VFC SURGERY, VFC Artificial Intelligence, VFC Blockchain, VFC Toronto Startups
Node
A copy of the ledger operated by a participant of the blockchain network.
Private Currency
A currency issued by a private individual or firm, typically secured against uninsured assets.
On-Ledger Currency
A currency minted on-ledger and used on-ledger. An example of this would be the cryptocurrency, Bitcoin.
Attestation Ledger
A distributed ledger providing a durable record of agreements, commitments or statements, providing evidence (attestation) that these agreements, commitments or statements were made.
51% Attack
- When more than half of the computing power of a cryptocurrency network is controlled by a single entity or group -This entity or group may issue conflicting transactions to harm the network, should they have the malicious intent to do so.
proof-of-identity
- also in a very early stage of development -thought to be most applicable in permissioned, or consortium blockchains. - can be less strict in its consensus method, since each party in the blockchain network would be known and rigorously vetted before being allowed into the blockchain as a 'trusted' member - only works for consortium groups that have other mechanisms to establish trust, creating a role within the blockchain for a 'trust provider.'
F.Nietzsche "superhuman"
- nihilism ubermench: man transcends himself to a higher being
Lisp
A family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized Polish prefix notation. Has been the dominant AI programming language for the last 30 years.
Natural Language Processing
A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages.
Computer Vision
A field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information.
Wallet
A file that houses private keys. It usually contains a software client which allows access to view and create transactions on a specific blockchain that the wallet is designed for.
Block Reward
A form of incentive for the miner who successfully calculated the hash in a block during mining. Verification of transactions on the blockchain generates new coins in the process, and the miner is rewarded a portion of those.
Inductive Reasoning
A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates propositions that are abstractions of observations of individual instances of members of the same class. Contrasts with reasoning where a general conclusion is arrived at by specific examples.
Semantic Network
A knowledge representation technique that represents the relationships among objects .
Central Ledger
A ledger maintained by a central agency.
Replicated Ledger
A ledger with one master (authoritative) copy of the data, and many slave (non-authoritative) copies.
AI winter
A period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research. The field has experienced several cycles of hype, followed by disappointment and criticism, followed by funding cuts, followed by renewed interest years or decades later. There were two major instances in 1974-80 and 1987-93.
Post PCI Complications
Hematoma Pseudoaneursym -from vein/artery Arteriovenous fistula Retroperitoneal bleed -bc in back pt c/o back pain Infection Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - renal failure from dye
Alorithm
A step-by-step procedure for calculations. Robots use this as well as your house hold computer to come to a decision or answer.
Markov Model
A stochastic model that assumes the Markov property. This assumption enables reasoning and computation with the model that would otherwise be intractable.
Search Tree
A structure that represents alternatives in adversarial situations, such as game playing.
Cognitive Psychology
A subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.[1]
Evolutionary Computation
A subfield of artificial intelligence (more particularly computational intelligence) that involves combinatorial optimization problems.
Subgoal
A subgoal is a goal set up by a problem solver in an attempt to solve another goal.
Scrypt
A type of cryptographic algorithm and is used by Litecoin. Compared to SHA256, this is quicker as it does not use up as much processing time.
Distributed Network
A type of network where processing power and data are spread over the nodes rather than having a centralized data center.
Distributed Network
A type of network where processing power and data are spread over the nodes rather than having a centralized data centre
Automated Reasoning
An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of thinking.
Control Theory
An interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. The external input of a system is called the reference. When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.
Computational Linguistics
An interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.
Block Explorer
An online tool to view all transactions, past and current, on the blockchain. They provide useful information such as network hash rate and transaction growth.
Who wrote the 8-page white paper for bitcoin?
An unknown person or group named "Satoshi Nakamoto"
Cardiac Surgery Indications
Aneurysms of the myocardium or vessels Valve repair for rupture, stenosis or insufficiency CAD/AMI/High risk lesions Intractable/unstable angina Congenital Heart Defects Constrictive Pericarditis Myocardial Trauma or Rupture Ventricular Dysrhythmias
Altcoin
Any cryptocurrency other than bitcoin.
fundamental challenge of blockchain's disruptive potential:
Application of the technology still has not been proven at true scale
Weak Methods
Approaches which do not scale up to large or difficult problem instances.
Cardiac Tamponade Key Signs
Decreased CT drainage Muffled Heart Sounds Decrease pulsation of the precordium Can cause low CO
1997 Gary Kasparaov defeated in chess by
Deep Blue (made by Big Blue who owns IBM)
What is a public key?
Derived from public keys, start with 04 or 03, 02
Rationalism
Descartes was a strong advocate of the power of reasoning in understanding the world, a philosophy now called _________, and one that counts Aristotle and Leibnitz as members.
PCI Discharge
Discharge 24 - 36 hours post procedure Lab- H/H, creatinine Vascular Access site Chest pain management Risk modification Meds (Antiplatelets, ACE inhibitors) No lifting for 4-6wks
Outbound Logistics
Distributes goods and services to customers
Open-Heart Surgery
Doesn't refer to the heart. But the chest. The heart may be open to; depending on the surgery. Done to bypass blocked arterie or to repair/replace heart valves.
Percutaneous coronary angioplasty
Done when blockage is found Uses guided catheter with a balloon on tip Passes it into coronary artery to stenotic area Balloon inflated for several seconds, deflated, withdrawn Repeat until diameter of artery increases
True or False: Stents address the existing lesion and future culprit lesions.
False (only existing lesion, not future lesions)
True or False: When using saphenous veins for CABG, the production of scar tissue commonly causes adverse consequences after several years.
False (vessel is fairly large and substantial, rarely affected by scar tissue)
Blockchain companies
Fatcom (startup us)
Fibrosis of the pleural space surrounding the lungs (can be caused by hemothorax, pleural effusion, or TB)
Fibrothorax
How is the miner's reward amount determined?
First miner won 50 Bitcoins per block mined, then they are rewarded halves every 210,000 blocks mined
Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) Effects
Hemodilution Exposure of blood to non-physiologic surfaces Damages of blood components by roller pump Stimulation of baroreceptors Hypothermia
This type of fork requires all nodes and users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software.
Hard Fork
What is the core concept of the blockchain?
Hashing
Post-Operative Vitals/Hemodynamic monitoring
Hemodynamic lines connected/calibrated Arterial blood pressure, PAP, PAWP, CVP, CO, SVR
What do we give a pt to prevent thrombosis during the procedure?
Heparin
What causes asystole during cardioplegia?
High Potassium
HLAI
Human-Level Artificial Intelligence
How does blockchain reduce the possibility of security breaches?
In a traditional implementation, a rogue administrator can potentially change historical transactions because of his or her access levels to the data. However, with a blockchain implementation across data centers, one would need a large number of teams working together across data centers to modify historical data—which greatly reduces the possibility of data tampering. The more widespread the environments, the more difficult it is to tinker with data.
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in life sciences and health care
Healthcare companies are exploring the use of blockchain to secure the integrity of medical billing, claims, and records.
Connectionist
A set of approaches in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience and philosophy of mind, that models mental or behavioral phenomena as the emergent processes of interconnected networks of simple units.
Dualism
In addition to rationalism, Descartes was also a proponent of __________. He held that there is a part of the human mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws.
Effective Weight
In an artificial neuron, the sum of the weights multiplied by the corresponding input values.
Soft Fork
In this type of fork only previously valid transactions are made invalid.
Intra-Operative MI
Incidence can be as high as 25% Prevention techniques include using hypothermia (slows the clotting cascade) Monitor ECG, Cardiac output, ABG's, and serial enzymes
Heart transplant
Is needed in cases when the individual's own heart can no longer function properly. This happens when someone has suffered repeated heart attacks and irreparable damage has been done to the heart muscle.
transmyocardial laser revascularization
Is the use of lasers to puncture holes in the heart muscle to improve blood flow. This procedure benefits patients who are nit candicates for nyoass or angioplasty surgery.
Human-Level AI
That which strives for "machines that think, that learn and that create." First at Minsky's symposium in 2004.
Hash
The act of performing a hash function on the output data. This is used for confirming coin transactions.
Mining
The act of validating blockchain transactions.
Inference
The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. The conclusion drawn is also called an idiomatic.
Epistemology
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge.
Robotics
The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of autonomous machines and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing
IAPB Indications
MI pt can't get to sx quick enough = IAPB! Helps Unstable angina Increase perfusion to coronary arteries Peri-operatively for heart surgery A bridge to transplantation
Certainty Factors
MYCIN incorporated a calculus of uncertainty called __________, which seemed (at the time) to fit well with how doctors assessed the impact of evidence on the diagnosis.
Technological Singularity
The hypothetical future emergence of greater-than-human intelligence through technological means. Since the capabilities of such intelligence would be difficult for an unaided human mind to comprehend, the occurrence of a technological singularity is seen as an intellectual event horizon, beyond which events cannot be predicted or understood.
Bounded Rationality
The idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is only based on the information they have, the cognitive quality of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
Block Height
The number of blocks connected on the blockchain.
Deductive Reasoning
The process of reasoning from one or more general statements regarding what is known to reach a logically certain conclusion. Involves using given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true.
Business Process Management Systems
focus on evaluating and improving processes that include both person-to-person workflow and system-to-system communications
Supplier Relationship Management
focuses on keeping suppliers satisfied by evaluating and categorizing suppliers for different projects
Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery
The surgon makes a small cut on the side of the chest between the ribs. Instead of making a large incision down the center of the chest in the rib cage. A surgon uses a type of robotic arms. Inserted through the incision of the chest. Lower risk of infection, smaller scars, less pain and faster recovory.
How does a private key become a public key?
The wallet generates the private key. Uses elliptic curve cryptography Public address is created
Bitcoin (uppercase)
The well known cryptocurrency, based on the proof-of-work blockchain.
ScribbleLive
The worlds leading content marketing software
What is the foundation of CHD therapy?
Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and Pharm therapy
Turing Test
This was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
Threat of substitute products or services
Threat is high when there are many alternatives from which to choose. Company always wants less competition
Why encrypt?
To encrypt your message
Systems Thinking
a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produces outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part
Cardiomyoplasty
for augmenting cardiac function
Septal Myotomy /Myectomy
for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - a portion of the septum is removed
what is the location of the heart
in the mediastinum, behind the sternum, 2/3 on the left side
Knowledge
includes the skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and intelligence, that creates a person's intellectual resources
Up-Selling
increasing the value of the sale
Knowledge Workers
individuals valued for their ability to interpret and analyze information
Information Age
infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer
Why is block chain considered unbreakable?
it does not store any person data at all, blockchain only stored account transactions.
reason info can be hacked and corrupted
it is all centralized
-->idea of blockchain
it is decentralized i.e. you control your records and who gets it
Enterprise Systems
provide enterprisewide support and date access for a firm's operations and business processes
Service
provides customer support after the sale of goods and services
Employee Relationship Management
provides web-based self-service tools that streamline and automate the human resource department
public address of the seller (bitcoin)
public key -an alphanumeric string of characters that specifies the target destination for the bitcoin.
Key Performance Indicators
quantifiable metrics accompany uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors
Endocarditis
rarely occurs in the first weeks post-op, but can occur early with valve replacements
Productivity
rate at which goods and services are produced based upon total output given total inputs
Data
raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object - Before the information age, managers had to make decisions based on gut feelings and analyzing data would be time-consuming and complicated
how did the word hash come about
real definition = abbreviation of something larger when you take marijuana and condense it down into powder form
RFM Formula
recently, frequency, and monetary value - How recently a customer purchased items - How frequently a customer purchases items - The Monetary value of each customer purchase
when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Annuloplasty
reconstruction of annulus with or without carpenter rings
Accounting
records, measures, and reports monetary transactions - focus on moving goods or services into the hands of consumers
Collaborative Demand Planning
reduces inventory investments, while improving customer satisfaction
Collaborative Engineering
reduces product development costs
Valvuloplasty
repair of the valve by suturing torn leaflets, chordae tendinae or papillary muscle (mitral & tricuspid regurgitation)
As-Is Process Models
represent the current state of the operation that has been mapped, without any specific improvements or changes to existing processes - Goal: simplify, eliminate, and improve the To-Be processes
biometric
retina & fingerprint scan
Loyalty Programs
reward customers based on their spending
where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
right atrium or venae cavae
what arteries supply the heart
right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Rivalry among existing Competitors
rivalry is high when competition is fierce in a market and low when competitors are more complacent
what are non-sterile procedures
done on the aerodigestive tract
what does the umbilical vein become
ductus venosus
what vessels are used for CPBG
saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
We are moving from the age of "scientific discovery" to the age of
scientific mastery
blockchain
series of block
Middleware
several different types of software that sits between and provide connectivity for two or more software applications
Model
simplified representation or abstraction of reality
Artificial Intelligence
simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn
Shopping Bot
software that will search several retailer websites and provide a comparison of each retailer's offerings including price and availability
Expert system shell
software used to create expert systems
intellectual property
some artists have put their songs on the blockchain so they can control who uses it and thats it
why some people don't agree with the proof-of-work system
some people view Bitcoin's proof-of-work methodology as unnecessarily expensive and environmentally harmful because participants are solving arbitrary mathematical problems using increasing amounts of electricity.
what is the phase of cardiac conduction
starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
sternal notch
Types of data provided by oracles
stock prices, currency exchange rates, or any other information relevant to an agreement between counterparties. Note: If a third-party source of information has been deemed reputable, relevant, and reliable by management—or by an external auditor—the information would generally also be considered reliable by the many blockchains referencing that particular oracle.
