USP 124 Final
Old Mill/the crossings, Mt. View
Redeveloped housing from an old mill next to a rail (CalTrans)
What is the RNHA?
Regional housing needs assessment - Look at population trends and growth and determine how many housing units we need - Regional planning agencies give a regional number of how many units need to be produced - Goes to each jurisdiction and make it equally distributed - Need to make sure that there is a full range of housing for all income levels
Overlay zone
The overlay district can share common boundaries with the base zone or cut across base zone boundaries Regulations or incentives are attached to the overlay district to protect a specific resource or guide development within a special area.
What is eminent domain?
The power of a government agency to take private property for a public purpose, even if the property owner objects (5th Amendment allows this and compensates at market value for their loss)
Police Power
The power of a government entity to restrict private activity in order to achieve a broad public benefit
What is adaptive reuse?
The practice of redesigning and using a structure for a use that is significantly different from the building's original use.
Environmental Planning
The theory and practice of making good, interrelated decisions about the natural environment, working landscapes, public health and the built environment
What is ballot box zoning?
Bringing planning propositions into a public vote (the summary of the proposition, need to go to the local government for full info)
How was exclusionary zoning combatted?
Brought into court with the Mt Laurel cases and then resolved by inclusionary zoning where there must be a certain percentage of households that must be affordable
What are Net Zero Energy Buildings?
Buildings that combine energy efficiency and renewable energy generation to consume only as much energy as can be produced onsite through renewable resources over a specified time period
Thomas Jefferson
Heavily liked the grid and planned a checkerboard Wanted to plan DC
Calvert Vaux
Helped Olmsted design Central Park in 1850
What are the 6 categories of management tools?
Housing and population caps Commercial and industrial caps Urban growth boundaries Infrastructure Zoning control (Zoning pyramid) General controls
What is workforce housing?
Housing for the employed, educated members of society Any form of housing for households with an earned income that is sufficient to secure quality, affordable housing in reasonable proximity to their place of work
Local Coastal Plan
Identifies the location, type, densities and other ground rules for future development in the coastal zone
What are the main recommendations?
Increased access to the beach Less homogenous development Collaborative planning with TJ Viewing SD as an urban ecosystem Sustainable growth
Radburn, NJ
Inspired by Letchworth Was to be a garden city, but only garden style housing/apartments built Plan prepared by Stein
Form-Based Codes
Instead of focusing on uses that are permitted, it focuses on buildings Instead of focusing on the individual parcel, focuses on neighborhood Used to create high-quality public access Focuses on building larger community in terms of shape and form for streetscape
Discretionary review
Interpret and apply the city's planning policies Allows for the use of discretion by officials, does not involve changing laws Conducted by planning commission
19th Century Planning
Rapid industrial revolution, urbanization, population growth and inadequate infrastructure CB movement (1897-1902)
Valencia Gardens, CA
- 246 units - A few decades later, the maintenance of it was poor - Tore down the 246 and built 260 units (offer food pantry, childcare, classes for languages) - Long wait list, but successful
What are biophilic cities?
- A city that puts nature first in its planning, design and management - Recognizes the need of daily human contact with nature and the economic values provided by nature
What is redlining?
- A practice from the HOLC to appraise neighborhoods in order to determine loan approvals for new mortgages, home improvement loans and refinancing - Created four color-coded categories and the areas that were red were deemed least desirable. (Predominantly POC) - Resulted in significant disinvestment in communities of color preventing them from building household wealth through homeownership
What is a shrinking city?
- A special subset of older industrial cities with significant and sustained population loss over several decades and increasing levels of vacant and abandoned properties, including blighted residential, commercial and industrial buildings - Most of them are in the rust belt (industrial places losing their economic growth)
What are the characteristics of growth management?
