virology
Put in the correct order that is practiced in the path of drug discovery(1) Screening of relevant compounds(2) Clinical trials(3) Proof of principle(4) Medical need identified(5) Identification of "Hits" and "Lead compound"(6) Animal model testing
4 3 1 5 6 2
The newly discovered Carolina Chicken virus is now infecting humans. It is determined that one infected person can infect 6 people. Fortunately, Clemson University quickly developed a vaccine. Approximately what percentage of the population needs to get the vaccine to establish population-level herd immunity?
85%
Estimates of molecular evolution suggest the marine origin of some retroviruses __________________, in the ___________________ period.
>450 million years, Ordovician
Which of the following statements justifies that all the DNA tumor viruses from different families like polyomaviridae, papillomaviridae, adenoviridae have the same T (Tumor) antigen? A. T antigen is a generic name; they are all actually different proteins B. The above viral families received the T antigens from co-infected cells by non-homologous recombination among the viral families as they are all dsDNA viruses C. The tumor antigen is captured by the above viruses from the mammalian hosts, so obviously they will be the same D. All the above three viral families evolved from a common ancestral virus; having the same protein
A. T antigen is a generic name; they are all actually different proteins
Resistance to which antiviral would involve amino acid changes in a viral enzyme Amantadine Neuraminidase All of the above Acyclovir Penicillin
Acyclovir
The potential broad-spectrum antiviral LJ001 is not effective against Adenovirus, Poliovirus or Reovirus. Which of the following statement justifies the reason? A. None of the other justify the reason B. Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Reovirus are all acute infectious viruses and LJ001 can only target persistent viruses C. Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Reovirus all use membrane fusion for entry and LJ001 can only inhibit viruses that use receptor-mediated endocytosis D. Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Reovirus are all non-enveloped viruses and LJ001 can only target enveloped viruses
Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Reovirus are all non-enveloped viruses and LJ001 can only target enveloped viruses
Which of the following is the major difference between Avian leukosis virus (ALV) and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)? A. ALV is a + sense RNA virus and RSV is retrovirus B. All functional (cancer-causing) recombinant ALVs have a different host DNA but all functional (cancer-causing) RSVs have v-Src oncogene C. ALV can transform cells without a helper virus but RSV can't D. ALV can cause cancer in young birds but RSV cause cancer in aged birds
All functional (cancer-causing) recombinant ALVs have a different host DNA but all functional (cancer-causing) RSVs have v-Src oncogene
Which of the following components can be used as an adjuvant? A. Squalene B. Saponin C. Monophosphoryl lipid A D. Alum E. All of other can be used as adjuvants
All of other can be used as adjuvants
Which of the following is NOT a correct major class of oncoproteins? A. Membrane and Cytoplasmic protein kinases B. All of the above/other are major classes of oncoproteins C. Cell cycle regulators D. G-proteins E. Growth factor receptors
All of the above/other are major classes of oncoproteins
Which of the following is NOT the difference between acyclovir and AZT's (azido-deoxythymidine) mode of action? A. Tri-phosphorylated acyclovir is incorporated in the DNA by DNA polymerases and cause chain termination and abortion of DNA replication and cell death in virally infected cells whereas the Tri-phosphorylated AZT is a poor substrate for cellular DNA polymerase but not HIV reverse transcriptase which preferentially causes the chain termination in viral reverse transcription B. The first phosphorylation of the acyclovir is carried out by the viral thymidine kinase followed by two cellular kinases whereas all three phosphorylation of AZT is carried out by cellular kinases C. All of the above/others are correct differences in the mode of action between acyclovir and AZT D. The tri-phosphorylated acyclovir is formed only in virally infected cells, but tri-phosphorylated AZT is formed in all cells E. Acyclovir is much less toxic compared to AZT because AZT is up taken in every cell and although it is a poor substrate of the cellular DNA polymerase still some cytotoxicity occurs
All of the above/others are correct differences in the mode of action between acyclovir and AZT
Which of the following is/are the real-life examples of the genetic bottlenecks that the viruses face? A. A small volume of inoculum Introduced in infection by insect bites B. All of the above/others are genetic bottlenecks for the viruses C. Activation of a Latent virus from a limited population of cells D. Small droplets of the suspended virus during aerosol transmission
All of the above/others are genetic bottlenecks for the viruses
Which of the following hypotheses explain origin of the viruses? A. All of the hypothesis can explain origin of the viruses B. Ancient "protocells" having "selfish replicators" acquired proto-capsid genes and emerged as viruses C. Viruses or virus-like genetic elements may have originated as intermediates between prebiotic chemical systems and cellular life D. Viruses may have originated in the cells that have succumbed to obligate intracellular parasitism and, in the process, shed many functional systems that are ubiquitous and essential in cellular life forms, in particular the translation apparatus.
