaten. CORE later abandoned the rides but SNCC continued them. They challenged segregation on the interstate busses in the South. Eventually they had the protection of federal escorts.

Watts Riot

In August the Watts riot lasted for six days resulting in 34 deaths, 900 injuries, and 4,000 arrests. $45 million in property damage. The riot occurred in an African American ghetto in LA. Over 14,000 members of the National Guard were sent to the ghetto to restore order. This prompted many more riots in other cities throughout the country.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which outlawed literacy tests and other unfair voting laws. The numbers of registers black voters grew dramatically in the late 60s.

Tet Offensive

In January 1968, the Viet Cong launched the massive surprise attack that became collectively known as the Tet Offensive. The largest single battle of the war, the Tet Offensive saw the communists attack five of South Vietnam's six major cities, as well as hundreds of smaller towns and villages. Although surprised by the attack, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces rallied against the offensive quickly and managed to push back the communist surge within a matter of weeks. The American press portrayed the U.S. response as a tremendous victory.

Who was John F. Kennedy? What were his goals as president? What were his achievements? What were his weaknesses and failures? (Be familiar with the New Frontier, Space Exploration, Peace Corps, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis)

JFK was the president. He wanted to help the economy, civil rights, and was involved in international politics. this was his weakness because he didn't do a lot to change issues despite his efforts.

U-2 Incident

In the _____________, an American U-2 spy plane was flying over the Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (yes you read that correctly). It got shot down. The USSR captured the pilot and forced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to admit to the Soviets that the CIA had been flying spy missions over the USSR for several years. Tensions increased significantly between the country, as the US didn't think the USSR would shoot down any non militarized plane even if it was over their air space.

Ngo Dinh Diem

In the spring of 1955, Eisenhower abandoned the allied approach and moved in a unilateral direction as the United States dedicated itself to building a strong Vietnamese nation in the South under the leadership of the enigmatic Ngo Dinh Diem

League of Nations

International association formed after World War I in order to keep international peace. The United States was not in the League of Nations, and because of this and the fear of war, the League of Nations was ultimately VERY weak, and did not uphold any regulations that the League enacted. More importantly, the League of Nations ultimately let Hitler build his war machine.

Persian Gulf War

Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, found themselves in a lot of debt after the prolonged war between Iraq and Iran. Iraqi soldiers first looted Kuwait, claiming that it was really part of Iraq. They then headed towards Saudi Arabia, which was one of the worlds know oil reserves, and would severely threaten the US oil supply. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. The US and its allies staged a massive air assault against Iraq, and one month later launched a successful ground offensive from Saudi Arabia. This successfully liberated Kuwait and the war was over. US citizens had a positive reaction to this because it was a well thought out battle strategy and didn't leave troops in another country for too long, like what had happened in Vietnam.

What was the impact of automobile culture on America? (think about consumerism, suburbia, teenagers, independence)

It allowed suburbs to exist, as commute times were significantly shortened, so people didn't have to live in a city to work in a city, thus it promoted family life. Teenagers were able to interact with more people, places, and activities than ever as they could go to further places for cheaper prices, this lead to independence as they were able to "leave the nest." Teenagers would be able to have lives outside of their household. Lastly the automobile culture was directly related to consumerisms. American families were pressured to own many cars, additionally, every year these cars would get better, faster, and prettier, thus people were pressured to spend tons of money on cars to feel adequate when compared to others.

To what degree did race relations improve during the 1950s? What does the "Little Rock Nine" demonstrate about race relations during the 50s?

It improved race relations sig. -KNOW the Supreme Court Case of Brown V Board of Education. This monumental case desegregated schools in the United States. Additionally this case set precedent for race relations in the 50s and the rest of US history. Because of this precedent, more and more things became desegregated including the military. Although their was a lot of positive social change in the 50s, there was still tons of backlash from Americans, but still the change in the 50s set a path to equality and further social change in the future. The Little Rock Nine represented the increasing opportunities African Americans had in the 50s.

Women's Army Corps

The Women's Army Corps or WAC was an organization that came to life during WWII which allowed Women volunteer to play a significant role in the War for the first time in American history. Mostly this gave women things like clerical jobs to free up men to go fight, however some women flew planes, served as combat nurses and showed true valor. Overall hundreds of thousands of women volunteered and played a significant role in the US' war machine. Women were much more respected in the United States for their courage during the war.

Arms Race

The ____ ____ began when the United States found out that the USSR had nukes in 1949, since president Truman found out that the USSR had nuclear abilities, he wanted the US to have even more powerful weapons in case nuclear war was to happen. Both countries continued to research weapons to one up eachother and were able to develop hydrogen bombs, the deadliest bomb ever created.