Sensitivity Analysis
study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changing repeatedly - Special case of what-if analysis
sacrifices made by making blockchain permissioned
such as wide distribution of the ledger, and a truly democratized environment without any intermediaries
what is the circulation through the heart
superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Supplier Power
suppliers' ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies (including materials, labor, and services - Can influence industry by: charging higher prices, limiting quality or services, shifting costs to industry participants
Analytical CRM
supports back-office operations and strategic analysis and includes all systems that do not deal directly with the customers
Marketing
supports sales by planning, pricing, and promoting goods or services - focus on moving goods or services into the hands of consumers
Operational CRM
supports traditional transactional processing for day-to-day front-office operations or systems that deal directly with the customers
Enterprise Application Integration Middleware
takes a new approach to middleware by packaging commonly used applications together, reducing the time needed to integrate applications from multiple vendors
what is systole
the contraction phase of the heart
what is the bundle of his
the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Inventory Turnover
the frequency of inventory replacement
one of the coolest things about blockchain
the idea of being able to control your own data ex: healthcare information -if it were on the blockchain, you can control who gets it and thats it -more secure, more control
Application Integration
the integration of a company's existing management information systems
Data Integration
the integration of data from multiple sources, which provides a unified view of all data
Granularity
the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process
Supply Chain Management
the management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and corporate profitability 1. Materials flow from suppliers and their upstream suppliers at all levels 2. Materials are transformed into semifinished and finished products - the organization's own production processes 3. Products are distributed to customers and their downstream customers at all levels
Online Analytical Processing
the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making
Eintegration
the use of the internet to provide customers with the ability to gain personalized information by querying corporate databases and their information sources
Augmented Reality
the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it
how many pulmonary veins are there
there are 4
(Mining)Necessity of Validation
warrants an incentive for the miners, usually in the form of coins.
what solution is NOT used during CPB
water
Website Personalization
website has stored enough data about a person's likes and dislikes to fashion offers more likely to appeal to that person
Bitcoin
went over 10,000 for the first time
underlying premise of blockchain (problems b4 blockchain that make blockchain valuable)
what do you think of trust? in theory its good, but in the real world it stinks. every time you log in to a website, there is trust ppl have inequities in time and access timeliness issues with everything ^all things that are not ideal
Are blockchain objects immortal?
Yes
Hardest movement for robot
walking
Coronary angiography
"Cardiac Cath" Gold standard Cath placed and then dye injected How patent are the coronary arteries?
"Permissioned" vs. "Permissionless"
"permissioned" = private blockchains where participation is limited to approved parties only "permissionless" = public in the sense that anyone is allowed to participate in transaction processing by downloading software and a copy of the blockchain onto their computer Permissioned blockchain networks are different from public networks in that permissioned networks restrict the ability to participate in their consensus mechanisms. Permissioned blockchains allow the network to appoint a group of participants that are authorized to validate blocks of transactions. A laborious consensus method, such as proof-of-work, is not considered necessary or practical in a permissioned blockchain where all parties are known. Because all parties would be identified when logged into the system, any fraudulent activity could in theory be fully traced and the responsible parties held accountable.
(19th century)
(Charles Babbage & Lady Lovelace programmable mechanical computers)
Renal Assessment
**Urinary Output - best indicator of cardiac output and adequate perfusion Urine color, character, specific gravity Electrolytes
Blockchain
- A blockchain is a shared ledger where transactions are permanently recorded by appending blocks - The blockchain serves as a historical record of all transactions that ever occurred, from the genesis block to the latest block, hence the name blockchain.
Confirmation
- A confirmation means that the blockchain transaction has been verified by the network - This happens through a process known as mining, in a proof-of-work system (e.g. Bitcoin). - Once a transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed or double spent - The more confirmations a transaction has, the harder it becomes to perform a double spend attack.
Proof of Work
- A consensus distribution algorithm that requires an active role in mining data blocks, often consuming resources, such as electricity - The more 'work' you do or the more computational power you provide, the more coins you are rewarded with
Proof of Stake
- A consensus distribution algorithm that rewards earnings based on the number of coins you own or hold - The more you invest in the coin, the more you gain by mining with this protocol
Off-Ledger Currency
- A currency minted off-ledger and used on-ledger. - An example of this would be using distributed ledgers to manage a national currency.
Wallet
- A file that houses private keys - It usually contains a software client which allows access to view and create transactions on a specific blockchain that the wallet is designed for.
Block Reward
- A form of incentive for the miner who successfully calculated the hash in a block during mining. - Verification of transactions on the blockchain generates new coins in the process, and the miner is rewarded a portion of those.
Hybrid PoS/PoW
- A hybrid PoS/PoW allows for both Proof of Stake and Proof of Work as consensus distribution algorithms on the network - In this method, a balance between miners and voters (holders) may be achieved, creating a system of community-based governance by both insiders (holders) and outsiders (miners).
Ripple
- A payment network built on distributed ledgers that can be used to transfer any currency - The network consists of payment nodes and gateways operated by authorities - Payments are made using a series of IOUs, and the network is based on trust relationships.
Litecoin
- A peer-to-peer cryptocurrency based on the Scrypt proof-of-work network - Sometimes referred to as the silver of bitcoin's gold.
Permissioned Ledger
- A permissioned ledger is a ledger where actors must have permission to access the ledger. - Permissioned ledgers may have one or many owners. - When a new record is added, the ledger's integrity is checked by a limited consensus process. - This is carried out by trusted actors — government departments or banks, for example — which makes maintaining a shared record much simpler that the consensus process used by unpermissioned ledgers. - Permissioned block chains provide highly-verifiable data sets because the consensus process creates a digital signature, which can be seen by all parties. - A permissioned ledger is usually faster than an unpermissioned ledger.
Soft Fork
- A soft fork differs from a hard fork in that only previously valid transactions are made invalid. - Since old nodes recognize the new blocks as valid, a soft fork is essentially backward-compatible. - This type of fork requires most miners upgrading in order to enforce, while a hard fork requires all nodes to agree on the new version.
Proof-of-Work
- A system that ties mining capability to computational power. - Blocks must be hashed, which is in itself an easy computational process, but an additional variable is added to the hashing process to make it more difficult. - When a block is successfully hashed, the hashing must have taken some time and computational effort. Thus, a hashed block is considered proof of work
Hard Fork
- A type of fork that renders previously invalid transactions valid, and vice versa - This type of fork requires all nodes and users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software
Mining
- Act of validating blockchain transactions. - The necessity of validation warrants an incentive for the miners, usually in the form of coins. - In this cryptocurrency boom, mining can be a lucrative business when done properly. - By choosing the most efficient and suitable hardware and mining target, mining can produce a stable form of passive income.
Transaction Fee
- All cryptocurrency transactions involve a small transaction fee - These transaction fees add up to account for the block reward that a miner receives when he successfully processes a block
Initial Coin Offering (ICO)
- An event in which a new cryptocurrency sells advance tokens from its overall coinbase, in exchange for upfront capital. - Frequently used for developers of a new cryptocurrency to raise capital.
What are the two services performed by trusted third parties like banks and credit card companies?
- Authentication: who someone is - Duplication: prevent double spending and making sure you have the money you want to transfer
Where are Venture capitalists spending their money? How much have they spent in the last few years? Where have investment dollars recently shifted?
- Between 2009-2013 the funding is $93m - Between 2014-2016 the funding is $993m - First VC directed capital towards Bitcoin but now it is moving towards how Blockchain can be deployed. - 2015 - 2016: 67% blockchain infrastructure; 33% bitcoin wallets, exchange, mining
limitations of permissionless (or consortium) blockchains
- Bitcoin's transaction volume is limited to seven transactions per second compared to the VISA credit card network's capacity of 10,000 transactions per second - The amount of electricity used to mine the Bitcoin network is significant - Sensitive data on public blockchains, such as transaction participants and volumes, can be inferred by anyone and everyone.
Halving
- Bitcoins have a finite supply, which makes them a scarce digital commodity - The total amount of bitcoins that will ever be issued is 21 million. - The number of bitcoins generated per block is decreased 50% every four years. - This is called "halving." - The final halving will take place in the year 2140.
Block Explorer
- Block explorer is an online tool to view all transactions, past and current, on the blockchain. - - Provide useful information such as network hash rate and transaction growth.
Ethereum
- Blockchain-based decentralized platform for apps that run smart contracts - Aimed at solving issues associated with censorship, fraud and third party interference
Address
- Cryptocurrency addresses are used to send or receive transactions on the network - Usually presents itself as a string of alphanumeric characters.
Public Address
- Cryptographic hash of a public key - Act as email addresses that can be published anywhere, unlike private keys
Cryptographic Hash Function
- Cryptographic hashes produce a fixed-size and unique hash value from variable-size transaction input - The SHA-256 computational algorithm is an example of a cryptographic hash
DAO
- Decentralized Autonomous Organizations - Corporations that run without any human intervention and surrender all forms of control to an incorruptible set of business rules
What is Deloitte doing with blockchain?
- Deloitte recently entered into arrangements with several prominent blockchain companies and developed 20+ fully functioning blockchain prototypes. Each arrangement yields distinct capabilities that enable Deloitte to provide a variety of blockchain solutions to its clients globally. - Deloitte is also involved with numerous other activities around blockchain. For example, Deloitte maintains an internal blockchain community which acts as a forum and collaboration platform for practitioners from 30 countries that provides internal educational resources, Deloitte maintains research arrangements with universities, and has entered into an arrangement with the World Economic Forum on blockchain initiatives.
Difficulty
- Difficulty, in Proof-of-Work mining, is how hard it is to verify blocks in a blockchain network. - In the Bitcoin network, the difficulty of mining adjusts verifying blocks every 2016 blocks. This is to keep block verification time at ten minutes.
EVM
- Ethereum Virtual Machine - Turing complete virtual machine that allows anyone to execute arbitrary EVM Byte Code. - Every Ethereum node runs on the EVM to maintain consensus across the blockchain
Virtual Workforce
- Fear among workers that they will jeopardize their careers by working form home, and some workers need a busy environment to stay productive - Feel alone, secluded, and deprived of vital training and mentoring
Distributed Ledger
- Ledgers in which data is stored across a network of decentralized nodes. - Does not have to have its own currency and may be permissioned and private
Multi Signature
- Multi-signature (multisig) addresses allow multiple parties to require more than one key to authorize a transaction - The needed number of signatures is agreed at the creation of the address - Multi signature addresses have a much greater resistance to theft.
Peer to Peer
- Peer to Peer (P2P) refers to the decentralized interactions between two parties or more in a highly-interconnected network - Participants of a P2P network deal directly with each other through a single mediation point
P2P
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) refers to the decentralized interactions that happen between at least two parties in a highly interconnected network. - P2P participants deal directly with each other through a single mediation point.
Turing Complete
- Refers to the ability of a machine to perform calculations that any other programmable computer is capable of - An example of this is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
SHA-256
- SHA-256 is a cryptographic algorithm used by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. - However, it uses a lot of computing power and processing time, forcing miners to form mining pools to capture gains.
Double Spend
- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time. - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins.
Dapp
- Short for decentralized application - Open source, operates autonomously, has its data stored on a blockchain - Incentivized in the form of cryptographic tokens - Operates on a protocol that shows proof of value
Private Key
- String of data that allows you to access the tokens in a specific wallet - Act as passwords that are kept hidden from anyone but the owner of the address
Block Reward
- The reward given to a miner which has successfully hashed a transaction block - Block rewards can be a mixture of coins and transaction fees, depending on the policy used by the cryptocurrency in question, and whether all of the coins have already been successfully mined. - The current block reward for the Bitcoin network is 25 bitcoins for each block.
bitcoin (lowercase)
- The specific collection of technologies used by Bitcoin's ledger, a particular solution. - Note that the currency is itself one of these technologies, as it provides the miners with the incentive to mine.
Scrypt
- Type of cryptographic algorithm and is used by Litecoin - Compared to SHA256, this is quicker as it does not use up as much processing time
Unpermissioned ledgers
- Unpermissioned ledgers such as Bitcoin have no single owner — indeed, they cannot be owned - The purpose of an unpermissioned ledger is to allow anyone to contribute data to the ledger and for everyone in possession of the ledger to have identical copies. - This creates censorship resistance, which means that no actor can prevent a transaction from being added to the ledger. - Participants maintain the integrity of the ledger by reaching a consensus about its state
Benefits of smart contracts
- they automate much of the contracting process and enable performance, monitoring, and enforcement of contractual promises with minimal human intervention, thereby improving efficiency and making transactions less susceptible to error -the parties to a smart contract agree to be bound by the rules and determinations of the underlying code, which in theory should lead to fewer contract disputes
What is the structure of a bitcoin transaction?