- Adds 2+ dimensions to land use regulatory schemes - Growth management regulates timing and sequencing - Critiques: Building industry drives up housing costs, changes community character, too many jobs and too little housing
Ramapo, NY
- Built the Tappan Zee Bridge to connect Ramapo to the city (population doubled within 10 years and needed growth management) Components of Ramapo, NY's growth management program - Timing and sequencing - Linkage between timing/sequencing and the capital improvement program - Integrate planning, zoning and the capital improvement program - Lower taxes for some undeveloped land (thinking of ways to financially compensate people for the "freeze" of development)
How is a city considered deurbanized?
- Drop in fertility rates to below 2.1 children/woman - Loss in high wage, low educational attainment jobs in sectors like manufacturing and mining, resource depletion
Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo
- Enacted a growth management ordinance - Eventually got rid of it when growth actually declined - Started to build when they got rid of it, and started to build single family homes and it was expensive
Solara, Poway
- First apartment complex in the state to be powered solar energy - Used low energy appliances - Education programs how to be more efficient with consumption and recycling - Edible landscaping - Tilted roofs to avoid seeing solar panels from street view
What are zoning techniques that contribute to exclusionary zoning?
- Large lot zoning - Minimum house size requirements - Prohibition of multi family housing - Prohibition of mobile homes - Unnecessarily high subdivision requirements - Administrative practices
What are the strategies of mixed use development?
- Mix uses within buildings - Mix retail, business, civic and cultural uses within a neighborhood center - Add residential and retail uses to business parks, encouraging walking between uses - Develop residential buildings on the site of a community shopping center or regional shopping center - Design office and retail developments that have attractive and user-friendly connections to adjacent neighborhoods
What is Transit oriented development?
- Mixed use community within an average 2000 ft walking distance of a transit stop and core commercial areas - Promote walkability and multi modal transit - Challenges: increasing spending, traffic, noise, less affordable and displacement of low income residents
What is mixed use development?
- Mixes employment, commercial and residential uses - Encourages walkability, human interaction, and community identity
Petaluma, CA
- New infrastructure gets expanded to Sonoma County - Population boom - did not have enough schools for kids - Sewers were flowing because it was not adequate enough - Started a growth management restrictions (population cap and housing cap (no more than 500 units per year))
What are the strategies for multigenerational planning?
- Promote collaborative access through the generations - Promote civic participation to enhance political support and promote community building - Use smart growth principles to help all community members remain active, connected and safe - Raise awareness of universal design
What are the strategies of Legacy cities?
- Rebuild the central core - Sustain viable neighborhoods through targeted investments - Repurpose vacant land for new activities - Use assets to build competitive advantages - Re establish the central economic role of the city - use economic growth to increase community and resident well being - build stronger local government capacity and partnerships - increase the ties between legacy and their regions - Rethink state and federal policy towards legacy cities
SB 375
- Requires CA's MPO to reduce - Vehicles miles travelled via transit and land use policy - Each MPO creates a sustainable community strategies designed to meet a target for GHG established by the State air resources board - Funding is used to incentivize jurisdictions to implement programs in alignment with the SCS
What is smart growth?
- Response to environmental degradation - A desire to promote infrastructure development - "Supports choice and opportunity by promoting efficient and sustainable land development, incorporates redevelopment patterns that optimize prior infrastructure" - Challenges: High cost of urban land, parking is hard to build and maintain
Western Harbor, Malmo, Sweden
- Saw a population drop, but wanted a new way to bring in more people (but sustainably) - Bright colored city - Dense housing, shared open space - indigenous plants - Use of solar panels
What is infill? (what are the drivers of infill?)
- Support the construction of new buildings on old existing sites in cities and suburbs - Benefits: value in land and feasible to attract development - Drivers: market forces, millennials and the silver tsunami, and changes in state policy
Fruitvale BART station, Oakland
- TOD in 1990s - 350 apartments, 15% affordable, 3.4 acres - Above a 1,200 car parking structure, repurpose train depot into a restaurant
What are the unique components of the podcast?
- The city must be reshaped by it's residents to have a more ecologically balanced place - Urban ecosystem, special landscape - Integration of of culture and society - More kid friendly for this region - Connecting people to the bay
What is Calthorpe's Green Urbanism and the 12% solution?