All of the hypothesis can explain origin of the viruses
Which of the following drives the viral evolution? A large number of progeny viruses A large number of mutants Quasispecies effect Selection of a fit population of the viruses All of the other
All of the other
Which of the following is a challenge towards antiviral drug development? A. Viruses being obligate intracellular parasites, selective toxicity is a problem B. All of the other are challenges towards antiviral drug development C. Some viruses are extremely dangerous to work with D. Some of the viruses can't be or poorly grow in cell culture E. Some of the viruses don't have any animal models to study
All of the other are challenges towards antiviral drug development
Which of the following is the process is used by DNA tumor viruses to transform cells? A. DNA tumor virus T antigen binds to a G1 restriction point protein allowing transcription of the genes required for DNA synthesis B. DNA tumor virus tumor antigens push the quiescent cells into S phase C. DNA tumor viruses inactivate p53 for unscheduled DNA synthesis D. All of the other are processes are used by the DNA tumor viruses to transform cells
All of the other are processes are used by the DNA tumor viruses to transform cells
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by virus populations to stay fit and competent and avoid the "Muller's ratchet"? A. The individual adaptive mutation causing genetic drift B. Copy choice mechanism used by the retroviruses C. Genetic recombination among the viruses D. Genetic reassortment causing a genetic shift E. All of the other mechanism is used by the viral population
All of the other mechanism is used by the viral population
Which of the following process is NOT used by the adenovirus to induce mitosis in resting/quiescent cells? A. Adenovirus protein E1A binds to p53 followed by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation allowing unscheduled DNA synthesis B. Adenovirus protein E1A binds to Rb (Retinoblastoma protein) and frees the E2f and Dp transcription factor to allow transcription of genes and product necessary for DNA synthesis C. Adenovirus protein E1A binds to Rb (Retinoblastoma protein), removes the Hdacs (histone deacetylases) to allow transcription of genes and necessary for DNA synthesis D.All of the other processes are used by adenovirus to induce mitosis
All of the other processes are used by adenovirus to induce mitosis
You are conducting a cellular susceptibility and permissibility experiment using MERS-CoV (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus) and found that out of four cell lines one can't be infected with the MERS-CoV. But when you delivered the infectious viral genome via a liposome-mediated transfection there was viral replication inside the cell followed by cytopathy, but the virus could not infect new cells in culture which did not receive the virus via transfection. Which of the following experiment are you going to do next for a possible answer using your best judgment of biochemistry and molecular biology?
All of the other techniques can be used to check for the expression of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in those cells; absence of which will justify the fact the cell does not have the receptors for the virus, but the cell's internal machinery can support replication of the virus
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Zmapp Ebola vaccine? A. The mouse raised antibodies were engineered and humanized with human IgG1 scaffold B. Three monoclonal antibodies were the basis of the Zmapp vaccine produced in a mouse infected with Ebola virus C. All of the others are correct about the Zmapp Ebola vaccine D. Patients exposed to Ebolavirus are given the vaccine in the form of preformed antibodies which confers passive immunity E. The recombinant antibodies could be produced in tobacco plants
All of the others are correct about the Zmapp Ebola vaccine
Which of the following ways you can/may make vaccines against a virus? A. Making VLPs (virus-like particles) or subunit in recombinant bacteria, yeast, animal cells or plants B. Attenuating the virulence of the virus C. Recombinant DNA technology by cloning viral antigens in viral vectors D. Inactivation of the virus by chemicals E. All of the others are different ways that a vaccine can/may be produced
All of the others are different ways that a vaccine can/may be produced
The new dengue virus vaccine (TV003/005) offers; one dose with greater than 90% protection against dengue virus challenge including dengue virus type-2. Which of the following is INCORRECT about this vaccine? A. The vaccine was produced by mutating an infectious clone of yellow fever virus YF 17D B. The tetravalent vaccine has to be taken every four years C. The mutation was a deletion of 30 nucleotides in the 5′-UTR (untranslated region) D. All of the others are incorrect about the TV003 dengue virus vaccine
All of the others are incorrect about the TV003 dengue virus vaccine
Which of the following is NOT true about the "Dengvaxia" dengue virus vaccine? A. A chimeric vaccine with dengue virus prM and E proteins on a YF17D yellow fever virus genome backbone B. All of the others are true about "Denvaxia" C. May lead to worst disease after administration in 2-9 years old if infected with DENV -2 strain D. No protection against Dengue virus type 2
All of the others are true about "Denvaxia"
You have been asked to perform the following experiment and conclude the results. You were asked to transform chicken primary fibroblast cells with two recombinant Rous Sarcoma Virus virus(rRSV) named rRSV-Tiger and rRSV-Cocks, each having a v-Src oncogene. You inoculated the viruses to the cell lines and could transform cells with rRSV-Tiger but not with rRSV-Cocks. Puzzled; you have checked the presence of the v-Src in the rRSV-cocks viral stock given to you by isolating viral RNA followed by RT-PCR (reverse transcription followed by PCR) using 5′ and 3′ v-Src specific primers and confirmed the presence of the full length intact v-Src gene in the virus. You could not conclude the findings. Which of the following experiment is the most rational choice for a conclusive explanation?