-A bitcoin has inputs and outputs -Output have up to two addresses -Inputs may have multiple addresses
What is SHA256 Hash? How is it different from RSA?
-A hash is a transformation of one number to a different number -SHA 256: this is the function using all over the bitcoin function. Always generates a 32 bit address -RSA Hash: created in 1977: the gold standard. which produced a really large number
What is the purpose of a bitcoin wallet?
-Contains the private keys for all the addresses a person owns -wallets also describe the client software used to make transactions (send and receive bitcoins)
Dapp -- list what are its attributes?
-An open source app. -Back-end code runs on a peer-to-peer network. -Its data is stored on a blockchain -It is incentivized by the use of cryptographic tokens. -Operates autonomously (i.e. with no entity controlling it), on a protocol that shows proof of value.
Cardiac Output Hypovolemia
-Biggest problem! -Hypovolemia from low CO -> the CVP, LAP, and PAWP will be low -Low BP, low urine output, cool extremities -Treatment- intravascular volume replacement {blood, colloid (Albumin), LR} Ca admin, close monitoring for blood loss
What data is stored in the wallet?
-Bitcoin addresses - public-private key pairs - for each of the wallet owner's addressed -transactions done from/to addresses -User preferences -Reserve keys -Versions number -Key pool: new public and private keys are pre-generated and stored in a queue before use
Using blockchain
-Bitcoin, -Property Institute in Honduras, -Greece (interested), -NASSAQ Exchange (soon to record trades in privately held companies), -The Bank of England
VAD Indications
-Failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass -Increasingly it is used to support those in ventricular failure, Acute MI in cardiogenic shock Patients awaiting cardiac transplant
MID-CABG (Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)
-For pts with LAD or RCA single vessel disease. -Thoracotomy approach with a thoracoscope -No cardioplegia/ extracorporeal support needed -Still has 1 chest tube, pacer-wires, 1 incision -Done while heart is pumping (off-pump)
Cardiac Surgery Management Preoperative (cont..)
-IV heparin stopped 6 hrs prior to sx -Scheduled insulin switched to sliding scale until post-op -Disinfecting soap shower several times before sx -Parenteral IV antibiotic initiated prior to OR -Post-Op teaching is initiated
Integumentary/Positioning
-Initially pt is flat, may raise head 30 degrees when stable. -Monitor incisions and wounds for healing and drainage -Antiembolism stockings/ pneumatic compression devices -Up in chair shortly after extubation -Ambulate ASAP
Low CO due to Poor Left Ventricular Function
-Low CO from poor LV function = high LAP, low BP, low urine output, but high PAWP and CVP -Treatment--with medications {diuretics, inotropes, and/or vasopressors}
Cardiac Surgery Management Preoperative
-May donate blood ahead of time -Stop smoking 1 wk - 1 month prior -Medications- antiarrhymics and antihypertensives adjusted per MD, anticoagulants *(ASA, coumadin) stopped 1 week prior to surgery
Gastrointestinal Assessment
-Monitor the gastric secretions if pt has an NG / OG tube -Monitor Bowel Sounds
Cardiac Transplantation Management
-Must be transplanted within 4-6 hours -Immunosuppressive therapy is initiated intra-op -Post-op recovery similar to other open heart procedures, with immunocompromised precautions
ASIC
-Short form for 'Application Specific Integrated Circuit'. - Often compared to GPUs - ASICs are specially made for mining and may offer significant power savings.
What are the data fields in a block header? Which fields can be altered?
1. Protocol version 2. Previous block hash: helps create the sequence of the chain 3. Merkle root: takes a hash of all the transitions below in the transaction 4. Timestamp: when the block was created 5. Bits: condensed of the mining difficulty is 6. Nonce: the only one that is allowed to be changed, the winning arbitrary value that produced the successful block chain
What are the 2 definitions of AI?
-a robot which acts, feels, and functions like a human -a software that has human-like intelligence
all transactions:
-are logged in encrypted form -include time, date, participants, etc.
Alan Turing & Turing Test
-broke Nazi code in WWII -test to tell if who you are talking to online is a person or robot
Falk blockchain class notes:
-can't add the block unless you have the hash pointer private key vs public key 9sealed envelope example: -public key = your mailbox/address -private key = individual transaction
What happened at MT. Gox?
-conducted 70% of bitcoin transactions -850,000 Bitcoins were stolen, 100,000 of their own wallet worth $450m -Mark Karpeles stole $290m in bitcoin
2 ethical concerns of recognition software?
-invasion of privacy -false hits
What happened at Silk Road?
-online black market for illegal items -FBI shut the site down and seized 26,000 bitcoin worth 3.6m -Seized another 144,000 Bitcoin from the founder worth $28.5M
How the IABP works
-positioned above the kidney and below left subclavian -diastole = balloon inflates, increase perfusion -LV can pump more efficiently against less pressure
Ethereum
-second largest blockchain network based on market capitalization - first platform to introduce the concept of a smart contract that could be deployed and executed on a distributed blockchain network
What are the 4 main issues of distributed ledger payment system?
1) Limited scalability 2) Privacy concerns 3) Currency volatility 4) Untested consensus
Who are using blockchain to conduct business today?
1) Santander For the past few years, Santander has been actively exploring the possibilities of distributed ledgers, including an investment in Ripple. Current projects cover a range of short-term and long-term situations within payments and related fields.
Unique characteristics of blockchain
1. *Near real time* (settles transactions in near real time --> also limits ability to charge back or cancel transactions) 2. *Trustless environment* (no need for trusted 3rd party) 3. *Distributed ledger* (public history of transactions) 4. *Irreversibility* (mitigates risk of double spending, fraud, manipulation/abuse of transactions, etc.) 5. *Censorship resistant* (incentives to continue validating blocks reduces possibility of external influencers to modify previously recorded transaction records)
Isaac Asimov's Rules of Robotics
1. A robot shall never harm a human being 2. A robot shall obey a human being (if not contradictory w/law 1) 3. A robot shall protect itself (if not contradictory w/laws 1 &/or 2)
Who are the top 10 cryptocurrencies?
1. Bitcoin 2. Ether from Ethereum 3. Litecoin 4. Monero 5. Ripple 6. Dogecoin 7. Dash 8. MaidSafeCoin 9. Lisk 10. Storjcoin X Find out more: http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/hottest-cryptocurrencies-to-know/
What are the problems with traditional currencies issued by governments & transacted through trusted third parties?
1. Lack of transparency 2. delays in settlements 3. high transaction fees 4. Multiple versions of truth 5. Currency exchange fees 6. exchange rate volatility 7. cyber crime 8. inconsistency of rules / rules change at whims
Types of Angioplastys
1. PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty 2. Stent
VAD provides interim support in 3 types of situations:
1. The left ventricle requires support while recovering from acute injury 2. The heart requires surgical repair but the patient must be stabilized and preparations must be made for the procedure 3. The patient is in end stage heart failure and awaits cardiac transplantation
When one party sends a bitcoin, the bitcoin blockchain is updated by the following process:
1. The transaction is requested 2. The transaction is broadcasted 3. Nodes form transaction blocks 4. The proof-of-work consensus mechanism resolves which block to add to the chain 5. Other nodes verify the new block 6. The new block is appended to the blockchain
What are the benefits of peer-to-peer cryptocurrencies
1. full transparency 2. full privatcy 3. rapid settlement 4. low transactions fees 5. one version of the truth 6. no currency exchange fees because of country 7. volatility (not solved yet) 8. cyber crime unprofitable 9. rules are added
In Bitcoin, it takes approximately __________ minutes to add a block, even with thousands of nodes working on the puzzle.
10
If a patient is given a drug-eluting stent, what is the percentage of occlusion after 1 year post procedure?
10%
Computer technology capability doubles every
18 months
30 mil people spend __hrs per wk in virtual worlds
20
What is considered the first real transaction on Bitcoin in which bitcoins were used to pay for a physical item? 2010 when 10,000 Bitcoins were used to buy a pizza
2010 when 10,000 Bitcoins were used to buy a pizza
What is the max number of bitcoins? Will the max number likely be enough?
21 million Yes, the bitcoin and be broken down into smaller fractions.
Approximately what temperature is the blood in the body cooled to during surgery?
28 degrees celsius (82 degrees fahrenheit)
how many chambers in the heart
4
What is the patency of a saphenous vein graft at 10 years post CABG procedure?
50%
what is the normal heart rate for an adult
72 bpm
Situated Approach
A "bottom-up" approach towards agent design with a narrow focus on behaving usefully in an environment and on the the basic perceptual and motor skills required to survive. Gives a much lower priority to abstract reasoning or problem-solving skills of other agent design approaches.
what is a distributed immutable ledger?
A Distributed Immutable Ledger means the data doesn't sit on one all-powerful server and the data stored in it cannot be deleted or edited Transactions bring about transfer of value in Bitcoin Blockchain. The concept UTXO defines the inputs and outputs of such a transaction. Once a block is verified and algorithmically agreed by the miners, it is added to the chain of blocks, viz., the blockchain.
Heart Transplant
A Heart transplant is done to replace a damaged or weak heart with a healthy one from a deceased donor. This life saving measure is used when medical treatments and other less drastic surgery have failed.
What's another name for hash of hashes?
A Merkle Tree
What is it called when you have a preset set of leading characters?
A Nounce
What is a smart contract?
A Smart Contract provides the very powerful capability of "code execution" for embedding business logic on a Blockchain. Significant innovations such as smart contracts have opened up broader applications for blockchain technology. Private and permissioned- blockchains allow for controlled access to the blockchain, enabling many diverse business models.
What is a total data package sent
A Transaction
EVM or Ethereum Virtual Machine
A Turing complete virtual machine that allows anyone to execute arbitrary EVM Byte Code. Every Ethereum node runs on this mechanism to maintain consensus across the blockchain.
Turing Test
A behavioural approach to determining whether a computer system is intelligent.
Ethereum
A blockchain based decentralized platform for apps that run smart contracts, and is aimed at solving issues associated with censorship, fraud and third party interference.
Stochastic Calculus
A branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes. It allows a consistent theory of integration to be defined for integrals of stochastic processes with respect to stochastic processes. It is used to model systems that behave randomly.
Analogy
A cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the source) to another particular subject (the target).
Transaction Block
A collection of transactions gathered into a block that can then be hashed and added to the blockchain.
Decision Theory
A combination of probability theory with utility theory which provides a formal and complete framework for decisions (economic or otherwise) made under uncertainty.
Back-Propagation
A common method of training artificial neural networks so as to minimize the objective function.
Artificial Neural Network
A computer representation of knowledge that attempts to mimic the neural networks of the human body.
Brute force searching
A computer searching or looking for the best answer/decision.
Expert Systems
A computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert and are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like specialist, and not by following the procedure of a developer as is the case in conventional programming.
Proof of Work
A consensus distribution algorithm that requires an active role in mining data blocks, often consuming resources, such as electricity. The more 'work' you do or the more computational power you provide, the more coins you are rewarded with.
Proof of Stake
A consensus distribution algorithm that rewards earnings based on the number of coins you own or hold. The more you invest in the coin, the more you gain by mining with this protocol.
What is blockchain
A continuously updated record of who holds what. These records are split into link blocks and are secured using cryptography
Satisficing
A decision-making strategy that attempts to meet an acceptability threshold. This is contrasted with optimal decision-making, an approach that specifically attempts to find the best option available.
Digital Signature
A digital code generated by public key encryption that is attached to an electronically transmitted document to verify its contents and the sender's identity
Digital Commodity
A digital commodity is a scarce, electronically transferrable, intangible, with a market value.
Digital Identity
A digital identity is an online or networked identity adopted or claimed in cyberspace by an individual, organization, or electronic device.
Neuroevolution
A form of machine learning that uses evolutionary algorithms to train artificial neural networks. It is useful for applications such as games and robot motor control, where it is easy to measure a network's performance at a task but difficult or impossible to create a syllabus of correct input-output pairs for use with a supervised learning algorithm.
Bayesian Inference
A method in statistics of inference used to update the probability estimate for a hypothesis as additional evidence is learned.
What is each computer called in a blockchain?
A node.
Logical Positivism
A philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.
Consensus Point
A point - either in time, or defined in terms of a set number or volume of records to be added to the ledger - where peers meet to agree the state of the ledger.
Bayesian Network
A probabilistic graphical model (a type of statistical model) that represents a set of random variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
Graphical Model
A probabilistic model which represents the conditional independence structure between random variables. They are commonly used in probability theory, statistics—particularly Bayesian statistics—and machine learning.