- To reduce emissions to 12% of current rate in the US by 2050 to achieve low carbon scenario - Reduces urban footprint, energy demand and auto resilience
What is HOPE VI?
- Transform public housing communities from islands of despair and poverty into a vital and integral part of larger neighborhoods - Create an environment that encourages and supports individuals and family movement toward self-sufficiency - Designed to replace isolated low-income housing with mixed-income housing in mixed-use neighborhoods in close proximity to essential resources such as schools, places of employment and public transportation
Youngstown, OH
- Update the general plan to say that they are declining in the right way - Where to put their investments - Tear down unused housing units and repurpose it
Midtown Exchange, MN
- Vertical mixed use - Public market on the ground floor - corporate offices, county social services, lofts for housing - needed parking (in the center and then the housing units are surrounding it)
What is multigenerational planning?
- strives to make cities and neighborhoods accessible, safe and inclusive for children, youth, families, adults and the elderly - Allows people to age in place, create civic participation by both the older and younger generations
What is a community facility district?
A CFD can fund/finance public facilities (schools, streets, sewers, storm drains) and services (maintenance of parks, storm drains, landscaping, street lighting) (MUST BE APPROVED BY A 2/3RDS VOTE)
What are choice neighborhoods?
A comprehensive approach to transforming distressed areas of concentrated poverty into viable and sustainable mixed income neighborhoods
Bureau of Land Management
A federal bureau within the Department of the Interior which manages and controls certain lands owned by the United States Land ordinance of 1785 and Homestead act
What is section 8?
A federal program created to help low income households secure affordable housing in the private market (Tenant pays 30% of their income toward the rent and the voucher covers the rest)
Proposition 13
A fixed property tax rate for homeowners Limited revenue for local governments, and left them to find other ways to finance capital improvement projects Has led to a surge in retail development as a way for cities to gain revenue through sales tax
Floor Area Ratio
A guideline used to regulate building density. The ratio is calculated by dividing a building's floor area by the ground (lot) area or by dividing the number of floors in a building by the portion of the lot covered by the building.
Kelo v. City of New London
A new pharmaceutical company was coming into the town and bringing high skill and high wage jobs, and they needed to claim eminent domain to create a new research facility and hotels - Kelo sued them saying this is not eminent domain, but the court ruled in favor for New London because they allowed the definition to expand for economic development as a public good
New London, CT
A new pharmaceutical company were coming into the town and bringing high skill and high wage jobs Needed room to develop new hotels and the research facility It eventually left and the city demolished everything (leaving 90 acres of nothing)
Environmentalism (modern)
A political movement that demanded action from the state to both preserve the planet and also to take concrete actions to regulate and punish those who abuse it
What is the American society of civil engineers report card for America's Infrastructure?
A report card that is released every 4 years, and the US is graded as a D+ and CA is graded as a C+
Environmental Impact Report
A report to state the environmental impact on the area EIR = CEQA, EIS = NEPA Must be prepared when: 1) It can be fairly argues 2) Based on substantial evidence 3) In light of the whole record 4) The project may have a significant environmental effect
Chicago World's Fair of 1893
A showcase of the latest innovations A monumental way to build things Built with neoclassical style Launched CB movement Designed by Daniel Burnham
What are Mello-Roos bonds?
A way for municipalities in CA to finance significant projects and make substantial improvements to their districts (the finances can be used by counties, cities, school districts or other districts)
What is smart growth and what are the features?
Achieving development for communities that are socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable using comprehensive planning to guide and design inclusive regions Mixed use, infill, adaptive reuse, multigenerational planning
Explain Ministerial acts
Actions in which the local government does not have any discretion Approved by staff
What is exclusionary zoning?
