Vietnam Final IDs

Re-education camp

Post-fall of Sout Vietnam 500K-1 million people who supported U.S./South sent to these camps for hard labor and propaganda indoctrination. Death toll uncertain. Many deaths likely from the disease and malnutrition associated with large prison camps, as well as executions. Hanoi attempted to keep these things under wraps, but their existence did confirm what many South Vietnamese feared about resprisals against them.

Vietnam Syndrome

Postwar U.S. reluctance to consider or use military force in the world because of a fear of getting stuck in another draining quagmire HW Bush claims to have ended syndrome after Gulf War, and Clinton deploys forces in several small engagements. We now have Iraq Syndrome and are fearful to use forces for fear of another Iraq

Chieu Hoi Program

Program by South Vietnam to encourage Viet Cong to defect

Daniel Ellsberg

RAND Corp. defense analyst who in 1971 released trove of documents (The Pentagon Papers) to NYT and Washington Post that contained secrets of U.S. involvement over the years. Government sought to censor publication but federal courts ruled against them

Moratoriums

The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was a massive demonstration and teach-in across the United States against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. It took place on October 15, 1969,[1] followed a month later by a large Moratorium March on Washington. Key part of anti-war movement

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The first attack on US ships by the North Vietnamese came in August 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. LBJ did not respond. Two days later, US officials mistakenly believed the North attacked again. In response, Johnson ordering bombing against the North, who perceived the attack as unprovoked. The incident gave Johnson the political capital to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized the President to take whatever measures he saw fit to resist aggression in Vietnam. Served Johnson politically because air strike showed he was tough on communism prior to the November election.

Triangular diplomacy

US drove a wedge between USSR and China (communist powers) by exploiting Sino-Soviet split and rivalry to get advantages for the US Detente w USSR and relations with China

Pol Pot

(1925-1998) Leader of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot is responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings.

Great Society

1960-1968 Johnson's Domestic programs - (education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation) Johnson wanted to keep congress and the public happy on Vietnam so he could continue to push his domestic policies. Classic problem of guns vs. butter. Johnson's priority at the beginning of the war was on domestic issues, not foreign policy.

Robert McNamara

1960-1968 Secretary of Defense under Kennedy, Johnson; commissioned pentagon papers studies. One of the "whiz kids" Played a large role in the escalation of the war. During Johnson's second term, began to doubt the US's ability to win the war. Favored a bombing halt in 1966, wanted to de-escalate the war.

ARVN

1960s-1970s (Army of the Republic of South Vietnam) - designed for conventional war - trained by MAAG (Military Assistance and Advisory Group) US supported ARVN invasion of Laos in 1971, and they suffered heavy losses. Showed that they could be defeated easily without US help

Dean Rusk

1961-1969 Secretary of State under Kennedy and Johnson Pushed for a bombing halt after the Tet offensive. He thought Hanoi was damaged from Tet and the US could have a favorable postition in peace talks

Operation Rolling Thunder

1965-1968 Bombing campaign against military targets of North Vietnam Not as effective as Johnson had hoped, US army was able to inflict casualties without turning the tide of the war much. From the outset of the war, it was apparent that the limited war the US was hoping to fight would not be effective enough.

Nguyen Van Thieu

1965-75 President of South who stabilized leadership after a cycle of coups. Generally corrupt but led some development in SV defenses. Had contacts with Nixon during 68 election and was told not to negotiate then. Would later oppose Paris peace agreements Authoritarian and corrupt. Hard for U.S. to claim they were backing a stable democracy with him at the helm. His leadership weaknesses hurt ARVN's leadership and his decision to abandon the northern part of SV in 1975 sped up the collapse of the country

Fulbright Hearings

1966 Series of hearings conducted in the Senate to determine what the direction of the war should be. George Kennan (author of containment) spoke about how containment had gone too far in Vietnam. Many of the proposals put forward favored shutting down military operations in Southeast Asia. Demonstrated that Congress was for a quick end to the war, although Nixon disagreed. He wanted to continue fighting in some capacity until an "honorable peace" could be obtained.