Data Mining
A process that results in the discovery of new patterns in large data sets. Utilizes methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems.
Chatbot
A program designed to carry on a conversation with a human user.
Chatterbot
A robot that is capable of talking to you. I Fear the Day That Technology Will Surpass Our Human Interaction.The world will have a generation of idiots- Albert Einstein
Android
A robot that looks exactly like a human
Game
A scenario in which the actions of one player can significantly affect the utility of another (either positively or negatively).
Machine Learning
A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases.
Machine learning
A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases. facts: we are now able to teach a metal machine this is scary
Hebbian Theory
A scientific theory in biological neuroscience which explains the adaptation of neurons in the brain during the learning process.
Genetic Algorithms
A search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems.
What is a digital signature?
A signature is mathematically generated from a hash of something to be signed, plus the private key for each address!
Adaline (Adaptive Linear Neuron)
A single layer neural network. Consists of a weight, a bias and a summation function.
Ashedraked
A situation where you lose all your money.
Rule-based System
A software system based on a set of if-then rules.
Expert System
A software system based on the knowledge of human experts.
Hidden Markov Models
A statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved states. Can be considered as the simplest dynamic Bayesian network.
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure for calculations.
Evolutionary Algorithm
A subset of evolutionary computation, a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. An EA uses some mechanisms inspired by biological evolution: reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection.
Testnet
A test blockchain used by developers to prevent expending assets on the main chain
Testnet
A test blockchain used by developers to prevent expending assets on the main chain.
Tokenless Ledger
A tokenless ledger refers to a distributed ledger that doesn't require a native currency to operate
Bitcoin
A"purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash" (2008)
What is a heavy duty method of encryption?
AES 128 BIT
restenosis
About 25% of the patients who receive stents develop ____, in which scar tissue or another blockage forms inside the stent and reclogs the arteries.
Once we have made our chest incision, above what level do we want to try and preserve skin?
Above sternal notch
Freshbooks
Account solutions
Top Hat
Active learning technology help professors engage with students
Excessive preload, excessive afterload, perioperatie MI, hypothermia, and acidosis
All cause poor ventricular contractility, which leads to low cardiac output
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Procedures
All devices that remove plaque or alter its morphology in catheterization lab Includes intracoronary lasers, stents, and atherectomy devices Stents are most frequently used device
Wave Financial
All in one software for small businesses, freelancers and consultants
To Reach Consensus
All participants agree to the transaction and validate it via the peer-to-peer network. Participants can also establish rules to verify transactions. A trusted network of participants reduces the costs of establishing consensus among nodes, relative to the higher costs present in permissionless blockchains.
Hybrid PoS/PoW (Proof of Stake/Proof of Work)
Allows for both Proof of Stake and Proof of Work as consensus distribution algorithms on the network. In this method, a balance between miners and voters (holders) may be achieved, creating a system of community-based governance by both insiders (holders) and outsiders (miners).
Vascular Access Device (VAD)
Allows for longer-term support (days to months) & more mobility Inserted into the path of the flowing blood to augment or replace the ventricle Biventricular - VADs
Cryptocurrency
Also known as tokens, cryptocurrencies are representations of digital assets
Cryptocurrency
Also known as tokens, these items are representations of digital assets.
What is UTXO?
An Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) can be spent as an input in a new transaction. The main operations in a blockchain are transaction validation and block creation with the consensus of the participants. Yet, there are many underlying implicit operations, as well.
Peer
An actor that shares responsibility for maintaining the identity and integrity of the ledger.
Participant
An actor who can access the ledger: read records or add records to.
True or False: CABG and PCI prevent future ACS situations.
False (just work in acute settings - TLC prevent ACS!)
Rational Agent
An agent that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
Agreement Ledger
An agreement ledger is distributed ledger used by two or more parties to negotiate and reach agreement.
Perceptron
An algorithm for supervised classification of an input into one of two possible outputs. It is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector describing a given input.
Materialism
An alternative to dualism, which holds that the brain's operation according to the laws of physics constitutes the mind.
Proof-of-Stake
An alternative to the proof-of-work system, in which your existing stake in a cryptocurrency (the amount of that currency that you hold) is used to calculate the amount of that currency that you can mine.
where are bitcoin wallets stored?
An application from a mobile phone, hardware, desktop, or the cloud.
Dapp or Decentralized Application
An application that is open source, operates autonomously, has its data stored on a blockchain, incentivized in the form of cryptographic tokens and operates on a protocol that shows proof of value.
Friendly AI
An artificial intelligence (AI) that has a positive rather than negative effect on humanity.
Intelligent Agent
An autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and directs its activity towards achieving goals.
Neuron
An electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling
Neuron
An electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling we will no longer need these someday as they will be made artificially one day.
Permissioned Networks
Are limited to participants within a given business network.
Permissionless Networks
Are open to any participant, and transactions are verified against the pre-existing rules of the network. Any participant can view transactions on the ledger, even if participants are anonymous.
cardiac stents
Are tiny, webbed, stainless steel devices that hold arteries open after an angioplasty .
PCI Procedures Nursing Interventions
Arterial and venous sheaths may be removed in cath lab or left until clotting times return to normal Removal Venous before Arterial Compression devices
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is technology and a branch of computer science that studies andThe sad thing about artificial intelligence is that it lacks artifice and therefore intelligence. Jean Baudrillard
Strong AI
Artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. Also referred to as "artificial general intelligence" or as the ability to perform "general intelligent action.
Strong artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. Also referred to as "artificial general intelligence" or as the ability to perform "general intelligent action.
validation rules
As other nodes receive it, they check the solution and verify that the block meets all of the required validation rules before adding the block of new transactions to the ledger. With Bitcoin's unique incentive model for mining work, the winning node is given bitcoin as a reward for being the first to correctly mine and post the solution to the problem. This model is crucial to the validity and reliability of the blockchain because in theory it makes it more economically rewarding to earn bitcoin by mining legitimate transactions than to create fraudulent transactions on the blockchain, mostly due to the immense processing power and electricity required to generate fraudulent transaction records.
Homeostatic Devices
Ashby's Design for a Brain (1948, 1952) elaborated on his idea that intelligence could be created by the use of _____________ containing appropriate feedback loops to achieve stable adaptive behavior.
At the vasculature level, what occurs during percutaneous coronary intervention?
Atheroma/plaque is cracked open to make it yeild to the stent, hold the region open with metal mesh
Confirmation Theory
Attempted to analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience.
Who is the real Satoshi Nakamoto?
Australian entrepreneur Craig Wright
Poor ventricular contractility = _____ cardiac output syndrome.
Low
Probability
Besides logic and computation, the third great contribution of mathematics to AI is the theory of _________. The Italian Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576) first framed the idea, describing it in terms of the possible outcomes of gambling events.
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is the first decentralized, open source cryptocurrency that runs on a global peer to peer network, without the need for middlemen and a centralized issuer.
How are Bitcoins released into circulation?
Bitcoins are released into circulation like gold. From the unmined bitcoins, bitcoins are released to a miner who works hard to earn it.
Hypothermia can cause ________, a major complication of CABG. Why does this occur?
Bleeding; platelets don't function properly at low temperatures, and coagulation cascade is not as functional
What does a chains of blocks contain?
Block number:, Message/data:, Hash:, Nounce:, Timestamp: and the hash of the previous block
Blockchain v Bitcoin
Blockchain = underlying technology Bitcoin = famous application that uses it
What is blockchain?
Blockchain is an encrypted, distributed database shared across multiple computers or nodes that are part of a community or system.
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in consumer and industrial products
Blockchain solutions are being developed for diamond organizations to digitize and track diamond origins and history.
How blockchain can help in Law?
Blockchains can contain a huge amount of data, including entire contracts. The impact of "smart contracts"—protocols that facilitate or enforce contract performance using blockchain—will have a profound impact for industries. Smart contracts eliminate the middleman, such as a legal firm, as payment will happen based on certain milestones being met. By its very nature, the smart contract is easily enforceable electronically, creating a powerful escrow by taking it out of the control of a single party.
Block
Blocks are packages of data that carry permanently recorded data on the blockchain network.
What is the main root of blockchain made of?
Blocks of data
How can blockchain make traditional payment methods obsolete?
By eliminating the middleman and harnessing the power of distributed networks, blockchain technology has the potential to dramatically reduce transaction costs and increase transaction speeds
Blockchain guarantee of security
By the mixture of of mathematical subtlety and computetional brute force built into its consensus mechanism.
What are the disadvantages of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?
Cost Increased risk of repeat procedure due to late graft closure Morbidity and mortality of major surgery
What procedure is indicated for a patient that has a LV dysfunction EF <0.50?
CABG
Pt's with 2 to 3 vessel disease that is complicated by poor LV function, DM, or a disease that involves the LAD or left circumflex artery do well with what type of procedure?
CABG and surgical intervention
What tests do you need to order to accurately diagnose a low cardiac output syndrome?
CXR, EKG, cardiac biomarkers, ABGs, CBC, CMP
Why would we want to monitor chest drainage after a pt has a CABG procedure?
Can be indicative of bleeding (once BP goes up, can put stress on suture lines -- can cause bleeding)
Assets
Can be tangible (such as a house or car) or intangible (such as a mortgage or lease).
What are pacing wires used for?
Can be used instantaneously to achieve contraction of both ventricles if some catastrophe occurs during the procedure (ex. heart block)
Regarding collateral circulation, why is stenting not always the best option?
Can eliminate some of the side branching vessels that contribute to collateral circulation
Why is there a risk of CVA if a pt is on a heart/lung pump?
Can have poor perfusion due to a carotid stenosis (patients should always have carotid US/carotid endarterectomy prior to CABG)
Intentional and temporary cessation of cardiac activity, primarily for cardiac surgery
Cardioplegia
Chest Tubes
Care is mandated by Dr preference and protocol Monitor output very closely (q15min) the first few hours, then with VS Call physician with large outputs as designated ( > 100 ml/hr) Must be kept patent
Empiricism
Characterized by a dictum of John Locke: "Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses."
Why do we want to order a CXR post CABG?
Check for fluid! Want to prevent fibrothorax
What-if Analysis
Checks the impact of a change in a variable or assumption on the model
What is extracorporeal perfusion?
Circulation of blood outside the body, (heart-lung apparatus)
Which Class recommendation is the result of prospective, randomized control studies?
Class I
Clinical studies in which the data was collected prospectively and retrospective analyses based on reliable data
Class II
Studies based on retrospectively collected data
Class III
Cardiac Tamponade Treatment
Clean out the Chest Tube with a sterile catheter Remove the tube, break up the clot, reinsert a new chest tube Return to OR to investigate and treat the bleeding -If no chest tube, must do a pericardiocentesis
PCI Procedures Nursing Assessments
Closely monitor patient during PCI, especially airway and respiratory status during admin of conscious sedation Continuous assessment of cardiovascular system including vital signs and ECG Be alert for signs/symptoms of allergic reaction
Transaction Block
Collection of transactions gathered into a block that can then be hashed and added to the blockchain.
Vena Solutions
Combines native excel with a structure, control and security
Operations Research
Coming from efforts in Britain to optimize radar installations, it is a discipline that deals with the application of analytical methods to help make better decisions. It later found civilian applications in complex management decisions.
Arrhythmias
Common post-operatively Can be due to electrolyte imbalance, myocardial irritability, ischemia, re-infarction, low O2 sats, stunned SA or AV node
Peer-to-Peer Transmission
Communication occurs directly between peers instead of through a central node. Each node stores and forwards information to all other nodes.
Blockchain
Cryptographic technology Distributed ledgers Replace third parties (eg banks).
Consensus
Consensus among nodes ensures that these shared ledgers are exact copies, and lowers the risk of fraudulent transactions, because tampering would have to occur across many places at the same time.
Consensus
Consensus is achieved when all participants of the network agree on the validity of the transactions, ensuring that the ledgers are exact copies of each other
PathFactory
Content insight and activati on make marketing better
What is the name of Distributed Applications written in Ethereum?
DAPPS
What does a block consist of?
Data/Message and the 'resulting hash'
Potential Complications
Death MI Neurological events Emergency surgery Cardiac perforation Dysrthymias Vascular problems Vasovagal reactions Allergic reactions
What does decentralization mean?
Decentralization means the network operates on a user-to-user (or peer-to-peer) basis.
Bitcoin system
Decentralized system - the avoidance for opportunities for cash being diverted to wrong hands @ a database that contains the payment history of every bitcoin in circulation. It provides who owns what at any given juncture. @ this distributed ledger is replicated on thousand of computers (nodes) and publicly available. -
What are the differences between deterministic and non-deterministic smart contract?