An ordinance containing restrictive regulations of land use that exclude certain lower-income groups from a community by driving up housing costs
Portland, OR
Approved a municipal planning organization create an urban growth boundary created a robust transit network with busses and rails
Ebenezer Howard
Author of "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" Planned Letchworth Wanted a way to take people out of denser cities and have nostalgia for the rural areas Garden Cities (5000 areas of empty lot, 6000 areas of living area, lived near work and connected by rail)
Citizen participation
Ballot Box planning Community meetings
Jeffersonville, IN
Based on Thomas Jefferson Checkerboard Connected by diagonals Block developed, block undeveloped (prevent spread of disease and wildfire)
What are the core principles?
Begin now to save the environment Save the shorelines, bays, valleys and mountains Restore and enhance the special character of existing urban neighborhoods Reduce reliance on cars, encourage multimodal transit Reach across the border Conserve land, energy and water
Spanish influence on the US
Central plazas Grid Agriculture Focused on Law of the Indies
What is LEED certification?
Certification that a development meets water and energy efficiency standards
Zone Change
Change an entire zone (policy decision, approved by council)
Spot zoning
Changing one parcel
Historic Millwork District, Dubuque, IA
Conversion of a mostly vacant former mill district into a lively, mixed-use neighborhood reconnected the area to downtown and the adjacent residential neighborhood
James Oglethorpe
Created the ward system Designed Savannah, GA Planned for population growth
Explain Legislative (local land use)
Creates policy General policy decisions that establish rules that everyone must follow Approved/adopted by city council
NYC Zoning Ordinance of 1916
First comprehensive zoning resolution in the US Three categories of use districts: residential, commercial, and unrestricted 5 kinds of height districts Used as a replacement for comprehensive planning
Law of the indies
First planning legislation Established by King Phillip II of Spain Published in 1681 Central plaza, narrow streets
Chicago, IL
Daniel Burnham Grid Civic Centers First comprehensive plan for a big city Improved railroads, built new docks Lead to the creation of planning commission
What is public housing?
Decent and safe rental housing that is funded, owned or built by the government intended for use by eligible low-income families, the elderly and persons with disabilities (all public housing is affordable, but not all affordable housing is public)
William Penn
Designed Philadelphia Converted to Quakerism Made the map of Pennsylvania
Pierre Charles L'Enfant
Designed Washington DC Influenced by french (palace of Versailles, monumental structures and wide avenues) Wanted to create a special center place in each square of the city (15 squares) Diagonals designed to unite key focal points in the city (McMillan revisited L'Enfant's original ideas later on)
Metropolitan Planning Organization
Designed to encourage regional governances Acts as a regional planning agency, serve as a think tank on regional policy issues Does not have any local land use decisions
NEPA (1969)
Designed to protect natural resources Needs to study and identify the negative impacts of federal development
Charrette
Designed to stimulate ideas and involve the public in the community planning /design process
Frederick Law Olmsted
Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. Worked with Calvert Vaux Planned other universities like Cal and Stanford
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Planning Commission
Discretionary review Review technical criteria Address political challenges Evaluate the planning director
Jamestown, VA
Early English settlement Public buildings in center with residential surrounding and wall around residential (triangle) Defensive planning
Letchworth, UK
Ebenezer Howard First Garden City many people donated to the city Inspired more garden cities to be built First roundabout
What is TOD?
Emphasizes mixed use to reduce VMT, encourage multimodal 2000 ft of a transit stop and an urban core
Rexford Tugwell
Federal Government administrator who led the federal government's Resettlement Agency in the 1930s which developed three greenbelt towns He was influenced by Stein's and Howard's work
King Phillip II
Established the Law of the Indies King of Spain
What is the US Green Building Council?