38th Parallel

The ____ _________ was the line of latitude that separated North and South Korea during the 50s. The North Korean government had already established a communist government, whereas South Korea created a democratic government which was heavily backed by the United States, in fact the US already had troops stationed in South Korea. Still, North Korea ultimately crossed the ____ _________ and invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War.

Iron Curtain

The _____ _________ was a term coined by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill that represented the division between Democratic and Communist countries in Europe, see map. Most of the European countries in the East fell under soviet control where the West predominately remained democratic. The _____ _________ famously split Germany into two.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The _______ was a group of 28 non-communist countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack. As tensions between the United States and Soviet Union were getting higher and higher, both countries were on the brink of war. As neither country wanted to start another world war, the _____ was founded to insure that the USSR wouldn't attack any country allied with the United States, as that would bring dozens of other countries into war.

Korean War

The ________ ___ was the conflict between the North and Southern Koreas. The War started when the North Koreans invaded South Korea, at the start they were unstoppable, they pushed the South Koreans all the way to the most southern point of Korea, even capturing South Korea's capitol city, Seoul. However, MacArthur ultimately launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and fresh troops from the United Nations. MacArthur's troops made a surprise amphibious landing behind enemy lines on Korea's west coast. Other troops moved north from South Korean territory and they were able to sandwich the North Korean troops. It seemed that the United States was going to unify Korea with the success they were having. Ultimately, the Chinese launched a surprise attack on the advancing United troops. China believed that having a communist buffer state between the democratic South Korea was crucial, and felt threatened by the advancing American troops. The Chinese crushed the US and South Korean troops, reestablishing North Korea. To say the least, General MacArthur was bitter.

Chinese Civil War

The __________ _____ ____ was the conflict between the Chinese Nationalist Government, ruled by Chiang Kai-Shek, against the Chinese Communist Party, predominately lead by Mao Ze Dong. The United States HEAVILY supported Chiang. Between 1945 and 1949, the United States sent the Nationalists approximately $3 billion in aid and supplies for war. Ultimately due to internal problems like inflation and the lack of morale, the Chinese Communist Party eventually took over all of mainland China. The United States refused to recognize them as the true government of China. The result of this war was that the United States looked very weak for not being able to prevent communist expansion in China, and Asia would be much more likely to follow communist governments than democracies

Suez War

The __________ was a conflict in which Egypt was invaded by Israel, Britain, and France because Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. However, they stopped the invasion after political pressure from the US, USSR, and UN. The US and the USSR both disagreed with the invasion of Egypt, so tensions didn't increase significantly. However the USSR did arm Egypt and helped them take the Suez Canal as this would give them easier access to the Middle East and Asia.

Blacklist

The __________ was a list created by the House Un-American Activities Committee for people suspected of being communist conspirators, although no real punishments were given to these "offenders" finding a job would be hard for individuals on this list, and the public opinion for these people would be all but dissipated.

McCarran Act

The ___________ ____ was a piece of legislation that made it illegal to engage in activities that would create a communist government. People like teachers would be investigated to ensure they weren't spreading communist ideals.

Manhattan Project

Ultimately the Japanese were not going to surrender, no matter what, they were facing eminent defeat, yet they were going to fight to the death. Since the United States didn't want to keep sending men to die after battles like Okinawa, and the Manhattan Project was complete. Which was a secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. They ultimately dropped the bombs on mainland Japan, on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. This affectively lead to the surrender of Japan and the allied victory of World War II, what an era.

Executive Order 9066

Under FDR a government order was issued in order to declare large military zones in the country, people who posed threats could be kicked out of these areas and placed in high security internment camps. 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses, they had only days to weeks to collect and sell their belongings.

Mao Zedong

____ __ ____ was a mere peasant who became the leader of the Chinese Communist rebellion. He appealed to the Chinese lower class and was able to lead a massive army to overthrow China and set up his own communist government where he ruled, the People's Republic of China. Fun fact about this man, he drank so much Green Tea that over the decades his teeth became extremely green. Get this man some Colgate!

Sputnik

_______ was the first satellite ever sent into space, launched by the USSR to orbit the earth. At the time it was one of the greatest scientific achievements in history, and made the United States feel outdone, starting the space race.

Suburbs

_________ were residential areas surrounding a city that offered much larger, more comfortable housing. These _________ complimented the "family culture" of the 50s perfectly as it provided potential families with relatively cheap homes where they could raise their children. Since tons of Americans were finally in a financial and mental place to start families after the war, these ________ became extremely popular, and enough homes were built to handle this "baby boom." Over 13 million homes were built in ________ during the 50s.

Rock 'n' Roll

_____________ became a popular music genre in the fifties with the introduction of Elvis Presley. Represented nonconformity and the emergence of teenage culture, this type of music would be more free form than traditional music, and the dances involved were much more rambunctious. Most adults condemned rock 'n' roll and it was well liked by the rebellious teens of the 50s.