Deterministic -can run on their own -the information in contract block chain has enough information to carry out the action without any outside information. non-deterministic -the contract needs outside information
Cardiac Transplantation Indications
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common reason for need of transplant Inoperable CAD is the second. Does not necessarily require HLA match
Left Heart Cath
Direct measurement of Left heart pressures Aortic valve pressure measurements Evaluation of mitral valve function
Embodied Cognition
Directly simulating the functions we associate with the body (such as perception and motion) without using logic or any similar representation.
Can groups of transactions as well as singles transaction be sent?
Yes
Double Spending
Double spending occurs when a sum of money is spent more than once
Nouvelle (Nouvelle AI)
During the late 1980s, this AI approach which was pioneered at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Rodney Brooks. It is different from classical artificial intelligence in that it tries not to reach for human-level performance, but rather tries to create systems with intelligence at the level of insects. This approach had a large impact in Europe.
Solidity
Ethereum's programming language for developing smart contracts.
1965 Joseph Weizenbaum
ELIZA- first chatterbot
Post-Operative Ventilatory support and other
ET tube placement, lung sounds Pacing Connection, Mode, Capture CT to suction IV management
what nodes do with transactions when they are submitted
Each node collects the transaction, along with many other transactions happening at same time, running a series of checks to validate the authenticity of each one.
Distributed Database
Each party on a blockchain has access to the entire database and its complete history. No single party controls the data or the information. Every party can verify the records of its transaction partners directly, without an intermediary.
What are the advantages of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?
Effective in relieving sx Improved survival in certain subsets Ability to achieve complete revascularization
What is the concept of 'Atomic' in a blockchain?
Either all operations run or not at all
Who has implemented blockchain?
Eleven banks of the R3 consortium have already connected on the centralized Ethereum-based blockchain network. The Estonian government has used blockchain-based technology (keyless signature infrastructure) to authenticate data in their databases since 2013.
League
Employee alth benefits
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in energy and resources
Energy firms are partnering with developers to explore using blockchain platforms for smart grid technology that would allow surplus energy to be used as tradable digital assets between consumers.
Ledgers
Entries in the ledger are synchronized to all ledgers in the network. Each copy of the ledger operated by a participant in the blockchain network is called a node.
True or False: Saphenous veins tend to acquire less atherosclerosis than the internal thoracic arteries.
False (internal thoracic artery bypass had 90% patency at 10 years post CABG)
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Every transaction and its associated value are visible to anyone with access to the system. Each node, or user, on a blockchain has a unique 30-plus-character alphanumeric address that identifies it. Users can choose to remain anonymous or provide proof of their identity to others. Transactions occur between blockchain addresses
how is blockchain different from the internet
Everything on the internet is a copy of information. With the blockchain we can take real assets like house contracts car ownership stocks votes or digital identities and use them at our will on the blockchain
Why are chest drainage tubes necessary in some instances?
Excess fluid needs to be drained in order to prevent cardiac tamponade and allow lungs to expand properly
Simple things that are hard
Face recognition Understanding what someone says Navigating a busy street (FUN)
True or False: Pt's with DM tend to do better with PCI over CABG.
False (CABG is better)
True or False: The complication rate for the "off-pump" is less than the heart/lung pump.
False (complication rates are the same for both)
True or False: When warming the body from 82F to 98.6F, vascular tone increases.
False (decreases - vasodilation occurs, can cause inadequate preload)
True or False: Cardioplegia increases myocardial oxygen requirement.
False (decreases it almost down to zero)
True or False: In chronic patients, PCI and CABG improves survival.
False (does not; only in acute situations, like ACS)
True or False: In an "off-pump" CABG, the heart is in asystole.
False (heart is still beating, just less than 60bpm)
True or False: Stenting is possible with any type of lesion, as long as the patient is able to handle the procedure.
False (if a lesion is too large for a guidewire to go through, procedure cannot be done; can't put the balloon apparatus in place)
True or False: A pt with left main CAD needs to have PCI.
False (indication for CABG)
Post-pericardotomy syndrome, pleuro-pericarditis
Fluid in pleural space and around heart (complication of CABG)
Operations Management
Focuses on moving goods or services into the hands of consumers
Fork
Forks create an alternate version of the blockchain, leaving two blockchains to run simultaneously on different parts of the network
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in financial services
Global exchanges are piloting blockchain platforms that enable the issuance and transfer of private securities
Circulatory Assist Devices
Goal : Increase supply of oxygen to the myocardium and decrease the demand Most common Devices: Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD)
Upon what metaphor is bitcoin based?
Gold mining. Because like gold there is only a limited amount in existance
How blockchain can help in Government?
Government departments that work in silos cause the exchange of information to be delayed, negatively impacting citizen services. Linking the data between the departments with blockchain ensures that data is released in real time, when both the departments and the citizen consent to sharing data. Blockchain technology could improve transparency and check corruption in governments worldwide.
Incompleteness Theorem
Gödel's idea on the inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems capable of doing arithmetic.
Cardiac Surgery Management IntraOperative
Hypothermia - cooled to low 90's Cardioplegia or cardiac slowing Cardio-pulmonary bypass Careful total hemodynamic monitoring throughout When coming "off pump" lines are placed - IABP may be necessary for poor ventricular function
Post-Operative Management Immediate
ICU or recovery room -2+ RNs admit pt - one sets up the lines, the other does the chest-tubes, Foley, suction equipment, draws labs -Respiratory therapy sets up the vent -EKG, CXR - done for line and tube verification
why is it important to keep the private key confidential?
If the private key is compromised, anyone that knows it can freely transfer the associated account's value to other addresses. And in the case of Bitcoin, which is a pseudoanonymous network, it is difficult to trace the identity of users from their address to take recourse as a result of a compromised private key. (Note: Bitcoin transactions are not perfectly anonymous in that it has proven possible, with extensive analysis of the blockchain, to determine in some cases who is the likely owner of a bitcoin.)
After release of the white paper, how did Bitcoin become a reality?
In 2009, the first block is mined. The first transaction was made between Nakamoto and Hal Finney
Explain private vs public blockchain
In a Private Blockchain, access to the Blockchain is limited to selected participants. Permissioned or Consortium Blockchain has the benefits of a public blockchain with allowing only users with "permission" to collaborate and transact.
NP-Complete (NP-C)
In computational complexity theory, a class of decision problems where any given solution to the decision problem can be _verified_ in polynomial time. But, there is no known efficient way to _locate_ the solutions.
Address
In cryptocurrency, these are used to send or receive transactions on the network, they usually present themselves as a string of alphanumeric characters.
"51 percent" attack
In order to manipulate the blockchain by mining fraudulent blocks of transactions and forcing consensus across the network, a miner would have to control a majority of the network's computational power
When would we want to perform an "off-pump" CABG procedure?
In pts with large vessels distal to obstruction and when the area of the heart that is to be bypassed is accessible (not in the posterior portion of the heart)
What are the impacts of digital fiat currencies?
Influence of digital fiat currencies will vary depending on the system adopted.
Source Documents
Inputs for a TPS
Hypothermia from CPB
Intense vasoconstriction Myocardial depression Shivering (more O2 req. and increases BP)
What is the ultimate fate of a saphenous vein graft?
Intima and media remodel in arterial setting, known as intimal hyperplasia (leads to stenosis of graft)
Knowledge Representation (KR)
Involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively and how best to use a set of symbols to represent a set of facts within a knowledge domain.
coronary bypass
Involves surgucally providing a detour or bypass to allow the blood supply to go around the blocked area of a coronary artery.
What is the purpose of adding a metallic ring to the location of the bypass graft?
Is a marker for future studies (cardiologist knows exactly where the location of the graft is upon plain films)
A transaction
Is an asset transfer onto or off of the ledger. Anything that can be owned or controlled to produce value is an asset.
What is hashing?
It provides an output based on a mathematical algorithm
What makes it one of the most exciting technologies?
Its ability to reduce the possibility of security breaches by even its own operators.
What predisposes to thrombosis of stent/graft?
Lack of normal fibrinolytic endothelium
Natural Language
Languages that humans use to communicate, such as English.
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization (TMLR)
Laser used to create channels Thoracotomy incision Not CABG candidates Activity resumes only after confirmation of success
4 Current applications
Learning software Agents Robotics Games (LARG)
What are the advantages of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?
Less invasive Shorter hospital stay Lower initial cost Easily repeated Effective in relieving sx
RBC Damage from CPB
Loss of RBC seen 24 - 48 hours post-op Hgb/Hct progressively falls Hemolysis can contribute to renal failure
Arterial embolism
May occur after AVR/ MVR Patients are frequently placed on anticoagulant therapy Observe extremities for s/s of acute arterial occlusion.
Hash Rate
Measurement of performance for the mining rig is expressed in hashes per second.
How can a Swan Ganz catheter help assess if a pt has low cardiac output syndrome?
Measures cardiac output and the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
Right Heart Cath
Measures right heart pressures Shunts and abnormal flow can be detected Not routinely done for evaluation of CAD Looking for pulmonary HTN
Which portion of the heart/lung pump allows for gas exchange to occur?
Membrane oxygenator
How blockchain can help in Energy?
Microgeneration of electricity is becoming a huge trend in the power generation business. New energy initiatives such as home power generation and community solar power are filling in gaps of power supply across the world. As microgeneration adds to traditional power suppliers, it fosters creation of an energy market. Smart meters can register produced and consumed electricity in a blockchain, which allows for consumption of the surplus energy in a different location, providing credits or currency to the original producer. The credits can then be redeemed against the grid when the microgenerator needs additional electricity from the grid. The blockchain enforces these contracts in real time or near-real time, allowing for a utility market to be created with minimal red tape.
Microworlds
Minsky supervised a series of students who chose limited problems that appeared to require intelligence to solve. These limited domains became known as _________.
Valve Replacement-
Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic and occasionally Pulmonic Valves
Objective Function
Modern control theory, especially the branch known as stochastic optimal control, has as its goal the design of systems that maximize an ___________over time.
Tran myocardial Laser Revascularization (TLR)
Most rare type of Cardiac surgery. Used to tread angina when nothing else was effective. Allows Oxygen rich blood from the Heart chambers directly into the Heart muscle.
Multi-Signature
Multi-signature addresses provide an added layer of security by requiring more than one key to authorize a transaction.
TLMR Complications
Murmur Arrhythmias Low Cardiac Output (CO) Angina may continue Remain on anti-anginal meds
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in public sector
National governments are testing blockchain technology to create a land registry that could help minimize title mismanagement and fraud.
Natural language processing
Natural-language-generation systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language. Natural-language-understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate.
Bear/Bearish
Negative price movement.
Post-Operative Physical Assessments
Neuro, Resp, Cardiac, Renal
Can Bitcoin exist without blockchain?
No
1978 Herb Simon
Nobel Prize- brought legitimacy to field of AI
How do you hide your address?
Obfuscation
VAD Nursing Care
Observe for bleeding, tamponade, ventricular failure, infection, arrhythmias, renal failure, hemolysis, thromboembolism, nutritional support Can be mobile and usually requires an activity plan Patient and family need psychological support
Cardiac Catheterization
Obtain hemodynamic pressures: evaluate both cardiac and pulmonary function Determine structural abnormalities Assess pressure gradients across valves Assess patency of coronary arteries
What instrument is used in "off-pump" bypass?
Octopus (clamp that has suction cups that physical holds heart in place)
ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
Often compared to GPUs these are specially made for mining and may offer significant power savings
Irreversibility of Records
Once a transaction is entered in the database and the accounts are updated, the records cannot be altered, because they're linked to every transaction record that came before them (hence the term "chain"). Various computational algorithms and approaches are deployed to ensure that the recording on the database is permanent, chronologically ordered, and available to all others on the network.
Logicism
One of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.
How can you remove or delete them?
Only if they are programmed to remove or delete themselves.
angioplasty
Or balloon surgery, is a procedure to help open clogged vessels. A small defkated balloon is threaded into the coronary artery.
saphenous vein
Or mammary artery, is used for in bypass. The blood vessel is inserted before the blocked area and provides another route for the blood supply to the myocardium.
Oracles
Oracles work as a bridge between the real world and the blockchain by providing data to the smart contracts.
Patients with 1 or 2 vessel disease that is not complicated by poor LV function generally do well with which type of procedure?
PCI (stenting)
What is the gold standard of clinical trials?
PRCTs
Ongoing Assessments First 24 hours
Pain Cardiac Output Renal (30ml) Gastrointestinal Integumentary
Why is pneumonia a complication of CABG?
Pain of incision causes pt to not take deep breaths and can put a limit on how well the pt can cough or clear their airway (potentially due to intubation, too)
Permissioned Blockchains
Participants are allowed to view only the transactions relevant to them.
Peer to Peer (P2P) -- how participants deal with each other.
Participants of this type of network deal directly with each other through a single mediation point.
PCI Procedures Nursing Interventions
Patient usually given mild sedative but awake Warn patient that with injection of contrast medium he may feel hot and flushed; this will pass quickly After procedure bed rest for several hours unless a vascular closure device inserted
Low Cardiac Output Syndrome
Patients are in a controlled state of shock due to hypovolemia and varying degrees of vascular tone, or poor left ventricular function
What types networks are transactions sent?