Establishes LEED certification program for new construction
Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co. (1926)
Euclid had to slow down their development and Ambler still wanted to continue to develop It went up to the SCOTUS, but SCOTUS voted for Euclid because of their growth in development and wanted to promote homeownership for single family homes
Pruitt Igoe, MO
Failed public housing 33 11 story buildings Housed about 800 people 1970's, St. Louis called because of high vacancy rates and high crime rates
British influence on the US
Focused on safety Grids Agriculture
Frontier Era of Planning
Future growth Trade and commerce Safety
Three main ingredients of the general plan
Geographic coverage: identify and apply the land in that jurisdiction Subject matter: anything that is related to the physical development of the community Time frame: projecting out into the future
San Antonio, TX
Grid Law of Indies applied to pueblo, mission and presidio Lots given by lottery good planning, but bad execution (lack of funding and buildings not well made)
Plymouth, MA
Grid Needed more land for tobacco, against development English planing
St. Louis, MO
Grid to draw people to church Important central square French Planning Near the Mississippi River for higher access to water
Fredricksburg, VA
Grid with even lots French planning
Types of Plans
Grid, Checkerboard, Organic (irregular)
Endangered Species Planning
Habitat Conservation Plan: permits development in some areas in exchange for conserving land in other areas where endangered species live Natural communities Conservation Plan: State version of HCP
CA Coastal Commission
Has the authority to regulate land use in the coastal zone Commissioners are appointed by the governor and legislatire
How can we promote inclusion in the future?
Having more mixed income neighborhoods and following the RNHA to make sure that there is a full range of housing for all income levels Mello-Roos bonds to ensure better facilities for schools so that children have equal access to education Environmental justice???
Explain Quasi-judicial (local land use)
Interprets and apply policy Decisions that apply legislative policy to individual development projects and involve discretion of the local government Interprets policy, does not set it Approved/declined by planning commission Can appeal to city council
What are the challenges of smart growth and TOD?
It makes the land more desirable and then drives the cost of the urban land, making it less affordable which displaces low income people
Savannah, GA
James Oglethorpe Grid (ward system) Central Square Each ward would have its own open space Planned for population growth
San Diego, CA
John Nolen Public Plaza and civic center Small open spaces, system of parks Great examples of plans that were not implemented fully because of political will
Elements of the General Plan
Land use Circulation: transportation Housing: projects future housing Conservation: environment Open space: preserve open space Noise: measure decibel uses Safety: Address natural disaster risk, crime and other additional factors
Ian McHarg
Landscape architect and planner Designed with nature Tried to get the public interested in the issues of the environment
Etzanoa, KS
Largest settlement in North America in the early 1600s Grass houses in the center and then agricultural land that surrounded the houses European diseases killed a lot of people Europeans had disrespect and disregard for the other traditions and land
Environmental Movement
Late 19th, early 20th century movement Rachel Carson, Muir, George Marsh Urban park movement Increased destructiveness of modern industry
Five Elements of planning
Laws and Regulations (state and local laws that influence what we do on a local level) Design Political power Environmental Analysis (Process the plan about the impact on the environment) Socio-economic analysis (assessing the impact on any plan on the society's fiscal budget)
New Orleans, LA
Le Moyne Grid Cathedral center place Use of a central point in the water front, using diagonals emphasizing cathedral in the middle
Three categories of local land use
Legislative Quasi Judicial Ministerial acts
Zoning
Legislative method of controlling the use of all the land in a municipality by regulating use, lot size, bulk, height, density of population, setbacks, and yards of buildings Three dimensions of zoning: use, form, management
What are HOLC maps?
Maps showing the redlining the high risk and low risk areas
Participants of the planning process
Local government Rule makers Other government agencies Private real estate industry citizens
LA, CA
Main buildings around a central plaza Did not locate Long Beach because they wanted security Near the LA river for fresh water and by the Native American population
French influence on the US
Main central plaza Prioritized planning near water for trading ($$$$$) Irregularity with grids
Planning department
Maintain/update the comprehensive plan and coordinate city planning efforts Provide recommendations to the planning commission Supply information to elected officials and the public Prepare the capital improvements programs and budget Facilitate interdepartmental cooperation
Community Plan
Mini general plan Updates every 3 years Tailored policies and long range physical development guide for elected officials and citizens engaged in community
What is the geographic boundaries of San Diego?