Bombing Halts

1966 Constant pull of some in the Johnson administration to halt Operation Rolling Thunder in an attempt to move towards peace Even soon after the war began, it became more popular in the Johnson administration to move toward deescalation. Bombing halts also became a frequent promise by the US if the North Vietnamese would agree to come to the negotiating table, such as in the San Antonio Formula, when Johnson promised a bombing halt if Ho Chi Minh would agree to begin negotiations. Johnson proposed a bombing halt at the end of his time as president, appealing to unity, hoping to begin withdrawal from Vietnam

Credibility Gap

1966 Political problem for Johnson. People did not believe the Johnson administration was being completely honest about what was going on in Vietnam- gap between what they were being told and the reality The US public was beginning to become pessimistic about the war. Johnson's approval ratings began to dip, and domestic problems began to arise in the form of protests and riots. US presidents would always have to battle the public in being able to accomplish what they wanted in Vietnam.

Body count

1966 and on Body counts were used to determine the effectiveness of missions and were reported frequently on the news The government hoped their massive advantage in body count would sway the American public into believing the war was going well. However, doubts that the numbers were completely accurate and a lack of accomplishing clear objectives worked against any positive views the body counts could have produced

Search and destroy operations

1966-67 Insert troops into hostile territory, destroy enemy, and get out quickly While it was reported that US soldiers killed many more Viet Cong than the casualties they took, the missions were ineffective in that the Viet Cong troops were quickly replaced. While the US was winning militarily, they were doing little to cripple North Vietnamese morale.

San Antonio Formula

1967 - President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered a speech in which he offered to cease the bombing of North Vietnam if Ho Chi Minh would agree to begin serious negotiations for a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and if he would promise not to use the bombing halt as an opportunity to increase their infiltration of troops and supplies into South Vietnam.

Robert Kennedy

1968 Announces candidacy after LBJ nearly loses NH primary. Had turned against war in Vietnam and was a political rockstar. Assasinated in June 1968 His death pretty much ends possibilty that Democrats will nominate anti-war candidate. Democrats badly split and door left wide open for Nixon

Tet Offensive

1968 Series of attacks launched by the North Vietnamese against major cities in the south. North Vietnamese army was to distract the American troops while the Viet Cong hit the cities Huge military failure for the communists. However, it showed that the US had made little to no progress in damaging the resolve of the North Vietnamese. No matter how many casualties the US inflicted, the North Vietnamese were not going to give up.

Seizure of the U.S.S. Pueblo January 1968

1968 US ship seized by North Korea Aggression of the North Koreans worried the US about a second Korean War.

Hubert Humphrey

1968 very powerful, liberal. as voice of Admin. regarding Vietnam, gained popularity claiming he would halt bombing campaign in NVN lost in one of the tightest elections ever, democratic party had issues

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Possible running mate for Johnson in '64. Sought the democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Won a surprisingly high number of votes in the New Hampshire primary. Was the anti-war candidate (especially after RFK's death) "Clean for Gene" was a campaign that supported McCarthy, young people who opposed the war tried to show that not everyone who was anti-war was a hippy. Even some people who were more conservative (read "normal") were against the war. McCarthy appealed to youths and intellectuals.

Election of 1968

1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy ran for nomination, but Humphrey won; Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

Operation Duck Hook

1969 Nixon gave the North Vietnamese an ultimatum: there needs to be progress in the peace talks before November 1st otherwise there will be "savage, punishing blows" Nixon eventually abandonded the Operation due to the moratoriums taking place across the country. Showed the North Vietnamese that the US was unwilling to commit to using large amounts of force with the condition of the attitude toward the war back home.

Nixon Doctrine

1969 Nixon's new approach to international policy: the US would maintain all of its treaties and provide nuclear protection, but it would not bear the burden in a conflict of one of its allies. Nixon wanted to shift toward more military aid in assisting the US's allies Nixon's first attempt at deescalating the war. The beginning of Vietnamization. While Nixon didn't want to completely pull out (seeking "honorable peace") he wanted to shift the burden to the South Vietnamese army

Vietnamization

1970s Concept promoted by Nixon, wanted the Vietnamese to take more responsibility in fighting the war Showed that the US wanted to get out of Vietnam while also keeping South Vietnam somewhat function after the US left. Nixon hoped to appease protesters by showing that the US was easing out of the war

George McGovern

1972 Anti-war democratic presidential candidate in 1972 election Made Vietnam war the central issue. Pushed ending the war even more to the forefront of the American mind. Lost in one of the biggest landslides in US history, giving Nixon the mandate he felt he needed to be able to handle the war how he saw fit.