Peer to peer network of computers
Bagholder
Person who buys and hold coins in large quantity hoping to make good profits in the future.
Blood Exposure from CPB
Platelet aggregation -Microthrombi formation -Consumption of clotting factors -Decreased microcirculatory blood flow -Organ ischemia/injury
Tulip Retail
Power the retail experience of the future
Cardiac Tamponade
Pressure on the heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardium
Intractability
Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given infinite time), but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful.
Biological Heart Valve
Prone to deterioration Replace 5 - 6 years Quiet Low incidence of thromboembolism Anticoagulation for 3 months Infections easier to treat For older pts
What is a PRCT?
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Markov Decision Processes (MDPs)
Provides a mathematical framework for modeling decision-making in situations where outcomes are partly random and partly under the control of a decision maker.
Syllogisms
Provides patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises—for example, "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.",
Who does AI?
Psychology Philosophy Linguistics Biology (PPLB)
Public vs private key
Public keys are used to receive bitcoin, by acting as an address to which other participants in the network can send bitcoin. The private key is what allows a user to spend bitcoin. It is used to generate a "signature" for each transaction (via a signing algorithm) that proves to the network that the buyer possesses the correct private key— without actually revealing the private key to others, thus maintaining security and a high degree of anonymity
During cardiac surgery, what preserves myocardial function and decreases risk of ischemic events?
Pumping cold, potassium enriched blood/crystalloid saline fluid (cardioplegia) into coronary arteries
Assess for Pain
Quality or Intensity Location (incision or cardiac) Onset / Duration / Relief Teach pain scale Allay fear of addiction Teach complications of pain (pneumonia and blood clots)
Complete assessment before procedure
Question patient about meds taken Patients NPO for at least 6 hours Pts with renal failure = give extra saline Hx of anaphylactic reaction = contrast dye Diabetics on Metformin = give Mucomist Access peripheral pulses!!
What are the major parts of a 'Transaction'?
Recipient, Signature, Value, Gasprice, Startgas and Message.
Baroreceptor Stimulation from CPB
Red cell aggregation Catecholamine stimulation Activation of renin/angiotensin system Increased ADH Increased Aldosterone
Markov Property
Refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process.
Behaviorism
Rejected any theory involving mental processes on the grounds that introspection could not provide reliable evidence.
What are the disadvantages of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?
Restenosis High incidence of incomplete revascularization Unknown effect on outcomes in patients with severe LV dysfunction Limited to specific anatomic subsets Poor outcome in pt's with DM with 2-3 vessel disease
Coagulopathy platelet dysfunction, clotting factor depletion, complement cascade activation, renal insufficiency, AMS, hepatic ischemia, pancreatitis
Risks of extracorporeal perfusion
Intelligent robots
Robots that can understand and solve problems as well as understand some form of communication. We are not as smart as these robots, but how are they smarter than us when we make them.
What is a very common algorithm used in hashing?
SHA 256
example of agent
SIRI
Hash
The act of performing a hash function on the output data.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CABG Uses:
Saphenous Vein (SV) Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Gastric Arteries Radial Arteries Cardioplegia and heart-lung bypass support required (heart is stopped during sx)
Creator of Bitcoin
Satoshi Nakamoto
who created bitcoin
Satoshi Nakamoto
Why is respiratory capacity impaired with a fibrothorax?
Scar tissue causes ribs to "freeze" together - inhalation and exhalation are difficult, can lead to pneumonia
Breadth-first Approach
Searching across levels of a tree prior to searching down specific paths.
Depth-first Approach
Searching down the paths of a tree prior to searching across levels.
Contraindications
Severe Heart Failure Severe electrolyte abnormalities (K+) Bleeding (on coumadin) Serum creatinine > 1.5 Poor patient cooperation
1969 moving robot
Shakey (movement, perception, and problem solving)
What is an address?
Shorter version of a public key - begins with 1 or 3
CABG Indications
Significant Left main stenosis Greater or equal to 70% stenosis of LAD or Left circumflex 3 vessel disease Diabetes Reduced Ejection Fraction (<65%) Hemodynamic ally unstable ST elevations
VAD Exclusion criteria
Significant aortic valve insufficiency Major CVA BSA < 1.5m2 Sepsis Life-limiting comorbidities (Renal or Liver failure)
next generation of potential applications of blockchain in technology, media, and telecom
Technology and consumer products companies are partnering to develop blockchain-powered systems for the internet-of things.
proof-of-work consensus mechanism
Since each miner has produced a candidate block, a protocol is required to select the block that will be added to the blockchain. To determine which miner gets to add its candidate block, each miner attempts to solve a complex computational puzzle that requires quadrillions of trial and error iterations. This requires a significant amount of computing power and electricity. The first miner to solve the puzzle alerts the network by immediately transmitting its block to peer nodes across the network for validation. This consensus method is called proof-of-work because "work"—in the form of computer processing power—is necessary to win the right to add a block to the blockchain. Across the network, it takes approximately 10 minutes for the puzzle to be solved, which means that a new block is added to the chain every 10 minutes.
What are pieces of code and logic that live on the blockchain
Smart Contracts
Smart Contracts
Smart contracts encode business rules in a programmable language onto the blockchain and are enforced by the participants of the network.
What is the advantage to using sternal wires?
Smooth, no interstices for bacteria to inhabit, very strong
Expert systems
Software designed to make the same decisions that a human expert would, in a given knowledge domain.
Knowledge-based System
Software that uses a specific set of information.
Bitcoin wallets
Software which access the blockchain rather as a browser access the web, but does not identify the user to the ststem.
Solidity
Solidity is Ethereum's programming language for developing smart contracts.
How nodes form transaction blocks
Some nodes in the network—called "miners"—validate transactions for the network. They do this by collecting transactions and grouping them into "candidate blocks," based on a set of rules pertaining to the composition and size of a block
Reverse Indicator
Someone who is always wrong predicting price movements.
Cardiac Surgery Management Pre-Operative
Stable cardiac status preferred Cardiac Catheterization with coronary arteriography Diagnostics- CXR, ECHO, serum labs, u/a, stress testing, ABG's, Doppler studies of peripheral perfusion
Chest Tubes Nursing Management
Strict aseptic technique Frequent position changes Monitor distal extremity perfusion Prophylactic anti-coagulation administration Dextran administration Monitor for bleeding
Mechanical Heart Valve
Structure failure rare Twenty year lifetime Audible Click Risk of thromboembolism Life time anticoagulation Risk of hemorrhage Hard to treat infections For younger pts
Physical Symbol System
Takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions.
Induction
The Principle of ________ says: that general rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their elements.
3 gameplayers
The Turk, Deep Blue, Watson
Human intelligence
The ability to retain knowledge, solve problems and communicate. Our knowledge these days is being passed up by computers which can process an answer in a mili second
Computability
The ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. Closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the problem..
Referential Ambiguity
The ambiguity created when pronouns could be applied to multiple objects.
Syntactic Ambiguity
The ambiguity created when sentences can be constructed in various ways.
Lexical Ambiguity
The ambiguity created when words have multiple meanings.
Computational Logic
The digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be tied to computational logic and in essence programmed. So users can set up algorithms and rules that automatically trigger transactions between nodes.
how miners increase their likelihood of solving a block
The economic incentive of earning bitcoin for being the first to solve the puzzle drives miners to participate, and miners with more computational power have a greater chance of success. In fact, the likelihood of a miner successfully solving the block is directly related to its share of the computational power in the network
Strong Equivalence
The equality of two systems based on their results and the process by which they arrive at those results.
Weak Equivalence
The equality of two systems based on their results.
Bitcoin
The first decentralized, open source cryptocurrency that runs on a global peer to peer network, without the need for middlemen and a centralized issuer.
Loebner Prize
The first formal instantiation of the Turing test, held annually
Genesis Block
The first or first few blocks of a blockchain
Genesis Block
The first or first few blocks of a blockchain.
Machine Evolution
The illusion of unlimited computational power was not confined to problem-solving programs. Early experiments in ____________ (now called genetic algorithms) (Friedberg, 1958; Friedberg et al., 1959) were based on the undoubtedly correct belief that by making an appropriate series of small mutations to a machine-code program, one can generate a program with good performance for any particular task.
Artificial intelligence
The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
Cognitive Science
The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.
Cognitive Science
The interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works.
Hebb
The man who demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons.
Utility
The mathematical treatment of "preferred outcomes" which was first formalized by Walras and was improved by Ramsey and later by von Neumann in his book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944).
Where is blockchain applied?
The most promising applications of blockchain technology exist where transferring value or assets between parties is currently cumbersome, expensive, and requires one or more centralized organizations. i.e. fintech
Logic
The philosophical study of valid reasoning and examines general forms that arguments may take, which forms are valid, and which are fallacies.
Voiceprint
The plot of frequency changes over time representing the sound of human speech.
Consensus Process
The process a group of peers responsible for maintaining a distributed ledger use to reach consensus on the ledger's contents.
Consensus mechanisn
The process by which the nodes agree on how to update the blockchain in the light of bitcoin transfers from one person to another.
Training
The process of adjusting the weights and threshold values in a neural net to get a desired outcome.
Artificial General Intelligence
The search for a universal algorithm for learning and acting in any environment. Also known as Strong AI.
Optimization
The selection of a best element from some set of available alternatives.
Phonemes
The set of fundamental sounds made in any given natural language.
Inference Engine
The software that processes rules to draw conclusions.
Goal
The solution that the Prolog program is trying to reach or prove correct.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
The study of computer systems that model and apply the intelligence of the human mind.
Game Theory
The study of strategic decision making. Or "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." Unlike decision theory, it does not offer an unambiguous prescription for selecting actions.
Neuroscience
The study of the nervous system, particularly the brain.
Confirmation
The successful act of hashing a transaction and adding it to the blockchain
Confirmation
The successful act of hashing a transaction and adding it to the blockchain.
Transaction Fee
These add up to account for the block reward that a miner receives when he successfully processes a block.
Agent
These are expected to: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged time period, adapt to change, and create and pursue goals.
Block
These are packages of data that carry permanently recorded data on the blockchain network.
DAO or Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
These can be thought of as corporations that run without any human intervention and surrender all forms of control to an incorruptible set of business rules.
checks performed by the nodes
These include integrity checks such as input and output values, and whether the coins are within an allowable range of value, ensuring the block size is not over a predetermined size limit and validating that the sender has sufficient funds in his/her wallet to complete the transaction.
Smart Contracts
These mechanisms encode business rules in a programmable language onto the blockchain and are enforced by the participants of the network.
Cryptographic Hash Function
These mechanisms produce a fixed-size and unique hash value from variable-size transaction input. The SHA-256 computational algorithm is an example.
Multi-Signature (Multi-signature addresses)
These types of addresses provide an added layer of security by requiring more than one key to authorize a transaction.
Oracles
These work as a bridge between the real world and the blockchain by providing data to the smart contracts.
How should wallets be secured?
They can be hacked! -keep small amounts in your wallet -cannot recover a forgotten password -create a strong password -backup wallet in many places -encrypt wallet and backups -offline wallets for savings -keep software updated
Turing Complete
This concept refers to the ability of a machine to perform calculations that any other programmable computer is capable of. An example of this is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
Frames
This concept, proposed by Marvin Minsky, "is an artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing "stereotyped situations." They are connected together to form a complete idea.
Fork
This creates an alternate version of the blockchain, leaving two blockchains to run simultaneously on different parts of the network.
Observation Sentences
This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected, ultimately, to ___________ that correspond to sensory inputs.
Private Key
This is a string of data that allows you to access the tokens in a specific wallet. They act as passwords that are kept hidden from anyone but the owner of the address.
BTFD (Buy The ****ing Dip)
This is an indication to buy a coin when it has dumped so hard.
Public Address
This is the cryptographic hash of a public key. They act as email addresses that can be published anywhere, unlike private keys.
Aneurysm Repair
This is when an abnormal buldge happens in the wall of an artery or in the heart muscle. When blood flows strongly it can cause a week part of a wall causing it to "balloon" out. This surgery repairs the week section with a patch or graft.
Difficulty
This refers to how easily a data block of transaction information can be mined successfully
Difficulty
This refers to how easily a data block of transaction information can be mined successfully.
Peer to Peer (P2P)
This refers to the decentralized interactions between two parties or more in a highly-interconnected network.
ERC20 token / standard
This standard has set of 6 functions and 2 events that need to be included (in a specific agreed upon language and format) in a smart token contract in order to enable interoperability across multiple interfaces and distributed applications (dapps).
Perceptron Convergence Theorem
This theorem says that the learning algorithm can adjust the connection strengths of a perceptron to match any input data, provided such a match exists.
Soft Fork -- diff between Hard Fork
This type of fork requires most miners upgrading in order to enforce, while a hard fork requires all nodes to agree on the new version
Hemodilution from CPB
Too much fluid on board from sx= -Decreased Hgb/Hct -Decreased serum albumin --> blood moves into tissues --> edema -Decreased electrolytes
What types of data does the blockchain store?
Transactions and 'states' of objects
Knowledge Representation (KR)
Translation of information into symbols to facilitate inferencing from those information elements, and the creation of new elements of information.
3 examples of robotics
Trilobite vacuum Industrial Robots Bionics (TIRB)
What is double entry accounting versus triple entry accounting?
Triple entry: every transaction has three entries: the credit, the debit, and the receipt. There are three parties that have copies of the transaction - the two account owners and the blockchain
True or False: A fibrothorax occurs when blood or serous fluid that hasn't been removed or absorbed organizes into scar tissue.
True
True or False: A-fib, pneumothorax, and cardiac tamponade can all cause low cardiac output syndrome.
True
True or False: During CABG, the heart needs to be in asystole.
True
True or False: The longer the patient is on the heart/lung pump, the more complications occur.
True
CABG 2 x 3 means...
Two grafts from aorta 3 areas revascularized
Hard Fork
Type of fork that renders previously invalid transactions valid, and vice versa.
How blockchain can help in Defense?
Unauthorized access or modification of critical defense infrastructure, such as operating systems and network firmware, could seriously compromise national security. For most countries, defense infrastructure and computer systems are distributed across different locations. Blockchain technology distributed across multiple data centers can ensure security against attacks on important network and hardware equipment by ensuring consensus-based access for modification.
Uberflip
Undercover tourist offers
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Using Other veins from other parts fo the body to "go around" a blocked artery. Most popular Heart surgery. Helps rich oxygen blood to the Heart and body.
Natural Language Comprehension
Using a computer to apply a meaningful interpretation to human communication.
Voice Synthesis
Using a computer to create the sound of human speech.
Voice Recognition
Using a computer to recognize the words spoken by a human.
How blockchain can help in Healthcare?
Using digital signatures on blockchain-based data that allows access only when authorized by multiple people could regulate the availability and maintain the privacy of health records. In addition, a community of people, including hospitals, doctors, patients, and insurance companies, could be part of the overall blockchain, reducing fraud in healthcare payments.
Post PCI Nursing Assessments
Vitals ECG monitoring Vascular access site assessment Bleeding (monitor site), swelling (probably bleeding into site), tenderness (indicative of bleeding)
4 examples of recognition software
Voice Facial Retina Fingerprint
Why are diabetics more at risk for infection post CABG?
WBCs are affected in DM
Maze Surgery
When a surgon makes a new path of the heart valves.
Arrhythmia Treatment
When the heart beats too fast, or too slow. The heart may not be able to pump blood with an irregular rhythm. Can be serious or deadly. Using a pace maker if antibiotics or medicine doesn't work.
Valve Repair or Replacement
When the heart pumps blood it must flow only one direction. Valves in the heart make this possible. This suregery is used to repair the "flaps" or the leaflets in the heart. The leaflets allow blood to pump to other heart chambers. This surgery helps the "flaps" if they are stiff, or have fused together. Aswell as replacing the leaflets.
Rekt
When you have a bad loss.
Cybernetics
Wiener's book ___________(1948) became a bestseller and awoke the public to the possibility of artificially intelligent machines.
Bitcoin's transaction starts with
With Alice's wallet proposing that the blockchain be changed - wallet a litter emptier and Paul's a little fuller.
Rational Agent
Within artificial intelligence, a __________ is one that maximizes its expected utility, given its current knowledge.
What's wrong with having a copy of information
You don't want to send someone $5000 and still have that original $5000 under your name. that's called the double spending problem
SWING
Zig zag price movement (Upwards and downwards)
D Tube
a blockchain based platform the competes with YouTube and pays its creators with crypto currency
Management Information Systems
a business function, like accounting and human resources, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision making and problem solving - Helps companies operate cross-functionally
Neural Network
a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works - learn and adjust to new circumstances on own - function without complete info - analyzing nonlinear relationships - coping with much info and many variables
System
a collection of parts that link to achieve a common purpose
SHA-256
a cryptographic algorithm used by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. However, it uses a lot of computing power and processing time, forcing miners to form mining pools to capture gains.
Variable
a data characteristic that stands for a value that changes or varies over time - Manipulating these is an important tool for business
oracle
a defined, trusted source
Competitive Advantage
a feature of a product or service on which customers place a greater value than they do on similar offerings fro competitors - Provides the same product or service either at a lower price or with additional value that can fetch premium prices - typically temporary because the competitors will seek to duplicate them
Entry Barrier
a feature of a product or service that customers have come to expect and entering competitors must offer the same for survival
Business Process Model
a graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific purpose and from a selected viewpoint
Business Strategy
a leadership plan that achieves a specific set of goals or objectives
Robot
a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, esp. one programmable by a computer.
Balanced Scorecard
a management system, as well as a measurement system, that a firm uses to translate business strategies into executable tasks
Fuzzy Logic
a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information - 0 = information not included - 1 = inclusion or membership - Allows people to analyze information with subjective financial values
Customer Relationship Management
a means of managing all aspects of a customer's relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability
Customer Service and Support
a part of operational CRM that automates service requests, complaints, product return, and information requests
Claws
a physical feature of the robot, or hands any physical feature on a robot is controlled by the computer
Steem it
a reddit competitor that pays users in crypto currency. social media might turn in this direction
Blockchain
a shared ledger where transactions are permanently recorded by appending blocks. These serve as a historical record of all transactions that ever occurred, from the genesis block to the latest block, hence its name.
what are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
a single artery arising from both ventricles
Executive Information System
a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insite
Electronic Data Interchange
a standard format for the electronic exchange of information between supply chain participants
Business Process
a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer's order
Project
a temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result
Turning test
a test to see if a computer is intelligent or not
Goal-seeking Analysis
finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output
Primary Value Activities
acquire raw materials and manufacture, deliver, sell, and provide after-sales services
Inbound Logistics
acquires raw materials and resources and distributes to manufacturing as required
nodes
act as the notaries of the blockchain validating each transaction to ensure legitimacy
what are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
age, gender; males more than females, genetics, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diet, obesity
Consolidation
aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information
proof of work
all of the miners compete by solving these puzzles (algorithms) to be the person to add to the block and if you are this person you get paid in order to be able to "play the game" you have to agree that the block that is being added is correct
Analytical Information
all organizational information - Primary purpose: to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions
what does the cardiac cycle include
all physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Web-based Self Service
allow customers to use the web to find answers to their questions or solutions to their problems
Integration
allow separate systems to communicate directly with each other, eliminating the need for manual entry into multiple systems
Click-to-talk
allows customers to click on a button and talk with a representative via the internet
proof-of-stake
alternative consensus method that is gaining some traction in the blockchain community The general premise is that nodes in the network establish a security deposit, such as a bond, which gives them the right to serve as "validators" of blocks within the blockchain. A node's signature as validator will only work if the node has a current deposit. Validators earn a transaction fee for processing valid transactions. However, if a node authorizes a transaction that is later determined to be invalid, the node can lose its security deposit. In addition, some proof-of-stake protocols—such as those used by NXT, a cryptocurrency similar to Bitcoin—randomize the order of block miners to further impede fraudulent activity.
what is a ventricular septal defect
an abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
what is an atrial septal defect
an abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
what is tricuspid atresia
an absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ledger
an account book of final entry, in which business transactions are recorded.
what is FITS
an acronym to see what industries fit blockchain Fraud intermediaries throughput # of transactions Stable data
Genetic Algorithm
an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem - Best suited to decision-making environments in which thousands, or perhaps millions, of solutions are possible
Computer
an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program. Someday eventually we will be laying not having to day anything everything will be done by a computer.
Optimization Analysis
an extension of goal-seeking analysis, finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables
Back Order
an unfilled customer order for a product that is out of stock
Porter's Five Forces Model
analyzes the competitive forces within the environment in which a company operates to assess the potential for profitability in an industry - Knowledgeable customers can force down prices by pitting rivals against each other - Influential suppliers can drive down profits by charging higher prices for supplies - Competition can steal customers - New market entrants can steal potential investment capital - Substitute products can steal customers
Ventricular Aneurysmectomy
aneurysm is excised, and ventricle closed
what are the two branches of the left coronary artery
anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
what is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
1642 Pascal
first mechanical calculator
Structured Decisions
arise in situations where established processes offer potential solutions
Swim lane layout
arranges the steps of a business process into the set of rows depicting the various elements
where is the aortic semilunar valve located
at the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
at the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Causes of Fever
atelectasis, UTI, pneumonia, thrombophlebitis, drug reactions, transfusion reactions, and wound infection =increases the workload of the heart
what is the name for the upper chambers
atria
Business Process Improvement
attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvement accordingly
using blockchain to records transactions
auditors and all involved parties would have access to the information that is correct and can be updated in real time
Sales Management CRM Systems
automate each phase of the sales process, helping individual sales representatives coordinate and organize all their accounts
Selling Chain Management
automates order processes from initial customer inquiry to final product delivery
Sales Force Automation
automatically tracks all the steps in the sales process
Transactional Processing System
basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions
when does development of the heart begin
before the third week of gestation
where is the bicuspid valve located
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
where is the tricuspid valve located
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
how did blockchain first gain its notoriety?
bitcoin
Where did recognition software originate?
casino industry
18th Century Wolfgang von Kempelen
chess playing machine The Turk
what attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
chordae tendineae
1956 John McCarthy
coins "artificial intelligence"
20th century Karel Kapek
coins the word "robot"
what is cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
smart contracts
computer code stored on the blockchain that can execute actions under specified circumstances. -enable counterparties to automate transaction tasks that are typically performed manually and that require the involvement of third-party intermediaries. -can result in processes that are faster and more accurate and cost efficient. For example: two parties could use a smart contract to place a bet on the price of oil at the end of the year—a common derivative contract. Once the contract is agreed to, it would be appended to the blockchain and the wagered funds would be held in escrow on the blockchain. At year end, the smart contract would read the price of oil by referencing an oracle, calculate the settlement amount, and then transfer funds to the winning party.
smart contracts
computer code that is part of the blockchain that will automatically execute what you want it to do
Influitive
computer software company that provides advocate marketing
mining rig
computer system used to mine bitcoins
Virtual Reality
computer-simulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world
Expert Systems
computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning process of experts in solving difficult problems
Fact
confirmation or validation of an event or object
Ventricular Septal Defect
congenital, Involves suturing or patching the defect, occasionally occurs as the result of MI
Enterprise Application Integration
connects the plans, methods, and tools aimed at integrating separate enterprise systems
another reason blockchain works
consensus or agreement: ppl can't just add blocks willy nilly visibility: everyone can see exactly what is going on, but no one person can corrupt it
Supply Chain
consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in obtaining raw materials or a product
Switching Costs
costs that make customers reluctant to switch to another product or service
1950's-60's Masterman at Cambridge
create semantic nets that do mechanical translation --> precursor to google translate
Critical Success Factors
crucial steps companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their strategies
what covers the heart
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
Finance
deals with strategic financial issues including money, banking, credit, investments, and assets - focus on moving goods or services into the hands of consumers
DAO
decentralised autonomous organizations. companies basically run themselves like autonomous vehicles
What are doctors at Cleveland Clinic doing?
deep brain stimulation(DBS) brain pacemaker
What types of patients do they treat (using DBS)?
depression, Parkinson's, brain injury
cryptographic hash
digital signature for the transaction
Valvulotomy
dilation of valve (choice for mitral stenosis)
Partner Relationship Management
discovers optimal sales channels by selecting the right partners and identifying mutual customers
what is cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
Return on Investment
earning power of a project - Dividing the profitably of a project by the cost
Key for the future of robots is that they display
emotions
Operational Level
employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations
Limelight
empowers customer to better engage digital audiences
Drill-down
enables users to view details, and details of details, of information - Reverse of consolidation
Transactional Information
encompasses all information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of daily operational or structured decisions
Supply Chain Execution Systems
ensure supply chain cohesion by automating the different activities of the supply chain
what are the layers of the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Extended ERP Components
extra components that meet organizational needs not covered by the core components and primarily focus on external operations
what is the rastelli procedure
for transpositon of the great vessels, a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
where does the coronary artery arise
from the ascending aorta
Etherium
furthest along for blockchain for business applications -open source blockchain -you can make your own cryptocurrency -integrated smart contracts into their blockchain
Wealthsimple
game changing financial advisor that makes investing easy
Call Scripting
gather product details and issue resolution information that can be automatically generated into a script for the representative to read to the customer
Demand Planning Systems
generate demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques, so companies can respond faster and more effectively to consumer demands through supply chain enhancements
what are the two parts of the pacemaker
generator and electrode
Hubba
gives brands and retailers the power to manage and share their produce
Production and Materials Management ERP Components
handle production planning and execution tasks such as demand forecasting, production scheduling, job cost accounting, and quality control
Simple is the __ and __ is the simplest
hardest
republic of georgia
has all of their property on the blockchain
reason it is uncorruptable
hash-pointers
what is bradycardia
heart beat less than 62 bpm
what is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
heart-lung machine, pump oxygenator
CRM Analysis Technologies
help organization segment their customers into categories such as best and worst customers
CRM Reporting Technologies
help organizations identify their customers across other applications
CRM Predicting Technologies
help organizations predict customer behavior, such as which customers are at risk of leaving
private key
how the sender "signs" their transaction -(in essence their password, which should not be shared with anyone) - if a private key is lost or destroyed, it can never be recovered and the value or funds associated with the key cannot be spent. --> Private key management represents just one of the many new and interesting challenges created by the adoption of blockchain technology.
How you can set up a smart contract for a conference, where organisers can sell tickets, set a maximum number of attendees, and provide refunds automatically?
https://medium.com/@ConsenSys/a-101-noob-intro-to-programming-smart-contracts-on-ethereum-695d15c1dab4#.446rzf1ro
Define human intelligence and artificial intelligence
human intelligence is about when humans BEHAVE intelligently, and there are sensible examples of CHARACTERISTICS for intelligent behaviour. This is a much more practical way to deal with intelligence than coming up with a clever definition. AI is about systems behaving in a way that is similar to humans behaving intelligently in the same situation.
how is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
hypothermia, ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
hash-pointers
if the hash pointer from the previous block does not connect to the block you want to add, you can not add it hash pointer is 256 characters -->no possible way to randomly figure out the hash number 2 to the 130th power is the chance of figuring out the hash
business applications of block chain
if you are a company and adding things to a ledger, you don't want everyone to see it -->permission block chain -->different form of the block chain will be used for businesses
Streamlining
improves business process efficiencies by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps - Goal: not only automate but also improve by monitoring, controlling, and hanging the business process
Business Intelligence
information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making - Use this to define future of business, analyze markets, industries, and economies to determine the strategic direction the company must follow to remain profitable
Feedback
information that returns to its original transmitter and modifies the transmitter's actions - helps the system maintain stability
Enterprise Resource Planning
integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a dingle IT system (or integrated set of IT systems) so employees can make decisions by viewing enterprisewide information about all business operations
We are moving from being creators of machine intelligence to creators of
intelligent machines
where is the pacemaker electrode placed
into the right ventricle or the right atrium
16th century Rabbi Loew
invents Golem, clay man created in our image
Blockchain (def'n wikipedia)
is a distributed database that is used to maintain a continuously growing list of records, called blocks. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block.
Blockchain
is a historical record of all the transactions that have taken place since the beginning of the blockchain in the network. The blockchain serves as a single source of truth for the network.
Blockchain
is a shared ledger distributed across a business network. Business transactions are permanently recorded in append-only blocks to the ledger. All the confirmed and validated transaction blocks are linked from the genesis block to the most current block, hence the name blockchain.
what makes blockchain special?
it uses peer-to-peer network technology—combined with cryptography and a sophisticated security protocol—to enable parties that don't know or trust each other to conduct financial transactions without involving a traditional trusted intermediary, such as a bank or payment processing network.
major advantage of blockchain technology
its distributed nature -a blockchain allows parties to transact directly with each other through a single distributed ledger, eliminating the need for centralized transaction processors and thereby potentially accelerating business processes and reducing transaction costs. Note: This is compared to the system now where the transfer of value between two parties generally requires centralized transaction processors, such as banks or credit card networks. These centralized processors each maintain their own separate ledgers, and the transacting parties rely on them to execute transactions accurately and securely
what does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
ligamentum venosum
Palo Alto scientist compares AI to
loaded gun
what is coarctation of the aorta
localized narrowing of the aorta
which chambers pump blood through the arteries
lower chambers, ventricles
Contact Management CRM Systems
maintains customer contact information and identifies prospective customers for future sales, using tools such as organizational charts, detailed customer notes, and supplemental sales information
Human Resources
maintains policies, plans, and procedures for the effective management of employees - focuses on hiring and training people and maintains employee data
Accounting and Finance ERP Components
manage accounting data and financial processes within the enterprise with functions such as general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, budgeting, and asset management
. It will be the responsibility of __________________ and __________________ to be able to test, validate, and verify the smart contract source code.
management and important for the external auditor
Strategic Level
managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan
Elogistics
manages the transportation and storage of goods
Goods
material items or products that consumers will buy to satisfy a want or need
Efficiency MIS metrics
measure the impact MIS has on business processes and activities, including customer satisfaction and customer conversion rates
Metrics
measurements that evaluate results to determine whether a project is meeting its goals
what are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
mechanical or biologic
bitcoin: who are the ppl that add the blocks?
miners: batch system - group of transactions batched into a block then added to a chain -->miners add the block and get paid by bitcoin -takes a lot of computing power to do this
what is another name for the bicuspid valve
mitral valve
Decision Support Systems
model information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action
Pulmonary embolism
most commonly occurs on the third post-op day
Best Practices
most successful solutions or problem-solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry
what is pulmonary stenosis
narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
90's were the era of
networks (www)
computers connected to the blockchain network are called:
nodes
DYOR (slang
not to be used in polite company), Do Your Own Research
DUMPING (slang
not to be used in polite company), Downward price movement.
FUD (slang
not to be used in polite company), Fear Uncertainty & Doubt.
SAJ CANDLE (slang
not to be used in polite company), Huge green candle
DILDO (slang
not to be used in polite company), Long green or red candles.
DUMP (slang
not to be used in polite, company), To sell off a coin.
Bottlenecks
occur when resources reach full capacity and cannot handle any additional demands; they limit throughput and impede operations
Unstructured Decisions
occurring in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice
First-mover Advantage
occurs when a company can significantly increase its market share by being first with a new competitive advantage
Product Differentiation
occurs when a company develops unique differences in its products or services with the intent to influence demand
Redundancy
occurs when a task or activity is unnecessarily repeated
Bullwhip Effect
occurs when distorted product-demand information ripples from one partner to the next throughout the supply chain
the reason bitcoin is seen as secure
once the block is on there, it is tamper-proof (no going back in and messing with a block that has already been added to the chain)
Market Share
proportion of the market that a firm captures
place where we see blockchain doing some good
ownership of assets -putting ownership of real property on the blockchain is transparent -new: being able to put the whole supply chain on there ex: in Japan, they track the fish they catch all the way through the supply chain so that they can make sure its not fake sushi -Walmart is tracking their suppliers all the way through the supply chain to make sure they are being green
what is the most common chest deformity
pectus excavatum, funnel chest
Sales
performs the function of selling goods or services - focus on moving goods or services into the hands of consumers
what is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
pericardial fluid
bitcoin block chain is called
permission-less bc anyone can join it and see every single transaction that is going on
80's were the era of
personal computers
what are the two branches of the right coronary artery
posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
1985 ALVINN
precursor to Google car (navigated across US autonomously?)
Automation
process of computerizing manual tasks, making them more efficient and effective and dramatically lowering operational costs - Improves efficiency and effectiveness, reduces head count, and lowers overall operational costs
Visualization
produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data
What is narrow AI?
programs that operate at human levels and do it better
Marketing and Sales
promotes, prices, and sells products to customers
Forward Integration
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes - provides flexibility to create, update, and delete information in any of the systems
Backward Integration
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes - provides flexibility to create, update, and delete information in any of the systems
Opportunity Management CRM Systems
target sales opportunities by finding new customers or companies for future sales
Services
tasks performed by people that customers will buy to satisfy a want or need
Workflow
tasks, activities, and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process
Searching
technique for computer to consider all possible solutions. your computer that you use daily does this and you do not even know
what are cyanotic defects
tetralogy of fallot, transposition of the great vessels, tricuspid atresia, truncus ateriosus
Buyer Power
the ability of buyers to affect the price they must pay for an item - Affects: # of customers, their sensitivity to price, size of orders, differences between competitors, and availability of substitute products
Slice-and-dice
the ability to look at information from different perspectives
Supply Chain Visibility
the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain in real time
Business Process Modeling
the activity of creating a detailed flowchart or process map of a work process that shows its inputs, tasks, and activities in a structured sequence
Customer-order Cycle Time
the agreed upon time between the purchase of a product and the deliver of the product
Business Process Reengineering
the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises - Assumes the current process is irrelevant, does not work, or is broken and must be overhauled from scratch
cyborg
the boundary between man and machine is blurring
Eprocurement
the business-to-business (B2B) online purchase and sale of supplies and services
Online Transaction Processing
the capture of transaction and event information using technology to 1. Process the information according to defined business rules, 2. Store the information, and 3. Update existing information
What data fields are posted in the Blockchain for each bitcoin transaction?
the outputs and inputs for each transaction on the blockchain. The software verifies that the address are not inputs and that they are outputs in the blockchain. To prevent double spending
Competitive Intelligence
the process of gathering information about the competitive environment, including competitors' plans, activities, and products, to improve a company's ability to succeed - Understanding and learning as much as possible as soon as possible about what is occurring outside the company to remain competitive
Production
the process where a business takes raw materials and processes then or converts them into a finished product for its goods or services
Mutation
the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome
How does a public key become an address?
the public key is transformed into an address by hashing it twice: the second shortens the first hash to produce a shorter address
what is diastole
the relaxation phase of the heart
Analytics
the science of fact-based decision making
Intelligent Agent
the special-purpose knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf of its users
Inventory Cycle Time
the time it takes to manufacture a product and deliver it to the retailer
Cycle Time
the time required to process an order
Explain the difficulties of determining an accurate and agreed definition of intelligence Describe the change in emphasis from modeling the human brain to producing systems exhibiting 'intelligent behaviour'
there are very many forms of intelligence, it is difficult to give an all inclusive definition that is of practical use it is actually more helpful to think about what intelligent behaviour looks like or sounds like when observing people rather than thinking about what thoughts they are having or how the person's thought "processes" work it need not matter WHY a person is able to behave intelligently, so any AI system that can accurately match the human intelligent behaviour would also be intelligent (which is what Turing says)
Threat of new entrants
threat is high when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers to joining a market
Human Resources ERP Components
track employee information including payroll, benefits, compensation, and performance assessment and ensure compliance with all laws
Digital Dashboard
tracks KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs
Core ERP Components
traditional components included in most ERP systems and primarily focus on internal operations
Operations
transforms raw materials or inputs into goods and services
what is automated trust?
trust that is inherently built into the system. because the system is available for everyone to see the ledger transactions in real time
Explain the inherent flaws of the Turing test as a method for determining the existence of artificial intelligence
turing test is limited to verbal communication, it does not deal with non-verbal ways of expressing intelligent behaviour
Current decade is era of
ubiquitous
which chambers receive blood from the veins
upper chambers, atria
Supply Chain Planning Systems
use advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain while reducing inventory
Describes aspects of intelligence
use language (spoken, written, verbal and non-verbal) for live or recorded communication with others ability to learn knowledge and skills and remember them ability to think logically and calculate develop and use many strategies to overcome challenges to success ability recall all kinds of appropriate knowledge quickly for a given situation invent imaginative ways to express new ideas and enjoy the creativity of others
What is a Hash used for?
used for confirming coin transactions.
Definition of agent
used to combine info about individuals on the net
What is a private key?
used to sign transactions, only 1 person should have access to a private key
Intelligent Systems
various commercial application of artificial intelligence
what is the name for the lower chambers
ventricles
what are acyanotic defects
ventricular septal and atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, and pulmonary stenosis
what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
ventricular septal defect, infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis, aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Value Chain Analysis
views a firm as a series of business processes that add value to the product or service - Good for determining how to create the greatest possible value for customers - Goal: identify processes in which the firm can add value for the customer and create a competitive advantage for itself with a cost advantage or product differentiation
potential problems that might arise with the use of smart contracts
when setting up a smart contract, the parties may decide not to address every possible outcome, or they may include some level of flexibility so they do not limit themselves to standard outcomes. Also, it remains to be seen what will happen if parties decide to renegotiate the terms of a deal, or what happens in the event of an unforeseen error, and how updates to the associated smart contract (perhaps through a side agreement) would be performed. oracles—the trusted information sources used by smart contracts—rely on the availability and accuracy of data from other sources and entities. If this data were to be manipulated, it could interfere with the proper execution of the smart contracts that depend on it.
Contact Center
where customer service representative answer customer inquiries and solve problems, usually by email, chat, or phone
What does today's centralized ledgers look like?
• Traditional systems rely on central authority to generate trust and transfer value • When money passes between participants, a central counterparty records the transfer to prevent cheating • Participants then undertake costly, time-consuming and duplicative reconciliation with their own systems
What does distributed ledgers look like?
• Trust comes from the process itself rather than from the status of any one player • Participants validate changes collectively, and changes are updated across the network almost immediately • The system has great potential to speed up transaction times, improve transparency and reduce costs