Mira Mesa, East of SDSU and TIjuana
Urban Park Movement
Movement to create open space due to lack of nature, clear air (improve health) Moral reform movement provided space for active and passive uses Impact on the built environment
What are the characteristics of the housing element?
Must be updated every 8 years Specifies how jurisdiction will spend its housing funds Subject to state oversight Few penalties if jurisdictions don't comply
CA Coastal Act (1976)
Must prepare a LCP with the Coastal Commission If LCP is complete (and certified by Coastal Commission), then development permit authority returns to the local jurisdiction 1/4 of the state's LCP are incomplete and the Coastal Commission makes all land use decisions in the coastal zones that lack an LCP
Politics of Proximity
NIMBYism
J Craig Venter Institute
Net Zero energy building
NIMBY/YIMBY
Not/Yes in my backyard
Demographic trends and the land use nexus
Racial and ethnic minority population growing More diversity More poverty rates Silver Tsunami coming in 2030
Garden Suburbs
Radburn, NJ and Greenbelt, MD Large amounts of open space with concentrated amount of homes
Central Park, NY
Olmstead and Vaux Costed $8 million Part of the Urban Park movement Provided space for active and passive uses, impact on built environment
What are legacy cities?
Once industrial powerhouses in New England, Mid Atlantic and the Midwest They sustained a loss of job and population, but then their population growth exceeded 20% greater from peak population periods
What are the phases of Growth Control?.
Phase 1 - growth control Phase 2 - comprehensive planning (tolerance for growth development) Phase 3 - Smart growth (healthy placemaking) Phase 4 - sustainable planning
Washington DC
Pierre L'Efant Grid Center place in each square (15) of the city Diagonal roads to connect the monuments French influence (city of Versailles) Monumental structures and wide avenues Mall completed by McMillan
Daniel Burnham
Planned Chicago World Fair Influence from CB movement Created CB for Chicago (neoclassical) Systematic arrangement of streets Improvement of railroad terminals New docks on Chicago river Create civic centers
Jean Baptiste Le Moyne
Planned Mobile, AL and New Orleans, LA Used the grid
Capital Improvement Program
Planning department creates it and budget covering a 5 year period (Local government's schedule of infrastructure improvements to facilitate future development and source of funds for those projects)
Habitat Conservation Plan
Plans prepared under the federal ESA that permits development in some areas in exchange for conserving land in other areas where endangered species live
Homestead Act of 1862
Policies that created the settlement that was surveyed in 1785 open for 123 years Land was free, but strings attached (wanted longer term residents, costed for short term residents) Created policies on what was available for US citizens
6 ongoing issues that affect planning in CA
Political nature of the planning process State (local jurisdictions to think about the financial budget to built things) Competition and lack of cooperation Location/price appropriate housing (proximity of housing goes higher depending where it is close to) Sprawl vs compact urban form Property rights
4 current socioeconomic trends shaping CA planning
Population growth and demographic changes Dwindling land supply Increased urban development in coastal areas Continued suburban development in inland areas
Clarence Stein
Prepared plan for Radburn and Greenbelt Inspired by Howard
Multiple Species Conservation Plan
Preserves SD's unique native habitat and wildlife for future generations Protects watersheds and water quality
Three P's of planning
Process Participants Products
What is smart decline?
Provides a path for shrinking cities to effectively deal with their abandoned buildings and vacant lots as part of a broader strategy of managing depopulation
Subdivision reuglations
Regulation and standards enacted by a community to control the proposed subdivision of land into lots of parcels Standards may include: Procedures for subdivision review and approval, design standards, required improvements, dedication of land for parks and open space, streets, etc
Zoning Ordinance
Regulations on how the land must be used (residential, commercial, industrial)
What is Title 24?
Regulations that govern the construction of buildings in CA (including energy codes)
What is the ecological footprint?