All of the others to confirm that in addition to v-Src the rest of the viral genes are fully intact without any mutational defects
hich of the following statement is the correct rationale for the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV2? A. As the human population are taking measures against viral spread like vaccination, mask, social distancing, etc. the viral quasispecies to counter the measures are selected, such as being more contagious B. All of the rationale mentioned are correct C. An infected person have high viral load and many different mutation accumulating quasispecies are constantly generated D. Some mutated quasispecies becomes more fit for survival; for example being more contagious E. There is a large pool of virus in the population and many susceptible hosts that the virus can infect
All of the rationale mentioned are correct
Which of the following mechanism is NOT used by retroviruses to capture an oncogene? A. At the proviral integration site, reverse transcriptase readthrough of LTR termination signal including an adjacent proto-oncogene to make a transcript and package as the viral genome B. All of the other mechanisms can be used by the retrovirus to capture an oncogene C. Non-homologous recombination of the packaged wild type retroviral genome strand and the retroviral and cellular proto-oncogene hybrid genome strand during copy choice mechanism by reverse transcription D. Deletion of one of the LTR at the proviral integration site followed by a read-through transcription (in absence of the LTR termination signal) by cellular RNA pol II to include an adjacent proto-oncogene, followed by processing of the transcript and packaging as the viral genome
At the proviral integration site, reverse transcriptase read-through of LTR termination signal including an adjacent proto-oncogene to make a transcript and package as the viral genome
Adding a valine to acyclovir to make Valacyclovir improve which of the following drug property? A. Bioavailability of the drug B. The half-life of the drug C. All of the others are improved by adding the valine D. Toxicity of the drug E. Decrease in resistance
Bioavailability of the drug
Although the historic antiviral drugs like Ribavirin and Foscarnet saved many lives, they are not prescribed anymore. Which of the following is the reason behind this? A. All of the others are true B. Both of the drugs are relatively toxic, and patients suffered undesirable sometimes serious side effects C. The diseases for which they were made for is now eradicated D. Viral resistance quickly developed against both the drugs
Both of the drugs are relatively toxic, and patients suffered undesirable sometimes serious side effects
An HIV patient was talking to a friend who came to pick up his HBV (hepatitis B virus) medication at the pharmacy. They were both surprised that they were given the same drug TDF (Tenofovir disproxil fumarate) and asked the pharmacist about it and the pharmacist confirmed that the prescription and the drugs are correct. With your knowledge of virology, how would you explain the reason for a retroviral drug being prescribed for a DNA virus (HBV) infection? A. Both of the viruses have reverse transcriptase (RT) and the drug is an RT inhibitor B. Both of the viruses use CCR5 as a receptor and TDF blocks the receptor for viral entry C. The doctor made a mistake and wrote the name of the drug wrong; the drug for HBV should have been Telaprevir and not Tenofovir D. TDF is a newly licensed broad-spectrum antiviral effective against all enveloped viruses
Both of the viruses have reverse transcriptase (RT) and the drug is an RT inhibitor
Which large-scale vaccination campaign/s in the 1960s saved millions of lives in the US and worldwide? A.Measles vaccine B. Rabies vaccine C. Polio vaccine D. Yellow fever vaccine E. Both polio and measles vaccine
Both polio and measles vaccine
Which of the following strategy can be used by the scientists to predict and pinpoint the host and virus arms race? A. By analyzing the amino acid conservations in ortholog proteins which acted or acts as a virus receptors B. All of the other are ways that the scientists can predict host-virus arms race C. By analyzing synonymous mutations caused by redundant codon changes in ortholog proteins which acted or acts as a virus receptors D. By analyzing the amino acid changes in ortholog proteins which acted or acts as a virus receptors
By analyzing the amino acid changes in ortholog proteins which acted or acts as a virus receptors
Which of the following is NOT considered as epiphenomena by an of a unique replication cycle of a DNA tumor virus? A. Inactivation of p53 blocks apoptosis B. All of the other are epiphenomena of a DNA tumor virus C. T antigens allow passage through cell cycle restriction point and start DNA synthesis through induction of Rb (Retinoblastoma) transcription and translation D. Cell lysis is blocked E. No answer text provided.
C. T antigens allow passage through cell cycle restriction point and start DNA synthesis through induction of Rb (Retinoblastoma) transcription and translation
Which of the following HIV antivirals inhibits the earliest stage of infection? Integrase inhibitors NNRTIs Fusion inhibitors Nucleoside inhibitors CCR5 inhibitors
CCR5 inhibitors
Which of the following types of oncogenes are NOT found in the transforming retroviruses? A. All of the other are oncogenes found in transforming retroviruses B. Environmental detectors proteins C. Signaling protein kinases D. Membrane growth factor receptors E. Cell cycle G1-S phase restriction point check proteins
Cell cycle G1-S phase restriction point check proteins
Name the screening process which uses small organic molecules predicted to bind to different pockets on the surface of the proteins can be grouped as subsets of distinctive chemical structures which can be linked by different linkers; using an automated process to screen a very large dataset usually by high throughput method A. In silico screening B. Mechanism-based screening C. Combinatorial chemistry-based screening D. Cell-based screening
Combinatorial chemistry-based screening
The ___________________ viruses generate less diversity and evolve slower than __________________ viruses DNA, RNA None of the above/other Retro, DNA RNA, DNA
DNA, RNA
hat kind of host-viral interaction is observed when a virus spills over to a host by accident in a one-way transmission usually from an animal? Evolving Stable Dead-end Resistant
Dead-end
Which of the following processes is a cell-based assay for drug screening? A. Designing a viral protease cleavage site in a cellular protein; where the cleavage leads to a loss of function which can be assayed in the presence of an inhibitor to restore function B. Designing a viral protease cleavage site in a peptide attached to a bead and a fluorophore at each terminus of the peptide for the presence or loss of fluorescence depending upon cleavage or absence of cleavage (in presence of inhibitor) in the supernatant following centrifugation C. All of the above/other are cell-based assays for drug screening D. Screening and computer modeling of potential compounds to bind in the active site of a viral protease blocking its function
Designing a viral protease cleavage site in a cellular protein; where the cleavage leads to a loss of function which can be assayed in the presence of an inhibitor to restore function
Which of the following viral emergence was first witnessed in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan in 1976 causing hemorrhagic fever with for than 50% to above 80% mortality?
Ebola
Herd immunity:
Emphasizes that not everyone must be immune to protect a population
A toddler goes to daycare and caught a cold and recovered in a week but surprisingly the very next week he caught another cold. The worried mom took the child to the doctor and after a brief examination, the doctor said that there is nothing to worry about it is just a common cold caused by rhinovirus infection and several cold spells in a single season are not uncommon by this virus and there is no complicacy. Which of the following property of the viruses is illustrated in the above incident? A. Persistence of viruses B. The latency of the viruses C. Evolution of the viruses D. Re-emergence of the viruses
Evolution of the viruses
Which of the following is NOT a property of primary cells in culture A. Need growth factors in the form of serum B. Will not grow if in contact with a neighboring cell C. Grow at least upto 300-500 passages/splits then die D. Anchorage dependent E. Will not grow in a semi-solid media
Grow at least upto 300-500 passages/splits then die
Which of the following viral proteins is of prime importance in all influenza vaccine considerations and developments? A. M2 ion channel B. Nucleocapsid C. M1 matrix protein D. Nucleocapsid and M1 matrix protein E. HA (Hemagglutinin) and NA (Neuraminidase)
HA (Hemagglutinin) and NA (Neuraminidase)
Which of the following is NOT true about the slow kinetics of tumor formation by HTLV (Human T lymphotropic virus)? A. Does not cause cis-activation of local oncogenes B. A viral regulatory protein activates oncogenes by trans-activation C. HTLV carries a recessive v-ONC gene D. All of the above/other are true about HTLV slow tumor formation
HTLV carries a recessive v-ONC gene
Which of the following is NOT a property of transformed cells? A. Loss of contact inhibition B. Colony formation in semi-solid media C. Increased requirements for growth factors D. Immortality E. Loss of anchorage dependence
Increased requirements for growth factors
Induction of which of the following immune responses is NOT crucial for an effective vaccine?
Induction of an immune response
Which of the following property of the virus evolution allow them to escape from the "Muller's ratchet" metaphor despite being constantly mutated in a single direction? A. Infection by a large non-diverse population of a virus B. Infection by a large diverse quasispecies population of a virus C. Infection by a very small population of a virus D. Constant passage of a virus in cell culture and plaque purification
Infection by a large diverse quasispecies population of a virus
How the hantavirus such as Sin Nombre viral infections spread? Inhalation of deer mouse excreta A bite from the woodland rats Consumption of fruits which came in contact with fruit bat urine Bites from the deer ticks
Inhalation of deer mouse excreta
Mutations in which of the following pathway may be "one" of the contributing factors for the development of cancer? A. Cell proliferation pathway B. Mutations in all of the other pathways mentioned can be a contributing factor in cancer? C.Pathways in determining cell fate D. Cell survival pathway E. Pathways to maintain of genome integrity
Mutations in all of the other pathways mentioned can be a contributing factor in cancer?
Which of the following process is NOT used by DNA tumor viruses to transform cells? A. DNA tumor viruses activate p53 for scheduled DNA synthesis B. DNA tumor viruses kick the quiescent cells into the G2 phase to allow cell division C. None of the above/other processes are used by DNA tumor viruses to transform cells D. DNA tumor viruses push the cells through the G2 restriction point
None of the above/other processes are used by DNA tumor viruses to transform cells
A virus integrates its genome in the host DNA, the virus does not contain any oncogene in its proviral DNA. A viral protein acts as a transcriptional activator of cellular IL2 (interleukin 2) and its receptor genes. From the information provided, predict the most likely virus from the following. A. A fast transforming DNA tumor virus. B. An intermediate transforming DNA virus C. A slow transforming DNA virus D. None of the other
None of the other
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of p53 inactivation by retroviruses? A. By promoting ubiquitination, followed by proteasomal degradation of p53 by E6 protein B. None of the other are mechanisms of p53 inactivation by retroviruses C. By sequestering p53 and abolish its DNA binding ability for transcriptional activation by LT (Large T antigen) D. By suppressing p53 mediated transcriptional activation of apoptotic and cell cycle arrest genes by E1B
None of the other are mechanisms of p53 inactivation by retroviruses
Which of the following processes can be targeted by antiviral drugs? A. None of the other can be targeted B. All of the other can be targeted C. Host cell attachments D. Host protein synthesis E. Host mRNA synthesis
None of the other can be targeted
Which of the following results from the Zika virus vaccination? Macular atrophy None of the other can result from a Zika virus vaccination Guillain Barré syndrome Microcephaly Encephalopathy
None of the other can result from a Zika virus vaccination
The ____________________ viruses evolve close to the error threshold whereas ________________ viruses evolve above the error threshold DNA,No RNA, No DNA, RNA RNA, DNA
RNA, no
Chances of mutation in a/an ______________________ virus is more due to the lack of the __________________ ability of the viral _____________________ polymerase RNA, proofreading, RNA DNA, proofreading, DNA RNA, polymerization, RNA DNA, excision, DNA
RNA, proofreading, RNA
Which of the following agents may NOT cause cancer? A. Recombinant retroviruses with a recessive oncogenes B. DNA damaging radiations C. Strong tropical sunlight D. Environmental carcinogens
Recombinant retroviruses with a recessive oncogenes
Drug discovery usually takes 10-15 years but how could the scientists develop anti-HIV drugs so quickly A. Scientists were studying retroviruses for a long time B. There were a lot of studies on persistence infection of herpesvirus C. All of the above/other are true about anti-HIV drug development D. Due to the urgency, the drug developments bypassed clinical trials
Scientists were studying retroviruses for a long time
We have many antibiotics, but fewer antivirals. What is the reason for the difference? A. Robotic screening is slow B. There are few serious viral infections C. Resistance is a problem D. Selective toxicity is a problem E. All of the above
Selective toxicity is a problem
Which of the following is the mode of action of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug Telaprevir? A. Telaprevir inhibits an HCV protease needed for the formation of several individual non-structural proteins from the HCV polyprotein B. Telaprevir blocks the formation of individual non-structural and replication complex HCV proteins by inhibiting HCV NS2 protease C. All of the above/other is the mode of action of Telaprevir D. Replication complex proteins including HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase proteins are not formed due to the inhibitory function of the Telaprevir on HCV NS2 protease
Telaprevir inhibits an HCV protease needed for the formation of several individual non-structural proteins from the HCV polyprotein
Which of the following is NOT true about the new Influenza virus drug Xofluza (Baloxavir)? A. The drug inhibits the endonuclease domain of the viral DNA polymerase needed for mRNA cap snatching B. Viral mRNA translation is blocked without the cellular mRNA 5' caps which is stolen by the viral enzyme that is inhibited by the drug C. All of the other are true about the drug D. The drug works in early-stage (48 hours) of infection in uncomplicated influenza
The drug inhibits the endonuclease domain of the viral DNA polymerase needed for mRNA cap snatching
You have isolated an Avian myeloblastosis virus from a chicken that caused leukemia in an aged bird. You isolated the virus from the chicken blood and sequenced the viral genome. To your surprise, you have found that the viral env region of the genome is replaced by the cellular myb gene from the chicken genome. You were puzzled that how a virus particle could form without the viral env genome portion which was replaced by the cellular myb gene. Which of the following is NOT a logical explanation for the observation A. A normal integrated helper provirus produced all the gene products including the env gene products in the same cells where the defective provirus produced all but the env gene products and helped the defective virus assemble a virus particle B. All of the other are logical explanations for the observations C. The glycoproteins of the defective virus were supplied by a helper virus to form a virus particle even without having the env gene D. The envelope gene is not necessary for a provirus as it can steal the envelope membrane and the glycoproteins from the host cell once it is integrated
The envelope gene is not necessary for a provirus as it can steal the envelope membrane and the glycoproteins from the host cell once it is integrated
Which of the following is NOT involved in the manufacturing process of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by Moderna and Pfizer? A. Both mRNAs contain at least one nucleotide modification like pseudouridine B. The transcribed RNAs from the Spike protein gene DNA template are capped and polyadenylated to form translation ready mature mRNAs C. The in-vitro synthesized mature capped and polyadenylated mRNAs are packaged within phosphoprotein bilayers of protein nanoparticles D. SARS-CoV2 spike protein gene is transcribed in-vitro by bacteriophage T3, T7, or SP6 RNA polymerases
The in-vitro synthesized mature capped and polyadenylated mRNAs are packaged within phosphoprotein bilayers of protein nanoparticles
How can a newborn child remain healthy before the first vaccines are administered and the onset of the well-developed immune system?
The newborn child is protected by passive immunity provided by the mother
Which of the following facts is NOT true about the HBV (hepatitis B virus) vaccine? A. All of the other facts are true about HBV vaccine B. HBsAg proteins are produced in recombinant yeast cells and self assembles into immunogenic incomplete particles C. HBV is a liver cancer vaccine D. The recombinant assembled HBsAg particles pack yeast nucleic acid in them and are replication-competent E. HBV vaccine is a recombinant subunit vaccine
The recombinant assembled HBsAg particles pack yeast nucleic acid in them and are replication-competent
How the scientists could trace the origin of SARS-CoV (Severe acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus)? A. The scientists found SARS coronavirus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and traced it back to the water birds as reservoirs B. The scientists found SARS coronavirus antibodies in the serum of the animal handlers in the Chinese exotic meat market are significantly higher than the control group and subsequent testing of the animals revealed Asian palm civets as reservoirs C. The scientists found SARS coronavirus antibodies in the serum of camel handlers in the middle east and traced it back to the camels D. The scientists found SARS coronavirus antibodies in the serum of the pig handlers in Asian markets and found the virus being transmitted through pigs infected by the bat urine E. The scientists found SARS coronavirus antibodies in the serum of the racehorse handlers in northeastern Australia significantly higher than the control group and subsequent testing of the horses revealed horses are the reservoirs
The scientists found SARS coronavirus antibodies in the serum of the animal handlers in the Chinese exotic meat market are significantly higher than the control group and subsequent testing of the animals revealed Asian palm civets as reservoirs
You constructed a recombinant Adenovirus and plaque purified it three times to isolate a pure clone. But surprisingly you have found that the moi (multiplicity of infection) of the virus stock was reduced by 70% after a couple of maintenance passage of the virus in a HeLa cell line. Which of the following is the most rational justification for the observation?
The triple plaque purified virus without any diversity soon became unfit for replication and suffered from the "mullers ratchet" phenomenon towards an unfit genetic bottleneck
Which of the following is NOT correct about a proto-oncogene? A. Some common ones are Src, Myc, Myb Ras etc. B. There are little more than 60 known proto-oncogenes C. Present in all cells and control cell growth and division D. The v-ONC oncogene is the most potent oncogene compared to any other oncogenes
The v-ONC oncogene is the most potent oncogene compared to any other oncogenes
Which of the following was a drawback of Jonas Salk's inactivated polio vaccine?
The vaccine did not prevent the virus from replicating in the intestinal mucosa and could not stop transmission of the poliovirus
Which of the following statement is NOT true about the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine A. One of the vaccines is produced in recombinant yeast cells B. Secretory antibodies are produced against the vaccine which protects the mucosal membrane of the genitourinary tract, neutralizing any incoming virus C. One of the vaccines is produced in insect cells using baculovirus vectors D. VLPs (virus-like particles) are produced from the HPV L1 capsid protein E. The vaccine is highly effective if administered within 48 hours of unprotected sex
The vaccine is highly effective if administered within 48 hours of unprotected sex
Which of the following is the key to a successful "Inactivated viral vaccine"?
The virus is rendered non-infectious, and the antigenic epitopes were not compromised
Which of the following was one of the initial observations about the DNA tumor viruses? A. They form rapid invasive tumors in their host killing the hosts in a matter of months B. The cottontail rabbits with antlers called "Jackalope" used to get infected with DNA tumor viruses and kill them rapidly C. All of the above/other were observed initially with the DNA tumor viruses D. They form slow and rare tumors in wrong hosts
They form slow and rare tumors in wrong hosts
Which of the following is NOT a process by which RNA tumor viruses transform cells? A. All of the above/other are processes used by RNA tumor viruses to transform cells B. Cis-activation of local endogenous oncogene C. Trans-activation of a viral oncogene by a cellular regulatory protein D. Activation of a dominant oncogene
Trans-activation of a viral oncogene by a cellular regulatory protein
Which of the following is a benefit of a vaccine beyond an individual to whom it is given? A. Vaccination breaks the chain of the viral transmission helping the spread of the disease in the population B. Vaccination make your children immune as well C. Vaccination helps to protect the medical personnel D. Vaccination helps you to attend school without complications E. Vaccination helps you to buy cheaper medical insurance for you and your family
Vaccination breaks the chain of the viral transmission helping the spread of the disease in the population
Which of the following is proven to be the best defense against acute viral diseases A. Vaccines B. Natural immunity C. Passive immunity D. Prophylactic antibiotics E. None of the other
Vaccines
Cancer or tumor formation is an epiphenomenon exhibited by a number of DNA and RNA tumor viruses. Which of the following is the only known exception? A. Murine sarcoma virus B. Avian sarcoma virus C. Walleye dermal sarcoma virus D. Rous sarcoma virus
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus
Which of the following properties are NOT associated with emerging viruses?
When a host dies due to an emerging virus, it is called dead-end viral infection
Which of the following requirement/s is/are needed if you wish to have a smallpox vaccine at present?
You are in the military and going for deployment in a war zone
When a virus vectored vaccine is engineered with a surface protein/glycoprotein of a different virus; what is the recombinant virus called?
a pseudotyped virus
Which of the following facts is/are true about the Hendra virus?
all of the above
Which of the following is a category of anti-HIV drugs?
all of the above
What are some requirements for an effective vaccine?
all of the above -minimal side effects -long term immunity -easily administered -cost effective
Which statement about inactivated viral vaccines is NOT true? A. They can be dangerous if inactivation is not complete B. All answer choices are true C. They do not replicate D. Antigenic variation can make them ineffective E. Chemicals can be used to inactivate infectivity
all of the answer choices are true
A virus integrates its genome in the host DNA, the virus does not contain any oncogene in its proviral DNA. A viral protein acts as a transcriptional activator of cellular IL2 (interleukin 2) and its receptor genes. From the information provided, predict the most likely virus from the following. A. A slow transforming RNA virus B. all of the other C. An RNA tumor virus D. a retrovirus
all of the other
Once a potential drug candidate has been identified which of the following studies needed to be done in animal models? A. Toxicity and specificity B. All of the other must be done in animal models C. Bioavailability D. Pharmacokinetics
all of the other
T (Tumor) antigens are: A. Encoded by viral genes that are essential for replication B. Antagonists of cell cycle checkpoint proteins C. Present in tumors and transformed cells D. All of the other E. Encoded by viral genes that have been incorporated into the cell genome
all of the other
Which of the following is a prodrug? A. zidothymidine (AZT) B. All of the other are prodrugs C. Valacyclovir D. Acyclovir
all of the other
Which of the following statements is NOT true about Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)? A. The drug mimics the influenza virus A receptor B. The drug works during the exit/budding of the influenza A virus from a cell rather than entry C. All of the others are true about Tamiflu D. The drug bind to the active site of neuraminidase blocking the cleavage of sialic acid E. The drug mimics the sialic acid
all of the other
Which of the following is NOT true about the inactivated influenza vaccine? A. The influenza virus envelope proteins change each year; as the new strains are selected in the first few months for manufacturing a late significant mutation (antigenic shift) in the HA/NA epitope can make the vaccine less effective B. The influenza vaccines are manufactured in cell cultures now but previously chicken eggs were used C. The vaccines (inactivated or attenuated) are tetravalent with two Influenza A and two Influenza B viral strains and without any Influenza C or D type virus D. All of the other are true about the inactivated influenza vaccine E. The vaccines use reassortants with most RNA segments from high yielding strain and HA and NA from other selected strains prevalent in the year of manufacturing
all of the other are true
Which of the following process can't be targeted by antiviral drugs? A. Viral mRNA synthesis B. All of the other can be targeted by antiviral drugs C. Viral attachment D. Viral assembly E. Penetration and uncoating
all of the other can be
Which of the following statements is correct about Edward Jenner's Cowpox vaccination?
all of the others
Which of the following animal rationally takes the blame for many deadly emerging viral infections?
bats
The SARS-CoV-2 originated in _____________________ and transmitted to the human via __________________ intermediate hosts.
bats; unknown
Antiviral drug discovery by testing random natural products and/or soil samples etc. is known as ____________________ .
blind screening
Viral virulence is a positive or a negative trait?
both
What kind of host-viral interaction is observed when a virus jumps from a group of "experienced hosts" to "naïve hosts" causing an emergence of a viral disease? Resistant Evolving Stable Dead-end
evolving
You conducted an experiment by adding 5-azacytidine in the BHK (baby hamster kidney) cell culture media followed by infection of the cell by a virus. After analyzing the virus post-reproduction you found the mutation rate per genome increased about 2 to 3 fold compared to the control experiment. Predict which of the following virus was used to infect the cells using your best rationale.
influenza virus
Which of the following is the vector for the "heartland viral disease" caused by a phlebovirus of bunyaviridae family? Deer ticks Lone star tick House flies Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
lone star tick
Pfizer's SARS-CoV2 antiviral Paxlovid inhibits viral _________________________ which is essential for cleaving the _______________ through _________________ proteins of the viral polyprotein 1a/a1b. A. NS3 protease, NS5, NS16 B. main protease 3CL, NS1, NS16 C. main protease 3CL, NS5, NS16 D. main protease, RNA dependent RNA Polymerase, Nucleocapsid Protein
main protease 3CL, NS5, NS16
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Amantadine in treating the influenza virus? A. Blocking the means of viral core acidification of the Influenza B virus inhibits the membrane fusion and release of nucleocapsids B. None of the other is the mechanism of action of Amantadine C. Blocking Influenza B virus M2 ion channel protein function D. Blocking the entry of protons via Influenza B virus channel protein inhibits the membrane fusion and release of nucleocapsids E. All of the others explain the mechanism of action of Amantadine
none of the above
Which of the following process can be targeted by antiviral drugs A. Host mRNA synthesis B. None of the other can be targeted C. Host cell attachments D. All of the other can be targeted E. Host protein synthesis
none of the other
Which of the following allows Rous sarcoma virus to transform cells? A. Presence of LTRs B. Presence of a pol gene C. Presence of a src gene D. Presence of the env gene E. None of the other
presence of a src gene
An HIV patient was given AZT (azido-deoxythymidine) which stopped working after a month. The physician assumed that a mutation in the viral __________________________ gene is probably causing the resistance and prescribed a drug with three viral inhibitors known as ________________________________ treatment to minimize possible resistance A. integrase, HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) B. reverse transcriptase, HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) C. reverse transcriptase, "acyclovir-ribavirin-foscarnet" D. protease, HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) E. protease, "acyclovir-ribavirin-foscarnet"
reverse transcriptase, HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)