Decent Interval

1972 Nixon's phrase that there should be a decent interval between US pulling out and the next election. So really means we want to get out before the fall of South Vietnam so we don't get blamed. America getting out makes the fall of Vietnam inevitable. Trying to retain American global credibility

Nixon's "Trifecta"

1972. His three successes in 1972 that led to his landslide reelection? 1. Opening relations with china. Announced July 1971, trip happened Feb 1972 2. Summit with soviets - SALT I agreement May 1971 3. Paris Peace accords and withdrawal from vietnam. announced Oct. 1972 and signed Jan 1973 Result: landslide reelection victory

Khmer Rouge

1975-79 Led by Pol Pot, communist group that overthrew pro-US Cambodian government in 1975 and began autogenocide, killing 2 million people for being educated or living in cities. Vietnam throws them from power in 1979 China attacks Vietnam for attacking Cambodia. World horrified by Khmer Rouge but West isn't gonna do anything about it (early Vietnam syndrome?). Civil war continues for decades in Cambodia.

Prince Sihanouk

54-70 Cambodia neutral under Sihanouk, leaned towards communist, coup of 1970 Lon Nol takes over and is strongly anti communist, wants NVN/VC out. when Cambodia becomes very involved in Vietnamese conflict because Lon Nol issues ultimatum for NVN/VC to get out of places where they have de facto rule in eastern Cambodia

New Left

60s & 70s (emerged in 60s, still has an impact today) associated with hippies/ anti-war college campus protest movements. regarded as student-radicalism. Focus on broad range of social reforms: anti-war, civil rights, gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs less focus on traditional labor/class struggles of left, new emphasis on freedom of speech, anti-establishment. Unconventional: mass protests, direct action, and civil disobediance. Weather Underground/ domestic terrorism. First time there is real mistrust in government/ actions taken when constituents are unhappy. Anti-war movement became catalyst for social changes in general

Agent Orange

61-71 herbicide/ defoliant dropped on Vietnam, goal to deprive VC of food and cover as well as clear areas around base perimeters harmful to envrionment and health. people still suffer from the effects of it today: cancer, parkinsons, birth defects. really only destroying the crops of the people in the villages, not VC. "Not meant to harm people"

Napalm

63-73 very widespread tactic: flammable liquid, first used as flamethrower/ to clear bunkers, dropped on hamlets, burned villages to the ground, sticks to skin and burns humans meant to destroy VC villages, VC ppl but really was not targeted, many innocent people suffered from it, symbol of brutality of the war and innocent lives lost, media emphasis of this inhumanity fueled antiwar movements

Dow Chemical

65-69 manufactured napalm for the U.S. gov, products were boycotted all over the country. Dow recruiters also faced a storm of protests by college students, who called them as "baby killers" Boycotts on many college campuses, University of Wisconsin protests/riots, read about in Maraniss and documentary, another part of antiwar protests

George Wallace

68 election ran independent, segregationist (raging a**hole and racist is probably nice to describe him), did pledge pretty much end to war, HATED "hippies" almost tipped the scales of election to Humphrey

Watergate

72-74 Scandal involving Nixon, RNC, and their henchmen over series of illegal election activities, famously invading and spying on Democratic HQ at Watergate hotel Turned Nixon into a sitting duck pretty quickly into 1973. Presidential authority constrained both legally and politically after this. Ford not going to be able to reintroduce forces into Vietnam or exert much influence there

The "Daisy" ad

A famous ad, produced by Democratic presidential candidate Lyndon Johnson' s campaign against Republican Barry Goldwater in 1964, that appealed to voters' fear of a nuclear attack

"fragging"

A practice, which erupted sporadically late in the Vietnam War, in which demoralized U.S. servicemen killed their own superior officers in order to avoid being sent on dangerous missions. Although was not widespread, numerous specific incidents were reported.

William Westmoreland

American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968 Developed attrition strategy and body count as measure of success

Vietnam Veterans Against the War

April 1971 founded '67, gathered testimony from vets about war crimes in SE Asia and presented to congress, Dewey Canyon III weeklong protests in D.C., heard Senate propositions to end war, some marched to Pentagon to "turn themselves in" as war criminals, John Kerry testified against the war for 2 hrs in front of Senate Foreign relations throwing their combat ribbons, helmets, and uniforms on the Capitol steps, along with toy weapons. Many veterans were disgusted by this group, but a big deal the fact that these men, after experiencing the war firsthand, thought it was wrong. were not draft dodgers or trouble-makers, served as they were told yet came back as dissenters

COSVN

Central Office for South Vietnam was the American term for Viet Cong/NVA political and military headquarters during the Vietnam War. Targeted by US/ARVN troops for entirety of war, difficult to penetrate or even accurately locate. Goal of Cambodian incursion was to destroy COSVN

Hawks/Doves

Classic characterization of foreign policy ideology. Hawks interventionist, doves not. Almost all presidential administrations had a mix of hawks, who wanted to win at all costs, and doves, who thought the war was unwise

Phoenix Program

Controversial CI program executed by the CIA, United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's (South Vietnam) security apparatus during the Vietnam War. It was designed to identify and "neutralize" the civilian infrastructure supporting the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam insurgency/ Viet Cong Very controversial: utilized torture, murder,

Christmas Bombing

December 1972 Thieu didn't agree to initial Paris agreement, causing NV to withdraw the concessions they had made. Nixon orders B-52 bombing of Hanoi, Haiphong, and other NV targets. Hit them hard enough to force NV back to negotiating table Nixon was successful. The North negotiated again and an agreement was signed in January

Pentagon Papers

Documents released in 1971 that showed US was deliberately lying about scope and feasibility of US involvement in Vietnam. Mostly implicated Johnsons but papers dating back to Eisenhower Nixon tried to censor the publishing of the papers, lost SCOTUS case

Le Duc Tho

Duration of war Close ally of Le Duan. Led the negotiations with Kissinger for peace Tough negotiator, similar importance to Le Duan as many things they did were together. Responsible for building the relationship with Kissinger that allowed them to strike peace deal

Operation Lam Son 719

Feb & March 1971 ARVN forces on ground with US artillery and aerial support, goal to disrupt future operations of PAVN in Laos and the use of the Ho Chi Minh trail to inflitrate SOuth campaign was a disaster, demonstrated weaknesses in ARVN/ Vietnamization was not working

Walter Cronkite

February 1968 Cronkite makes an editorial report after Tet and visiting Vietnam. He says he is convinced US cannot win and need to negotiate for peace LBJ supposedly says: "If ive lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America." Cronkite was hugely influential and represented the general sentiment that was building before Tet and then really exploded afterwards--that US was getting nowhere in the country despite all its efforts

Marines landing at Da Nang March 1965

First step in full-scale Americanization of war. Due in part to Pleiku Incident the month before

"Wise Men"

Foreign policy establishment from FDR to Johnson, people like Kennan, Acheson, Lovett Developed Containment Policy of Cold War

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

Founded at the UMichigan, considered radical. Demonstrating against the war. 1965-69 Students for a Democratic Society One of the first movements of the New Left, led by students, has had a huge influence on other organizations both during the war and in the time following.

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. Criticized involvement in Vietnam, effectively stating that containment had gone too far and that Vietnam was not part of the national interest

Credibility

Importance of defending US credibility in Vietnam, showing we are committed to our allies, somewhat justified the "decent interval" and "peace with honor" objectives

Battle of Khe Sanh

Jan to April 1968 Big U.S. base that NV laid siege to. Westmoreland wanted to get a chance to stand up and fight against the enemy. Khe Sanh shelled intensely and cut off from supplies-people began to fear this will be a repeat of Dien Bien Phu. Then NV backs off unexpectedly Siege may have been part of distraction to draw US forces out into the countryside and distract in order to prepare for Tet Offensive in the cities

Paris Peace Accords

January 1973 NV forces can remain in South, US forces withdraw, Thieu remains in power, POWs returned Signed despite objections of Thieu. Nixon was setting up decent interval, leaving Southern government in place but with little hope of long term survival

Year Zero

Khmer Rouge's resetting of the Cambodian calendar at the start of the genocide

Martin Luther King

King expressed early doubts about the war but was working closely with LBJ on civil rights and didn't want to rock the boat. LBJ tried to convince him that he was taking a moderate, escalating approach to defend SV. King comes out against war in April 1967 speech MLK coming out against the war was symbolic of a radicalization of the left and the civil rights movement. War was seen as a symptom of a deep problem in the American system.

Johns Hopkins Speech of April 1965

LBJ outlines his rationale for being in South Vietnam: commitment, containment, world order, history, and self-determination. Also tried to bribe S. Vietnam, with promise of a billion dollars in TVA-style aid and development in Mekong Delta

Easter Offensive

March-April 1972 NVA incursion into SV that would be trial run for 75 invasion. Nixon responds with punishing B-52 bombings of North and of their forces in the south. Haiphong Harbor mined. People feared this would be WW3 if Soviet ships hit by mines in the harbor. Thought at least that upcoming Nixon-Brezhnev summit would be cancelled. Nixon's gamble paid off and Soviets were so desperate to meet with Nixon (he had already gone to China) that they didn't cancel.

My Lai Massacre

May 16th, 1968 400-500 civilians killed by US troops in a village where Viet Cong were supposedly being harbored Covered up the the government for a year and a half. When it came out in the news, it only served to fan the flame of distrust the public had for what the US was doing in Vietnam. Promoted the stereotype that US soldiers were "baby-killers." Shameful for the US.

Cambodian "Incursion"

May 1970 In response to the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk, Nixon sent troops into Cambodia There was an intense domestic reaction against the "incursion" (really an invasion), part of which was the Kent State demonstrations that resulted in the deaths of students. The US withdrew troops. Extreme unpopularity of Nixon's actions causes republicans to lose seats in the '70 midterm elections.

Kent State

May 4, 1970 sometimes referred to as a massacre, 4 unarmed antiwar protesters killed by Ohio Nat'l guard, 9 wounded, protesting Cambodia Incursion, Universities closed as students went on strike increased the already contentious atmosphere, even more protests and upset over the US involvement in Vietnam, other Americans began to realize it was not just hippies protesting

Le Duan

Mid 1960s-1986 Head of NV government. Led escalation in 64 and purged moderates in 67. Vietnam undertook economic reforms after his death in 86. Overtakes power from Ho by about 63-64 Hardliner that was hard to negotiate with and willing to fight and escalate the war at times

William Calley

My Lai- 69, Trial 70-71 Army officer court marshalled and convicted of murdering 22 unarmed SVN in My Lai massacre, setenced to life but with strong public outrage, Nixon reviews sentence and puts him on house arrest until acquitted 3 years later Outrage from both sides: left saw him as a scapegoat, right saw it as just part of war. Both sides thought the punishment was much too strict. Epitome of how bad attitudes/ public opinion was towards the war at this time

First Draft Lottery of December 1969

Nixon instituted a lottery system to make it more fair, assigned number 1-366, based on birthday, then the numbers were randomly drawn and all men with same birthday were called up Supposed to be a political solution to the perceived inequities in the draft system See selective service; this change further encouraged resentment of the draft bc / the war in general, draft dodgers could escape to Canada, fake physical problems, or go to jail. many enlisted in Nat'l guard to avoid going to Vietnam

Madman Theory

Nixon is getting frustrated: how to end the war? There is an idea that Nixon could be a madman-- might just lose it and do whatever he wanted in VN, better to negotiate before he really become volatile and crazy, who knows if he might just let lose on NVN, have nuclear weapons, used this argument with Cambodia Incursion Interesting tactic to get North Vietnam to come to the negotiating table, Russia is so focused on possible war with China but the idea of getting more done early on, or before Nixon loses it, is not lost on him. US still had to bomb Haiphong Harbor and the Christmas bombings before NVN returned to the table in 72

"Peace with honor"

Nixon's pledge, to make sure that American ideals are upheld so that in the future there would be no more Vietnams reasoning behind not immediately withdrawing, making sure America still was the dominant force in the world

Silent Majority Speech of November 3, 1969

Nov. 3, 1969 2 options: immediate withdrawal or "just peace through negotiated settlement" continue w/ Vietnamization, timetable of withdrawal based on enemy activity and strength of svn. appealed to "great silent majority" for support of his pursuits Polarized the nation Wasn't saying anything new, but most of public reacted well, (obviously, still polarized country a bit) ( He was very convincing in his plan of action being right) Thought that most ppl who were not protesting or even part of the discourse were being overshadowed, especially thanks tot the media... NVN used American public opinion often

War Powers Act, Nov 1973

November 1973 President must obtain Congressional approval within 60 days of a troop deployment to conflict Limits presidential power. This constraint is part of why NV felt comfortable with invading South in 75 without fear of reintroduction of US troops

"Peace is at Hand"

October 26, 1972 Kissinger announces to media that "peace is at hand" based on early breakthroughs in talks with Le Duc Tho This was an election "October Surprise." While Nixon was well on his way to winning, this helped propel him even more as people thought he was about to succeed in ending the confict. Instead it was really just another lie as the U.S. would go on to bomb Vietnam in December of that year and fighting would continue

Jane Fonda

Oscar-winning actress and political activist who was against Vietnam War. In 1972, she visited North Vietnam and made supportive broadcasts for North Vietnamese. People think she committed treason, and millions of servicemen have never forgiven her. Made her very unpopular back home.

Pleiku Incident of February 1965

Overzealous VC guerrillas killed 8 Americans and injured many more near an air base. "Last straw" for US- massive escalation in intervention after and led to beginning of Op. Rolling Thunder

Killing Fields

areas in Cambodia where a mass amount of people were killed under the Khmer Rouge regime

John Kerry

came into public eye after joining Vietnam Veterans against the War, testified for 2 hours in front of Senate Foreign Relations Committee about why war was wrong (part of Fulbright hearings)

YAF (Young Americans for Freedom)

conservative members, clean-cut young americans who wanted to limit the power of the federal government who they believed threatened true freedom and liberty. Conservative mirror of SDS, went on offensive against New Left

Selective Service System

created 1917, calls ended in 72 draft. has changed over the years, Act of 67: ages 18-35 eligible, student deferrments (ended upon completion of four year degree or 24th birthday), exemtped married men with dependents men were hand chosen by draft boards: often disproportionately black and poor, they had no way to get out of it. big part of protests: discrimination and also people shouldnt be forced to fight in an unjust war/ for something against their principles

George Ball

diplomat and early dissenter of Vietnam War during Kennedy and Johnson admins ambassador to UN in '68

POW issue

entirety of war, become issue in 71 isolated, badly treated, sometimes tortured. Hanoi had large numbers, esp of downed pilots. In early years, US took low profile position, Hanoi threatened war crimes trials in 66 but backed off after US pressure. Nixon admin try to use the "Go Public" campaign to highlight Hanoi's mistreatment/refusal of following Geneva conventions, better treatment after Ho Chi Minh's death in 69. become fundamental in negotiations, the "Go Public" campaign is incredibly succesful and brings awareness to POWs, public likes it even if don't like war in general. POWs are darlings of the war John McCain famous POW of Vietnam

Election of 1972

landslide win for Nixon, largely due to the Trifecta of victories

Clark Clifford

long-time establishment advisor to presidents. Briefly Secretary of Defense after McNamara in 1968 (under Johnson)

doi moi policy

market-oriented socialist economic reforms after death of le duan After death of Le Duan, Vietnam adopts economic reforms "doi moi" in 1986 - loses aid with collapse of Soviet Union and "doi moi" in 1986 - loses aid with collapse of Soviet Union and Eastern bloc 1989-1991

"Come Home, America" Campaign

part of McGovern's nomination acceptance speech and overall slogan of his campaign

Nguyen Cao Ky

seized power in South Vietnam in 1965 and ruled until 1967 in a military junta