Resource management tool that measures how much land and water area a human population requires to absorb its waste under prevailing technology
CB movement
Response to rapid rise in industrialization Civic Beautification Focused on: monumental planning, neoclassical architecture, civic centers, wide boulevards Originated at the Chicago's World Fair
Greenbelt, MD
Rexford Tugwell and Clarence Stein Developed from the public sector Garden suburb (garden city, but lack of workplace) Closer concentration of housing for more open space
How are restrictive covenants combatted?
Shelly v Kraemer saying that it is against the 14th to restrict people from buying homes based on their ethnic background, but like the covenants are still apparent in their property deeds.
How was redlining combatted?
Shelly v Kraemer, where they were able to use the 14th to be able to get housing loans regardless of their race (however we still see some parallels of the HOLC maps and the demographics of the areas in today's maps)
Cumulative Zoning/hierarchical zoning
Single family residential > multiple family residential > commercial > industrial
Mt. Laurel I and Mt. Laurel II
Southern Burlington County NAACP and Mount Laurel Township - NJ Supreme Court ruled for NAACP - Mount Laurel wanted exclusionary zoning and the NAACP sued because it was unfair to the POC and people of lower income - Led to requirement of inclusionary housing policies
Climate Action Plan
Starts with GHG inventory (where are they coming from and what levels are they at) Strategies (what can we do to reduce them) GHG reduction goals (cut GHG by half in 2035, 100% renewable energy by 2035)
CEQA (1970)
State's charter for environmental protection Modeled after NEPA Force procedures and substantive directives to require state and local agencies to adopt feasible alternatives or mitigation to avoid or substantially occurs in an orderly and responsible manner
Melting Pot suburb
Suburbs where at least 35% of the population is non white
Land Ordinance of 1785
Surveyed the land north and west of the Ohio river to make land Thomas Jefferson was heavily for the grid Encouraged westward expansion and homeownership
Shelly v. Kraemer
The decision is that the 14th amendment prohibits a state from enforcing a law that restricts people form buying a home based on their background
Euclidean Zoning
The division of all of a municipality's land into use districts and the equal treatment of all property owners within each district
Planning Process
The five steps are: identify concerns, set a goal, form a plan, act, and follow up. (plan making and plan implementation)
What are restrictive covenants?
The landlord and a certain coalition would agree that they would not allow certain races to buy homes in this neighborhood
What is inclusionary zoning?
This can be a voluntary citywide or countywide policy that contains a certain percentage of housing units in a new residential developments that exceed a certain size must either be sold or rented to lower income households at affordable levels
What is the special landscape?
Topography: canyons, mesas, climate Our connection to Tijuana
Taos Pueblo, NM
Urban planning history can be traced to Native American history. Taos Pueblo is an example of early planning history. Religious The town was enclosed by a physical wall for a sense of solidarity. Smaller clans were made The town also involved a central plaza ("Kira") for social gatherings.
Garden City movement
Wanting to create new towns to take people out of denser cities to make them less populated Park in the center Cities would be connected by rail Provide an in between on town and country
What is blue urbanism?
Where urban future and ocean worlds are integrally connected (considers relationship between oceans and cities)
What is affordable housing?
Where you pay no more than 30% of your annual income on housing
Environmental Justice
Who lives with the pollution? who lives near parks and trees? Closely tied to race, income and location
Philadelphia, PA
William Penn First grid plan Central squares at intersection of two major boulevards Divided into four quadrants Proximity to water Made sure that every one in the residential area had open space Location for trade and commerce
Conditional use permit
Written governmental permission allowing a use inconsistent with zoning but necessary for the common good, such as locating an emergency medical facility in a predominantly residential area.
Rachel Carson
Wrote Silent Spring Against pesticide use and was an activist Industry tried to discredit her claims Eventually led to the ban of the use of DDT
What is an urban growth boundary?
a mapped line that separates land on regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by, mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture
Variance
allows a homeowner to do something that they could not do (has something to do with their hardships with the property)
Schoolbrary, SD
high school within the library, close to transit
What are brownfields?
lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials
