Vocab v44

microcredentials

digital certifications and other verifications of knowledge Micro-credentials are a competency-based digital form of certification. They can be issued for formal and informal professional learning experiences that support educators developing skills and acquiring knowledge to improve professional practice that supports student success. possibly will compete with college degrees since all human knowledge is accessible at fingertips nowadays

quietus

death or something that causes death, regarded as a release from life Use the noun quietus to mean death, especially when it's seen as a relief.

abortifacient

drug that causes abortion something that causes abortion

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen due to accumulation of infectious microorganisms

can the protagonist be the antagonist?

i say yes but google says no. the protagonist is just the main character. antagonist means they oppose someone else. so just make the protagonist be a big a-hole and you're good to go.

ACHIP

"accelerator on a chip" We are an international collaboration that includes world-renowned experts in accelerator physics, laser physics, nanophotonics and nanofabrication.

a cold day in hell

(n.) An event that will never happen. See synonym when pigs fly. It'll be a cold day in hell before I return her calls. by Gumba Gumba May 29, 2004

Sphere of influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

why would a strangelet convert everything into strange matter?

Because collision with a single strangelet would convert a neutron star to strange matter, all but a few of the most recently formed neutron stars should by now have already been converted to strange matter.

how much stronger is the strong force compared to the weak force

As its name suggests, the strong force is the strongest—it's 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force (which binds electrons into atoms), 10,000 times stronger than the weak force (which governs radioactive decay), and a hundred million million million million million million (1039) times stronger than gravity.

red blood cells don't have a nucleus

As red blood cells contain no nucleus, protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells. Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA, and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities. Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow called hemocytoblasts give rise to all of the formed elements in blood. If a hemocytoblast commits to becoming a cell called a proerythroblast, it will develop into a new red blood cell

Chromaticity

Chromaticity is an objective specification of the quality of a color regardless of its luminance. Chromaticity consists of two independent parameters, often specified as hue and colorfulness, where the latter is alternatively called saturation, chroma, intensity, or excitation purity. the quality of color, independent of brightness.

What Is Delta in stocks?

Delta is the ratio that compares the change in the price of an asset, usually marketable security, to the corresponding change in the price of its derivative. For example, if a stock option has a delta value of 0.65, this means that if the underlying stock increases in price by $1 per share, the option on it will rise by $0.65 per share, all else being equal.

c3 protein

Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system. It plays a central role in the complement system and contributes to innate immunity. In humans it is encoded on chromosome 19 by a gene called C3.

What exactly are "de jure" and "de facto" states?

De jure means from law, de facto means from fact, in the context of states it mostly means whether the UN says they are a state. De jure means that you say the state legally exists, regardless of what the real practical context is on the ground, whereas a de facto state is one that may or may not legally exist, but for all practical purposes it does. For example, if ISIS was to actually form a country, with borders, guards, a government etc. it may not be recognised as a state formally by its neighbours (i.e it wont be a de jure state) but it may be a de facto state as it does everything a state usually does.

atari et game flopped

E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial for the Atari 2600 was a commercial flop and a gaming disaster. ... Millions of copies went unsold, and Atari ended up literally burying the game by dumping many surplus cartridges into a New Mexico landfill.

endocytosis

Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

ethnomycology

Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology.

memoranda

an informal message, especially one sent between two or more employees of the same company, concerning company business a written proposal or reminder

Flocculation

Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process in which colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. In the flocculated system, there is no formation of a cake, since all the flocs are in the suspension. Coagulation and flocculation are important processes in water treatment with coagulation to destabilize particles through chemical reaction between coagulant and colloids, and flocculation to transport the destabilized particles that will cause collisions with floc. a substance which promotes the clumping of particles, especially one used in treating wastewater.

focal dystonia

Focal dystonia is a rare condition, which people sometimes refer to as "the yips." It is a neurological disorder that involves involuntary spasms in small muscles in the body. It can result from overuse or repetitive stress and tends to affect musicians and golfers. e.g loss of control and degradation of skilled hand movements

Rhizome

In botany and dendrology, a rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards. a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals.

fructification

Fructification is the process of growing fruit. During fructification, a pear tree will first grow fragrant blossoms before they develop into delicious pears.

magnetic check valve

check valve placed on discharge line found at MVHS with Dave.

mean motion resonance

In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly this relationship is found for a pair of objects.

what is helium 3 used for?

Helium-3 (He3) is gas that has the potential to be used as a fuel in future nuclear fusion power plants. There is very little helium-3 available on the Earth. However, there are thought to be significant supplies on the Moon. Several governments have subsequently signalled their intention to go to the Moon to mine helium-3 as a fuel supply. Such plans may come to fruition within the next two to three decades and trigger a new Space Race.

beta plus vs beta minus decay

In beta minus (β−) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β+) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β+ decay is also known as positron emission.

Would abortion be legal if artificial wombs were created?

I would say it's illegal due to the fact that conception in now in complete control of the company with the device.

Japetus

Iapetus, or occasionally Japetus, is the third-largest natural satellite of Saturn, eleventh-largest in the Solar System, and the largest body in the Solar System known not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium Iapetus comes from the name of a Greek Titan, following along in the tradition of calling Saturn's moons after the Titans. The surface of Iapetus is heavily cratered, with large impact basins up to 580 kilometres across. Surface darkening on Iapetus comes from organic materials left behind as ice in the warmer Cassini Region region sublimates. The dark patches seem to be made of organic materials similar to those found in early meteorites or comets. There is also a suggestion that some material may have come from outside Iapetus.

what happens when charged particles move?

If a charged particles moves, it creates a magnetic field. Unlike the electric field, the force lines are directed at right angles to the direction of motion.

how many moons fit in the earth?

If the moon were to be powdered and many of them made into an Earth-sized sphere, then material from about 48 of them would fit.

yiddish

Jewish language a language used by Jews in central and eastern Europe before the Holocaust. It was originally a German dialect with words from Hebrew and several modern languages and is today spoken mainly in the US, Israel, and Russia.

Lattice-based cryptography

Lattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself or in the security proof. Lattice-based constructions are currently important candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems, which are easily attacked by a quantum computer, some lattice-based constructions appear to be resistant to attack by both classical and quantum computers. Furthermore, many lattice-based constructions are considered to be secure under the assumption that certain well-studied computational lattice problems cannot be solved efficiently.

magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are gram-negative bacteria that build specialized organelles called magnetosomes to store magnetic material. These magnetosomes are composed of a lipid membrane and crystalline magnetic mineral in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) Magnetotactic bacteria are a polyphyletic group of bacteria that orient themselves along the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetic field Found on mars?: A stone of similar size from Earth would contain many bacteria. In addition, since magnetotactic bacteria require low levels of oxygen, this finding indicates that photosynthetic organisms, the source of oxygen in the atmosphere, must have been present and active on Mars 3.9 billion years ago. An international team of researchers has discovered compelling evidence that the magnetite crystals in the martian meteorite ALH84001 are of biological origin. https://mars.nasa.gov/news/406/scientists-find-evidence-of-ancient-microbial-life-on-mars/

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is primarily released by the pineal gland. As a supplement, it is often used for the short-term treatment of trouble sleeping such as from jet lag or shift work. Evidence of benefit, however, is unclear.

Jesuit

Member of the Society of Jesus The Society of Jesus is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations.

What makes ATP?

Most of the ATP in cells is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase, which converts ADP and phosphate to ATP. ATP synthase is located in the membrane of cellular structures called mitochondria; in plant cells, the enzyme also is found in chloroplasts.

NHTSA

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the federal agency dedicated to achieving the highest standards of excellence in motor vehicle and highway safety

Can one have a brain surgery without anaesthesia?

No. Though brain doesn't have pain receptors, the overlying skin, soft tissue, periosteum and dura have pain receptors. So, we need either GA or IV sedation plus local anesthesia when these layers are cut open at the start of surgery or while closing them. There is a term, awake brain surgery, which is usually carried out with LA plus IVS, and the patient is awake when brain structures are intervened. While opening and closing he would be sedated with local anesthesia given to skin and soft tissues. Awake brain surgery, also called awake craniotomy, is a type of procedure performed on the brain while you are awake and alert. Awake brain surgery is used to treat some brain (neurological) conditions, including some brain tumors or epileptic seizures

what is a phd defense?

Once students submit their theses papers to the thesis committee, they will be assigned a date to defend their work. ... Rather, the thesis defense is designed so that faculty members can ask questions and make sure that students actually understand their field and focus area.

what is the range of the weak force

One of the four fundamental forces, the weak interaction involves the exchange of the intermediate vector bosons, the W and the Z. Since the mass of these particles is on the order of 80 GeV, the uncertainty principle dictates a range of about 10^-18 meters which is about 0.1% of the diameter of a proton.

racketeering

Organized illegal activities by gangsters dishonest and fraudulent business dealings Racketeering refers to crimes committed through extortion or coercion. A racketeer attempts to obtain money or property from another person, usually through intimidation or force. The term is typically associated with organized crime.

Osteophagy

Osteophagy is the practice in which animals, usually herbivores, consume bones. Most vegetation around the world lacks sufficient amounts of phosphate. Phosphorus is an essential mineral for all animals, as it plays a major role in the formation of the skeletal system, and is necessary for many biological processes including: energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cell signaling, and lactation.[2] Phosphate deficiencies can cause physiological side effects, especially pertaining to the reproductive system,[1] as well as side effects of delayed growth and failure to regenerate new bone.[2] The importance of having sufficient amounts of phosphorus further resides in the physiological importance of maintaining a proper phosphorus to calcium ratio. Having a Ca:P ratio of 2:1 is important for the absorption of these minerals, as deviations from this optimal ratio can inhibit their absorption.[3] Dietary calcium and phosphorus ratio, along with vitamin D, regulates bone mineralization and turnover by affecting calcium and phosphorus transport and absorption in the intestine.[4]

Phosphate

PO4 3- In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H ₃PO ₄. The phosphate or orthophosphate ion [PO ₄]³⁻ is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H⁺ .

what makes something polar or nonpolar?

Polar molecules occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equally between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. In a multicellular organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris.

mars moons

Phobos and Deimos

fat man atomic bomb

Physicists signed names on the back and wrote notes.

Planck's law

Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T, when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. At the end of the 19th century, physicists were unable to explain why the observed spectrum of black body radiation, which by then had been accurately measured, diverged significantly at higher frequencies from that predicted by existing theories. In 1900, Max Planck heuristically derived a formula for the observed spectrum by assuming that a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black-body radiation could only change its energy in a minimal increment, E, that was proportional to the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave. This resolved the problem of the ultraviolet catastrophe predicted by classical physics. This discovery was a pioneering insight of modern physics and is of fundamental importance to quantum theory.

where do plaques come from to clog arteries?

Plaque forms when cholesterol lodges in the wall of the artery. To fight back, the body sends white blood cells to trap the cholesterol, which then turn into foamy cells that ooze more fat and cause more inflammation. That triggers muscle cells in the artery wall to multiply and form a cap over the area Atherosclerosis (sometimes called "hardening" or "clogging" of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function.

Radiative cooling

Radiative cooling[1] is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation. As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation. Infrared radiation can pass through dry, clear air in the wavelength range of 8-13 µm. Materials that can absorb energy and radiate it in those wavelengths exhibit a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 µm range can exhibit cooling even in direct sunlight.[2]

rasta

Rastafari, also known as Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion A Rastafarian is a member of a Jamaican religious group which considers Haile Selassie, the former Emperor of Ethiopia, to be God. Rastafarians often have long hair which they wear in a hairstyle called dreadlocks. ... Rastafarian is used to describe Rastafarians and their beliefs and lifestyle.

Sea angel

Sea angels are a large group of extremely small, swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians, classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade Gymnosomata within the larger mollusc clade Heterobranchia. Sea angels were previously referred to as a type of pteropod The sea angel is actually translucent and shell-less. It does not grow more than 5 cm (2 inches) in length. The projections found on top of the angel's head are actually its sensory organs

ancient forms of glue

Some other glue types that were invented in Greece and Rome was mortar (mix of lime, volcanic ash and sand), Egg-based adhesive pastes, fish-based glues and very important tar-based glue that was extensively used as sealant of wooden plants on boats and ships. The traditional glue was hide glue, which was basically gelatin extracted from waste animal parts like hooves and bones. It was melted in a glue pot, brushed on, and allowed to cool. It was the original "hot melt" glue. It had, of course, no water resistance at all - think Jello. Another popular natural glue is casein, which is a protein extracted from milk whey, and was known to the ancient Egyptians. It is precipitated from milk by any weak acid, filtered out and dried. To use it, mix it with lime and a little caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to a stiff paste and paint it on. Over a period of a day or two it reacts with the lime to form calcium caseinate, a hard solid, resistant to both heat and moisture in the short term. It's most suitable for gluing wood. However, since chemically it more or less consists of cheese, it doesn't hold up well to prolonged moisture.

Paschen series

Spectral lines in the infrared Paschen series are the series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states.

microbiome

The microbiome is the genetic material of all the microbes - bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses - that live on and inside the human body. The number of genes in all the microbes in one person's microbiome is 200 times the number of genes in the human genome. The microbiome may weigh as much as five pounds.

how much smaller is the nucleus than the atom

The nucleus is very small compared to the atom as a whole: as electrons are even smaller, most of an atom is empty space. the diameter of a nucleus can be 10,000 - 100,000 times less than the diameter of an atom.

secretary of state

The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State. The secretary of state's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy, and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government's minister of foreign affairs.

the enuma elish

The Babylonian creation myth The Enûma Eliš, is the Babylonian creation myth. It was recovered by Austen Henry Layard in 1849 in the ruined Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. A form of the myth was first published by George Smith in 1876; active research and further excavations led to near completion of the texts, and improved translation.

Saha ionization equation

The Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure. The equation is a result of combining ideas of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics and is used to explain the spectral classification of stars. The expression was developed by Meghnad Saha in 1920.

the human condition

The human condition is the characteristics, key events, and situations which compose the essentials of human existence, such as birth, growth, emotionality, aspiration, conflict, and mortality.

how do fish survive in the high pressure of the deep sea?

These animals have evolved to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones. The pressure increases by about one bar every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as swim bladders. Fish living closer to the surface of the ocean may have a swim bladder - that's a large organ with air in it, which helps them float up or sink down in the water. Deep sea fish don't have these air sacs in their bodies, which means they don't get crushed. Most creatures have to depend on food floating down from above.

saturns moons

Titan Enceladus Mimas Tethys Dione Iapetus Rhea Hyperion

castrate

To remove the testicles or destroy their use. lop da balls off

shantytown

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Uranyl nitrate

Uranyl nitrate is a water soluble yellow uranium salt. The yellow-green crystals of dioxouranium nitrate hexahydrate are triboluminescent. Uranyl nitrate can be prepared by reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid. It is soluble in water, ethanol, acetone, and ether, but not in benzene, toluene, or chloroform. used to make uranium glass (glass that turns green under UV light)

gamer commode

having a gaming chair with a toilet under it (more like a 5 gallon pail)

Thermodynamic equilibrium

When there are no net flows of matter or energy to or away from a system and no net changes in the matter and energy in that system. In thermodynamic equilibrium there are no net macroscopic flows of matter or of energy, either within a system or between systems.

homeomorphic

When you deform something and change it into different shapes without removing mass. In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism, topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function is a continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. a function that is a one-to-one mapping between sets such that both the function and its inverse are continuous and that in topology exists for geometric figures which can be transformed one into the other by an elastic deformation.

X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography (XRC) is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information. Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic, and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the primary method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases. In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is illuminated with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different orientations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup. X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure. For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample such as plasmons, crystal-field and orbital excitations, magnons, and phonons, rather than the distribution of its atoms.

If I'm floating in space and I turn on a flashlight, will I accelerate?

Yes. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/112866/if-im-floating-in-space-and-i-turn-on-a-flashlight-will-i-accelerate

tuchus

Yiddish for "buttocks" a slang term for butt or rear end Yiddish = jewish language

how to find the age of a turtle?

You want to count rings on the turtle's scutes to help determine age. The scutes are the scales that cover the turtle's shell. Keep in mind, this method only gives you a very rough estimate, as rings often develop in periods of feast and famine for turtles.

amalgam

a combination of diverse elements; a mixture; blend an alloy of mercury with another metal, especially one used for dental fillings.

red mist

a feeling of extreme anger that clouds one's judgment temporarily.

dogmatist

a person who asserts his or her opinions in an unduly positive or arrogant manner a stubborn person of arbitrary or arrogant opinions

aquaponics

a system of aquaculture in which the waste produced by farmed fish or other aquatic animals supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in turn purify the water. Aquaponics refers to any system that combines conventional aquaculture with hydroponics in a symbiotic environment. In normal aquaculture, excretions from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity.

Hydroponics

a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, which is a method of growing plants without soil by instead using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent.

blockbuster

a thing of great power or size, in particular a movie, book, or other product that is a great commercial success.

nympho

a woman with very strong sexual desires.

Tetanus

a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms.[1] In the most common type, the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body.[1] Each spasm usually lasts a few minutes and spasms occur frequently for three to four weeks.[1] Spasms may be severe enough to cause bone fractures.[6] Other symptoms of tetanus may include fever, sweating, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate.[1][6] Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty-one days following infection.[1] Recovery may take months.[1] About ten percent of cases prove fatal. Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani,[1] which is commonly found in soil, saliva, dust, and manure.[2] The bacteria generally enter through a break in the skin such as a cut or puncture wound by a contaminated object.[2] They produce toxins that interfere with normal muscle contractions.[3] Diagnosis is based on the presenting signs and symptoms.[1] The disease does not spread between people.[1] Tetanus occurs in all parts of the world but is most frequent in hot and wet climates where the soil contains a lot of organic matter.[1] In 2015 there were about 209,000 infections and about 59,000 deaths globally.[4][5] This is down from 356,000 deaths in 1990.[7] In the US there are about 30 cases per year, almost all of which have not been vaccinated.[8] An early description of the disease was made by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.[1] The cause of the disease was determined in 1884 by Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone at the University of Turin, and a vaccine was developed in 1924. Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. Although rust itself does not cause tetanus, objects that accumulate rust are often found outdoors or in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria. Additionally, the rough surface of rusty metal provides a habitat for C. tetani, while a nail affords a means to puncture skin and deliver endospores deep within the body at the site of the wound.[24] An endospore is a non-metabolizing survival structure that begins to metabolize and cause infection once in an adequate environment. Hence, stepping on a nail (rusty or not) may result in a tetanus infection, as the low-oxygen (anaerobic) environment may exist under the skin, and the puncturing object can deliver endospores to a suitable environment for growth.[25] It is a common misconception that rust itself is the cause and that a puncture from a rust-free nail is not a risk.[26][27]

cytokines

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells. Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides, and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents

Golden ratio

approximately 1.618 and is believed to be aesthetically pleasing in art and architecture

Myeloid Stem Cells

give rise to red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets They are derived from Hematopoietic stem cells. They differentiate into Erythrocyte progenitor cell (forms erythrocytes), Thrombocyte progenitor cell (forms platelets) and Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor cell (forms monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells).

Planck constant

h = 6.6260693x10(-34) s The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted as h, is a physical constant that is the quantum of electromagnetic action, which relates the energy carried by a photon to its frequency. A photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant. The Planck constant is of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics, and in metrology it is the basis for the definition of the kilogram.

maniacally

like a maniac in a crazy or overexcited manner

Oarfish

longest bony fish alive, rarely seen, swims vertically , (sea monster) Oarfish are large, greatly elongated, pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae. Found in all temperate to tropical oceans yet rarely seen, the oarfish family contains three species in two genera. One of these, the giant oarfish, is the longest bony fish alive, growing up to 11 m in length. The oarfish is the world's longest bony fish. Giant oarfish tastes like gelatinous goo. Giant oarfish eat tiny plankton and aren't dangerous. Oarfish lack scales. Oarfish have been said to forecast earthquakes.

polyhedral

many-sided

Post-quantum cryptography

refers to cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer. As of 2019, this is not true for the most popular public-key algorithms, which can be efficiently broken by a sufficiently strong quantum computer. The problem with currently popular algorithms is that their security relies on one of three hard mathematical problems: the integer factorization problem, the discrete logarithm problem or the elliptic-curve discrete logarithm problem. All of these problems can be easily solved on a sufficiently powerful quantum computer running Shor's algorithm. Even though current, publicly known, experimental quantum computers lack processing power to break any real cryptographic algorithm,[3] many cryptographers are designing new algorithms to prepare for a time when quantum computing becomes a threat. This work has gained greater attention from academics and industry through the PQCrypto conference series since 2006 and more recently by several workshops on Quantum Safe Cryptography hosted by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Institute for Quantum Computing. In contrast to the threat quantum computing poses to current public-key algorithms, most current symmetric cryptographic algorithms and hash functions are considered to be relatively secure against attacks by quantum computers. While the quantum Grover's algorithm does speed up attacks against symmetric ciphers, doubling the key size can effectively block these attacks.[8] Thus post-quantum symmetric cryptography does not need to differ significantly from current symmetric cryptography. See section on symmetric-key approach below.

thermonuclear

relating to or using nuclear reactions that occur only at very high temperatures. A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb, is a second-generation nuclear weapon design. Its greater sophistication affords it vastly greater destructive power than first-generation atomic bombs, a more compact size, a lower mass or a combination of these benefits.

Technical analysis

research on recurrent and predictable stock price patterns and on proxies for buy or sell pressure in the market In finance, technical analysis is an analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume

quasi-

seemingly; apparently but not really. "quasi-American"

jackson pollock

splatter paint man

what does ss on boats stand for

steamship, indicating that the ship runs on steam propulsion

Dendrology

study of trees Dendrology or xylology is the science and study of wooded plants, specifically, their taxonomic classifications.

Quantization

the concept that energy can occur only in discrete units called quanta In physics, quantization is the process of transition from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics. This is a generalization of the procedure for building quantum mechanics from classical mechanics.

bow tiller

used to balance a bow

painstakingly

with extreme care and in great detail When you do something extremely carefully, you do it painstakingly. Your grandmother is going to love that quilt you worked on so painstakingly, sewing each individual stitch by hand.

dead in the water

without any chance for success unable to function effectively. "the economy is dead in the water"

alliterative

having the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable

What Are the Greeks? (finance)

"Greeks" is a term used in the options market to describe the different dimensions of risk involved in taking an options position. These variables are called Greeks because they are typically associated with Greek symbols. Each risk variable is a result of an imperfect assumption or relationship of the option with another underlying variable. Traders use different Greek values, such as delta, theta, and others, to assess options risk and manage option portfolios. Delta (Δ) represents the rate of change between the option's price and a $1 change in the underlying asset's price. In other words, the price sensitivity of the option relative to the underlying. Delta of a call option has a range between zero and one, while the delta of a put option has a range between zero and negative one. For example, assume an investor is long a call option with a delta of 0.50. Therefore, if the underlying stock increases by $1, the option's price would theoretically increase by 50 cents. Theta (Θ) represents the rate of change between the option price and time, or time sensitivity - sometimes known as an option's time decay. Theta indicates the amount an option's price would decrease as the time to expiration decreases, all else equal. For example, assume an investor is long an option with a theta of -0.50. The option's price would decrease by 50 cents every day that passes, all else being equal. Gamma (Γ) represents the rate of change between an option's delta and the underlying asset's price. This is called second-order (second-derivative) price sensitivity. Gamma indicates the amount the delta would change given a $1 move in the underlying security. For example, assume an investor is long one call option on hypothetical stock XYZ. The call option has a delta of 0.50 and a gamma of 0.10. Therefore, if stock XYZ increases or decreases by $1, the call option's delta would increase or decrease by 0.10. Vega (v) represents the rate of change between an option's value and the underlying asset's implied volatility. This is the option's sensitivity to volatility. Vega indicates the amount an option's price changes given a 1% change in implied volatility. For example, an option with a Vega of 0.10 indicates the option's value is expected to change by 10 cents if the implied volatility changes by 1%. Rho (p) represents the rate of change between an option's value and a 1% change in the interest rate. This measures sensitivity to the interest rate. For example, assume a call option has a rho of 0.05 and a price of $1.25. If interest rates rise by 1%, the value of the call option would increase to $1.30, all else being equal. The opposite is true for put options. Rho is greatest for at-the-money options with long times until expiration.

ellipses grammar

... An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) is a punctuation mark consisting of three dots. Use an ellipsis when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage. Ellipses save space or remove material that is less relevant. ... Some writers and editors feel that no spaces are necessary.

"Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keep learning stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young." —Henry Ford

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"During times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act."

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"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" -Evelyn Beatrice Hall

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"Now I'm a scientific expert; that means I know nothing about absolutely everything."

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"You don't want to be rich, you just want the freedom to live your life your way without becoming shallow and miserable"

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Above all, man would learn the secrets of the universe not piecemeal, painfully by trial and fatal error, but by a sudden, wonderful illumination from within.

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I prefer to die standing than living on my knees.

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Once memory evolved: Now the knowledge of one generation could be handed on to the next, so that each age could profit from those that had gone before.

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The only dumb question is the one you chose not to ask.

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There is no substitute for hard work.

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This was not art for art's sake, but art for the sake of sanity.

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Tidal forces keep moons warm kind of like kneading dough. Gravitationally induced friction.

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Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent.

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why does sugar water not conduct electricity?

1 do you mean to ask why pure sugar doesn't conduct electricity? Then the answer is: the molecules that make up sugar connect slightly via hydrogen bonds, all electrons are bound within each molecule, there will be no exchange of electrons between molecules, hence (macro) electricity can't pass through solid sugar. 2 do you mean to ask if a solution doesn't conduct electricity? Then the answer is: when dissolving sugar in water, the sugar molecules stay intact. The dissolution takes place via hydrogen bonds being made between the sugar molecules -OH groups and the water molecules. In this process no covalent bonds are broken, just new hydrogen bonds are formed. Since sugar molecules don't pass electrons to each other, and neither will water molecules, nor will the sugar molecules dissociate into ions, the solution will not conduct electricity. The fact that sugar molecules are made of Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen has nothing to do with conductivity, because pure carbon in the form of graphite conducts very well, and a solution of methanoic acid (H2CO2) conducts electricity, just as a solution of acetic acid (H4C2O2).

fermi unit

1 femtometer The metric unit prefix femto means one quadrillionth, or one (1) with fourteen (14) nulls in front of it, i.e. 0.000,000,000,000,001 or 1×10-15. That makes one femtometer (and one fermi) equal to one quadrillionth of a meter.

Boltzmann constant

1.38*10^-23 J/K The Boltzmann constant (kB or k), named after its discoverer, Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant that relates the average relative kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas.[3] It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin and the gas constant, and in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula. The Boltzmann constant has the dimension energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy.

ev to kelvin

1eV = 11600 Kelvin (1eV ≈10⁴K) The conversion factor is 11606, in the sense that 1 eV corresponds to 11606 K and 1 keV corresponds to 11.6 million degrees Kelvin. Energy and temperature are related by Boltzmann's constant: E = kT.

call vs put option

A call option gives the holder the right to buy a stock and a put option gives the holder the right to sell a stock.

OTM Stock

A call option is considered Out Of The Money ( OTM ) when the call option's strike price is higher than the prevailing market price of the underlying stock. It confers you the right to buy the underlying stock at a HIGHER price than the prevailing stock price and hence it has no intrinsic value. Out of the money (OTM) is a term used to describe an option contract that only contains intrinsic value. These options will have a delta less than 50.0. An OTM call option will have a strike price that is higher than the market price of the underlying asset. Alternatively an OTM put option has a strike price that is lower than the market price of the underlying asset. OTM options may be contrasted with in the money (ITM) options.

Does processed milk cause multiple sclerosis flare up?

A couple of cross-sectional epidemiological studies from 1976 (2) and 1992 (3) that compared MS prevalence and dairy product consumption. The second one looked across 29 populations in 27 countries and suggested MS progression could be influenced by factors in liquid cow's milk but not in processed milk. The story then appeared to lie dormant for the next several years until revived by a 2000 rat EAE (Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - Wikipedia) model study (4). This study mechanistically showed Butyrophilin - Wikipedia, a milk fat globule membrane protein expressed only by the lactating mammary gland, Could stimulate MOG (Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein - Wikipedia) -specific T cell - Wikipedia in vitro. MOG is a purported target of immune attack in MS.

What Is a Derivative? (finance)

A derivative is a financial security with a value that is reliant upon or derived from, an underlying asset or group of assets—a benchmark. The derivative itself is a contract between two or more parties, and the derivative derives its price from fluctuations in the underlying asset. The most common underlying assets for derivatives are stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and market indexes. These assets are commonly purchased through brokerages.

What Is an Option?

A distinct contract in which the offeree gives consideration in exchange for the offeror's promise to keep the offer open. Options are financial instruments that are derivatives based on the value of underlying securities such as stocks. An options contract offers the buyer the opportunity to buy or sell—depending on the type of contract they hold—the underlying asset. Unlike futures, the holder is not required to buy or sell the asset if they choose not to. Call options allow the holder to buy the asset at a stated price within a specific timeframe. Put options allow the holder to sell the asset at a stated price within a specific timeframe. Each option contract will have a specific expiration date by which the holder must exercise their option. The stated price on an option is known as the strike price. Options are typically bought and sold through online or retail brokers.

grand jury

A grand jury is a jury - a group of citizens - empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a person to testify a jury, typically of twenty-three people, selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial. Although grand juries and trial juries are both made up of average people who were called for jury duty, they serve entirely different purposes. A grand jury helps determine whether charges should be brought against a suspect, while a trial jury renders a verdict at the criminal trial itself.

Complement system

A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. It is part of the innate immune system,[1] which is not adaptable and does not change during an individual's lifetime. The complement system can, however, be recruited and brought into action by antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system. The complement system consists of a number of small proteins that are synthesized by the liver, and circulate in the blood as inactive precursors. When stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases in the system cleave specific proteins to release cytokines and initiate an amplifying cascade of further cleavages. The end result of this complement activation or complement fixation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, inflammation to attract additional phagocytes, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex. Over 30 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, and cell membrane receptors. They account for about 10% of the globulin fraction of blood serum. Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway.[2]

scute

A horny, chitinous, or bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle or the underside of a snake a thickened horny or bony plate on a turtle's shell or on the back of a crocodile, stegosaurus, etc.

Quark star

A hypothetical type of star, even more dense than a neutron star, in which the neutrons lose their individual identities and matter exists as a sea of quarks. Some massive stars collapse to form neutron stars at the end of their life cycle, as has been both observed and explained theoretically. Under the extreme temperatures and pressures inside neutron stars, the neutrons are normally kept apart by a degeneracy pressure, stabilizing the star and hindering further gravitational collapse. However, it is hypothesized that under even more extreme temperature and pressure, the degeneracy pressure of the neutrons is overcome, and the neutrons are forced to merge and dissolve into their constituent quarks, creating an ultra-dense phase of quark matter based on densely packed quarks. In this state, a new equilibrium is supposed to emerge, as a new degeneracy pressure between the quarks, as well as repulsive electromagnetic forces, will occur and hinder gravitational collapse. If these ideas are correct, quark stars might occur, and be observable, somewhere in the universe. Theoretically, such a scenario is seen as scientifically plausible, but it has been impossible to prove both observationally and experimentally, because the very extreme conditions needed for stabilizing quark matter cannot be created in any laboratory nor observed directly in nature. The stability of quark matter, and hence the existence of quark stars, is for these reasons among the unsolved problems in physics. If quark stars can form, then the most likely place to find quark star matter would be inside neutron stars that exceed the internal pressure needed for quark degeneracy - the point at which neutrons break down into a form of dense quark matter. They could also form if a massive star collapses at the end of its life, provided that it is possible for a star to be large enough to collapse beyond a neutron star but not large enough to form a black hole. If they exist, quark stars would resemble and be easily mistaken for neutron stars: they would form in the death of a massive star in a Type II supernova, be extremely dense and small, and possess a very high gravitational field. They would also lack some features of neutron stars, unless they also contained a shell of neutron matter, because free quarks are not expected to have properties matching degenerate neutron matter. For example, they might be radio-silent, or not have typical sizes, electromagnetic fields, or surface temperatures, compared to neutron stars.

why do fuel pumps fail?

A leading cause of fuel pump failure is running the fuel tank low. ... Running such a vehicle out of fuel once can permanently damage the fuel pump. When the fuel level is low, the pump has to work much harder to produce the same pressure. This is because the reduced fuel weight no longer pushes fuel into the pump.

megakaryoblast

A megakaryoblast is a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis. It is the beginning of the thrombocytic series. A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.

Neutron source

A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons. Neutron sources are used in physics, engineering, medicine, nuclear weapons, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry, and nuclear power. Neutron source variables include the energy of the neutrons emitted by the source, the rate of neutrons emitted by the source, the size of the source, the cost of owning and maintaining the source, and government regulations related to the source. Certain isotopes undergo spontaneous fission with emission of neutrons. The most commonly used spontaneous fission source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. Cf-252 and all other spontaneous fission neutron sources are produced by irradiating uranium or another transuranic element in a nuclear reactor, where neutrons are absorbed in the starting material and its subsequent reaction products, transmuting the starting material into the SF isotope. Cf-252 neutron sources are typically 1/4" to 1/2" in diameter and 1" to 2" in length. When purchased new a typical Cf-252 neutron source emits between 1×107 to 1×109 neutrons per second but, with a half-life of 2.6 years, this neutron output rate drops to half of this original value in 2.6 years. The price of a typical Cf-252 neutron source is from $15,000 to $20,000. Neutrons are produced when alpha particles impinge upon any of several low-atomic-weight isotopes including isotopes of beryllium, carbon, and oxygen. This nuclear reaction can be used to construct a neutron source by mixing a radioisotope that emits alpha particles such as radium, polonium, or americium with a low-atomic-weight isotope, usually by blending powders of the two materials. Typical emission rates for alpha reaction neutron sources range from 1×106 to 1×108 neutrons per second. As an example, a representative alpha-beryllium neutron source can be expected to produce approximately 30 neutrons for every one million alpha particles. The useful lifetime for these types of sources is highly variable, depending upon the half-life of the radioisotope that emits the alpha particles. The size and cost of these neutron sources are comparable to spontaneous fission sources. Usual combinations of materials are plutonium-beryllium (PuBe), americium-beryllium (AmBe), or americium-lithium (AmLi). Plasma focus and plasma pinch devices The dense plasma focus neutron source produces controlled nuclear fusion by creating a dense plasma within which heats ionized deuterium and/or tritium gas to temperatures sufficient for creating fusion.

Nuclide

A nuclide is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus, i.e., by its number of protons, Z, its number of neutrons, N, and its nuclear energy state. a distinct kind of atom or nucleus characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons.

grand jury vs petit jury

A petit jury is a trial for civil and criminal cases. The petit jury listens to evidence presented by both parties during a trial and returns a verdict. A grand jury does not determine guilt or innocence, but whether there is probable cause to believe that a crime was committed.

Can plasma have several temperatures at the same time?

A plasma may be composed of partially ionized gases. Molecules may be present in the plasma. If the plasma is not in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE), you can have different measurements for: - The temperature associated to the rotation of molecules - The temperature associated to the vibration of molecules - The temperature associated to the speed of free electrons - The temperature associated to the speed of molecules - The excitation temperature of electrons in atoms Those different temperatures can be measured with spectroscopic techniques.

What is a point particle?

A point particle is a physics model for simplifying reality. In some linear motion problems, you assume that the object's shape and size do not matter to the description of position, velocity, and acceleration. In this case, you model the object as a point particle, or a point mass. This model fails when shape and size affect motion, such as under the force air resistance. Also, you do not use this model in rotation problems because the distribution of mass is critical to analyzing rotation. If gravity acts on a rotating object, you do model the interaction as gravity pulling on the center of mass of the object - a point mass. Furthermore, a point particle does not imply a singularity, where all of the mass is concentrated in zero volume.

Technetium-99m

A pure-gamma emitter with a half-life of 6 hours. Nuclear imagining helps assess coronary blood flow and myocardial viability. This scan can be used with an exercise tolerance test. Used in brain imaging. Tc-99m is used in medical therapy in brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney, and thyroid scanning and for blood flow studies. Tc-99m is the radioisotope most widely used as a tracer for medical diagnosis. Technetium-99m (99mTc) is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99mTc, that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope. Technetium-99m is used as a radioactive tracer and can be detected in the body by medical equipment (gamma cameras). It is well suited to the role, because it emits readily detectable gamma rays with a photon energy of 140 keV (these 8.8 pm photons are about the same wavelength as emitted by conventional X-ray diagnostic equipment) and its half-life for gamma emission is 6.0058 hours (meaning 93.7% of it decays to 99Tc in 24 hours). The relatively "short" physical half-life of the isotope and its biological half-life of 1 day (in terms of human activity and metabolism) allows for scanning procedures which collect data rapidly but keep total patient radiation exposure low. The same characteristics make the isotope suitable only for diagnostic but never therapeutic use. Technetium-99m was discovered as a product of cyclotron bombardment of molybdenum. This procedure produced molybdenum-99, a radionuclide with a longer half-life (2.75 days), which decays to Tc-99m. At present, molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) is used commercially as the easily transportable source of medically used Tc-99m. In turn, this Mo-99 is usually created commercially by fission of highly enriched uranium in aging research and material testing nuclear reactors in several countries.

Pyroclastic flow

A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that moves away from a volcano about 100 km/h (62 mph) on average but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h (430 mph). The gases can reach temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Pyroclastic flows are a common and devastating result of certain explosive eruptions; they normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill, or spread laterally under gravity. Their speed depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope. Image: Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 1984

Lyman series

A set of spectral lines that appear in the UV region when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from energy levels n>1 to n=1.

Balmer series

A set of spectral lines that appear in the visible light region when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from energy levels n>2 to n=2.

emulator

A simulator that imitates a program or events. someone who copies the words or behavior of another

What Is a Strike Price?

A strike price is the set price at which a derivative contract can be bought or sold when it is exercised. For call options, the strike price is where the security can be bought by the option holder; for put options, the strike price is the price at which the security can be sold. Strike price is also known as the exercise price.

Table of nuclides

A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents a nuclide of a real or hypothetical chemical element. This system of ordering nuclides can offer a greater insight into the characteristics of isotopes than the better-known periodic table, which shows only elements instead of each of their isotopes. The chart of the nuclides is also known as the Segrè chart, after the physicist Emilio Segrè.

Plasma TV/Display

A type of flat screen monitor in which images are created by taking advantage of the properties of ionized gas(plasma). Plasma TVs are very bright and have wonderful color, unfortunately the pixels tend to burn out and are subject to burn-in. A panel of a plasma display typically comprises millions of tiny compartments in between two panels of glass. These compartments, or "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of noble gases and a minuscule amount of another gas (e.g., mercury vapor). Just as in the fluorescent lamps over an office desk, when a high voltage is applied across the cell, the gas in the cells forms a plasma. With flow of electricity (electrons), some of the electrons strike mercury particles as the electrons move through the plasma, momentarily increasing the energy level of the atom until the excess energy is shed. Mercury sheds the energy as ultraviolet (UV) photons. The UV photons then strike phosphor that is painted on the inside of the cell. When the UV photon strikes a phosphor molecule, it momentarily raises the energy level of an outer orbit electron in the phosphor molecule, moving the electron from a stable to an unstable state; the electron then sheds the excess energy as a photon at a lower energy level than UV light; the lower energy photons are mostly in the infrared range but about 40% are in the visible light range. Thus the input energy is converted to mostly infrared but also as visible light. The screen heats up to between 30 and 41 °C (86 and 106 °F) during operation. Depending on the phosphors used, different colors of visible light can be achieved. Each pixel in a plasma display is made up of three cells comprising the primary colors of visible light. Varying the voltage of the signals to the cells thus allows different perceived colors. The long electrodes are stripes of electrically conducting material that also lies between the glass plates in front of and behind the cells. The "address electrodes" sit behind the cells, along the rear glass plate, and can be opaque. The transparent display electrodes are mounted in front of the cell, along the front glass plate. As can be seen in the illustration, the electrodes are covered by an insulating protective layer. Control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell, creating a voltage difference between front and back. Some of the atoms in the gas of a cell then lose electrons and become ionized, which creates an electrically conducting plasma of atoms, free electrons, and ions. The collisions of the flowing electrons in the plasma with the inert gas atoms leads to light emission; such light-emitting plasmas are known as glow discharges. In a monochrome plasma panel, the gas is mostly neon, and the color is the characteristic orange of a neon-filled lamp (or sign). Once a glow discharge has been initiated in a cell, it can be maintained by applying a low-level voltage between all the horizontal and vertical electrodes-even after the ionizing voltage is removed. To erase a cell all voltage is removed from a pair of electrodes. This type of panel has inherent memory. A small amount of nitrogen is added to the neon to increase hysteresis.[citation needed] In color panels, the back of each cell is coated with a phosphor. The ultraviolet photons emitted by the plasma excite these phosphors, which give off visible light with colors determined by the phosphor materials. This aspect is comparable to fluorescent lamps and to the neon signs that use colored phosphors. Every pixel is made up of three separate subpixel cells, each with different colored phosphors. One subpixel has a red light phosphor, one subpixel has a green light phosphor and one subpixel has a blue light phosphor. These colors blend together to create the overall color of the pixel, the same as a triad of a shadow mask CRT or color LCD. Plasma panels use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control brightness: by varying the pulses of current flowing through the different cells thousands of times per second, the control system can increase or decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create billions of different combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the control system can produce most of the visible colors. Plasma displays use the same phosphors as CRTs, which accounts for the extremely accurate color reproduction when viewing television or computer video images (which use an RGB color system designed for CRT displays).

when did the first stars form after the big bang?

According to our current understanding of cosmology, however, the universe was featureless and dark for a long stretch of its early history. The first stars did not appear until perhaps 100 million years after the big bang, and nearly a billion years passed before galaxies proliferated across the cosmos. After 1 billion years, the temperature is 20 K and galaxies and stars have begun to form via gravitational contraction of over-densities in the initial Universe. A few billion years our Galaxy forms, at about 10 billion years after the Big Bang the Sun and Earth form.

Hartford Loop

An arrangement of piping that ensure water stays in the boiler if a leak occurs A plumbing arrangement on steam boilers to avoid rapid loss of water in the boiler due to a break in the condensate return line. It is also referred to as an underwriter's loop.

edgecase

An edge case is a problem or situation that occurs only at an extreme operating parameter. For example, a stereo speaker might noticeably distort audio when played at maximum volume, even in the absence of any other extreme setting or condition. An edge case can be expected or unexpected

electron volt

An energy unit, particularly for atomic and nuclear processes, is the energy given to an electron by accelerating it through 1 volt of electric potential difference. 1.6 x 10-19 joules. a unit of energy equal to the work done on an electron in accelerating it through a potential difference of one volt. In physics, an electronvolt is the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts Date written: 2100 BC Original language: Akkadian

What are the 6 types of glial cells?

Astrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Satellite cells Schwann cells Neuroglia There are six types of neuroglia—four in the central nervous system and two in the PNS. These glial cells are involved in many specialized functions apart from support of the neurons. Neuroglia in the CNS include astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. In the PNS, satellite cells and Schwann cells are the two kinds of neuroglia. Astrocytes Astrocytes are shaped like a star and are the most abundant glial cell in the CNS. They have many radiating processes which help in clinging to the neurons and capillaries. They support and brace the neurons and anchor them to the nutrient supply lines. They also help in the guiding the migration of young neurons. Astrocytes control the chemical environment around the neurons. Microglial Cells Microglial cells are small and ovoid un shape with thorny processes. They are found in the CNS. When invading microorganism or dead neurons are present, the microglial cells can transform into a phagocytic macrophage and help in cleaning the neuronal debris. Ependymal Cells Ependymal cells are ciliated and line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord where they form a fairly permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid that fills these cavities and the tissue cells of the CNS. Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes line up along the nerves and produce an insulating cover called myelin sheath. They are found in the CNS. Satellite Cells Satellite cells surround neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They are analogous to the astrocytes in the CNS. Schwann Cells Schwann cells surround all nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and form myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers. They are found in the PNS. Their function is similar to oligodendrocytes. Neurons Neurons consist of cell body and one or more slender processes. The neuronal cell body consists of a nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum or Nissl Bodies. The cell body is the major biosynthetic center of a neuron and contains the usual organelles for the synthesis of proteins and other chemicals. Arm like processes extend from the cell body to all neurons. The two types of neuron processes are called dendrites and axons. Dendrites are motor neurons that are short and have a large surface area for receiving signals from other neurons. Dendrites convey incoming messages towards the cell body and are therefore called the receptive input region. The axon arises from the cone shaped portion of the cell body called the axon hillock. Functionally, the axon is the conducting region of the neuron and is responsible for generating and transmitting impulses typically away from the cell body. A single axon routes the nerve impulse from the cell body to another neuron or an effector organ. The axon can have many terminal branches, so each time the nerve fires, it can stimulate more than one cell.

Black tar heroin

Black tar heroin is a free base form of heroin that is sticky like tar or hard like coal. Its dark color is the result of crude processing methods that leave behind impurities. Despite its name, black tar heroin can also be dark orange or dark brown in appearance. It is generally less expensive than other forms of heroin. Black tar heroin is impure morphine diacetate. Other forms of heroin require additional steps of purification post acetylation. With black tar the product's processing stops immediately after acetylation. Its unique consistency however is due to acetylation without a reflux apparatus. As in homebake heroin in Australia and New Zealand the crude acetylation results in a gooey mass. Black tar as a type holds a variable admixture morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is another result of crude acetylation. The lack of proper reflux during acetylation fails to remove much of the moisture retained in the acetylating agent, glacial acetic acid. Black tar heroin is often produced in Latin America,[2][3] and is most commonly found in the western and southern parts of the United States, while also being occasionally found in Western Africa. It has a varying consistency depending on manufacturing methods, cutting agents, and moisture levels, from tarry goo in unrefined form to a uniform, light-brown powder when further processed and cut with lactose. People who intravenously inject black tar heroin are at higher risk of venous sclerosis than those injecting powder heroin. In this condition, the veins narrow and harden which makes repeated injection there nearly impossible.

Butyrophilin

Butyrophilin is a family of proteins. Butyrophilin (Btn) genes constitute a subgroup of at least 10 genes in the Ig superfamily identified in human, mouse, cow, goat and other species. The eponymous Btn gene (BTN1A1 in humans; Btn1a1 in mouse) is highly expressed in the secretory epithelium of the mammary gland during lactation. Other homologues are predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle and the intestine and erythroid cells. In contrast, BTN2A1 and 2 and BTN3A1, 2, and 3 are widely expressed in many tissues, suggesting that the structural domains of Btn proteins may have both universal and tissue-specific functions. BTN1A1 - Regulates secretion of milk-lipid droplets BTN2A2 - Involved in lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism BTN3A1 - Presents phosphoantigens to gamma delta T cells

Cassini

Cassini was the first dedicated spacecraft to look at Saturn and its system. It was named for Giovanni Cassini, a 17th-century astronomer who was the first to observe four of Saturn's moons — Iapetus (1671), Rhea (1672), Tethys (1684) and Dione (1684) The Cassini-Huygens space-research mission Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, Cassini was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004.[8] The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and July 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The mission ended on September 15, 2017, when Cassini's trajectory took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial microbes on the spacecraft. The mission is widely perceived[by whom?] to have been successful beyond expectations. NASA's Planetary Science Division Director, Jim Green, described Cassini-Huygens as a "mission of firsts",[13] that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System.

Cryogenic electron microscopy

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an electron microscopy (EM) technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures and embedded in an environment of vitreous water. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution.[1] This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."[2] Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2016. Transmission electron cryomicroscopy (cryoTEM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique that is used in structural biology. Electron crystallography, method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a TEM MicroED, method to determine the structure of proteins and small molecules using electron diffraction from 3D crystals Electron cryotomography (CryoET), a specialized application of where samples are imaged as they are tilted

Perdix

Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister, sometimes named as Perdix, had placed her son (variously named Perdix, Talos, or Calos) under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. He was an apt scholar and showed striking evidence of ingenuity. While walking on the seashore, he picked up the spine of a fish or a serpent's jaw. Imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, thus inventing the saw. He made a pair of compasses by putting two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew's accomplishments that he took an opportunity, when they were together one day on the top of a high tower, to push him off. But Athena, who favors ingenuity, saw him falling and arrested his fate by changing him into a bird called after his name, the perdix (partridge). This bird does not build its nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights, but nestles in the hedges, and mindful of his fall, avoids high places. For this crime, Daedalus was tried and banished.[3] In some accounts, Athena leaves Daedalus with a scar in the shape of a partridge, to remind him of what he did.

hormone vs neurotransmitter

Hormones are produced in endocrine glands and are secreted into the blood stream. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are released by presynaptic nerve terminal into the synapse. Hormones: Hormones are transmitted through blood. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are transmitted across the synaptic cleft

How Fish Farts Almost Caused a Diplomatic Accident but Founded the Most Liberal City in the World

In 1994, an unidentified suspicious noise caused concern within the Swedish government. The prime minister even wrote a letter to Boris Yeltsin to ask for explanations: everything indicated that it was a Russian submarine in Swedish waters. However, they were only herring throwing farts. And is that some types of herring use gases to "talk" between them without alerting other fish . When the fish is blown away, the bubbles that emanate emit a high frequency sound that is only audible to those of its kind. In fact, the army had classified ventos that came from several animals (whales, seals, walruses); only that nobody expected the herring to be able to produce such sounds. The study of this unique system of communication deserved an IgNobel , (a play on words between the Nobel Prize-winners and the ignoble word in English), an award that rewards "those achievements that can not or should not be reproduced" and that seek more the hilarity than the scientific discovery itself. Magnus Wahlberg and Hakan Westerberg , from the Coastal Research Institute of Sweden, concluded that these flatulences of the Clupea harengus species do not come from the process of digestion but from the swim bladder: they recorded the gas outlet and discovered that it was a periodic gorgeo, with a duration of between 32 and 133 milliseconds, and it was issued in series of 7 to 50 repetitions.

Explosive eruptions

In explosive eruptions, the eruption of magma is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of several eruptions spread over several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick, highly viscous, silicic or felsic magma, high in volatiles like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Pyroclastic materials are the primary product, typically in the form of tuff. Eruptions the size of that at Lake Toba 74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the Yellowstone eruption 620,000 years ago, around 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi), occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.

schelling point

In game theory, a focal point (or Schelling point) is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication. The concept was introduced by the American economist Thomas Schelling in his book The Strategy of Conflict (1960).[1] Schelling states that "(p)eople can often concert their intentions or expectations with others if each knows that the other is trying to do the same" in a cooperative situation (at page 57), so their action would converge on a focal point which has some kind of prominence compared with the environment. However, the conspicuousness of the focal point depends on time, place and people themselves. It may not be a definite solution.

Neutron cross section

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. In conjunction with the neutron flux, it enables the calculation of the reaction rate, for example to derive the thermal power of a nuclear power plant. The standard unit for measuring the cross section is the barn, which is equal to 10−28 m2 or 10−24 cm2. The larger the neutron cross section, the more likely a neutron will react with the nucleus. An isotope (or nuclide) can be classified according to its neutron cross section and how it reacts to an incident neutron. Nuclides that tend to absorb a neutron and either decay or keep the neutron in its nucleus are neutron absorbers and will have a capture cross section for that reaction. Isotopes that fission, are fissionable fuels and have a corresponding fission cross section. The remaining isotopes will simply scatter the neutron, and have a scatter cross section. Some isotopes, like uranium-238, have nonzero cross sections of all three. Isotopes which have a large scatter cross section and a low mass are good neutron moderators (see chart below). Nuclides which have a large absorption cross section are neutron poisons if they are neither fissile nor undergo decay. A poison that is purposely inserted into a nuclear reactor for controlling its reactivity in the long term and improve its shutdown margin is called a burnable poison.

valley of stability

In nuclear physics, the valley of stability (also called the nuclear valley, energy valley, or beta stability valley) is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy.[1] Nuclides are composed of protons and neutrons. The shape of the valley refers to the profile of binding energy as a function of the numbers of neutrons and protons, with the lowest part of the valley corresponding to the region of most stable nuclei.[2] The line of stable nuclides down the center of the valley of stability is known as the line of beta stability. The sides of the valley correspond to increasing instability to beta decay (β− or β+). The decay of a nuclide becomes more energetically favorable the further it is from the line of beta stability. The boundaries of the valley correspond to the nuclear drip lines, where nuclides become so unstable they emit single protons or single neutrons. Regions of instability within the valley at high atomic number also include radioactive decay by alpha radiation or spontaneous fission. The shape of the valley is roughly an elongated paraboloid corresponding to the nuclide binding energies as a function of neutron and atomic numbers.[1] The nuclides within the valley of stability encompass the entire table of nuclides. The chart of those nuclides is known as a Segrè chart, after the physicist Emilio Segrè.[3] The Segrè chart may be considered a map of the nuclear valley. The region of proton and neutron combinations outside of the valley of stability is referred to as the sea of instability.[4][5] Scientists have long searched for long-lived heavy isotopes outside of the valley of stability,[6][7][8] hypothesized by Glenn T. Seaborg in the late 1960s.[9][10] These relatively stable nuclides are expected to have particular configurations of "magic" atomic and neutron numbers, and form a so-called island of stability.

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

In physics (in particular in statistical mechanics), the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. It was first defined and used for describing particle speeds in idealized gases, where the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, except for very brief collisions in which they exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. The term "particle" in this context refers to gaseous particles only (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.[1] The energies of such particles follow what is known as Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, and the statistical distribution of speeds is derived by equating particle energies with kinetic energy.

How do doctors put a patient into a medically induced coma?

In the Emergency Department, we tend to use a process known as Rapid Sequence Intubation. This technique ensures that the patient's airway is protected whilst also ensuring that the patient remains sedated, a form of medically induced coma. The method of inducing coma varies according to the circumstances under which it is carried out. In the case of RSI - the patient receives a dose of an induction agent. We often use a drug called etomidate. This is immediately followed by a paralysing agent such as succinylcholine or rocuronium. (Indeed, in the past, there were stories that medical students would administer the paralysing agents to themselves and see how far they could run before hitting the ground- temporarily paralysed) To maintain the sedation (or the coma as it were) we often use a combination of additional drugs - including propofol (the drug which led to the demise of Michael Jackson) The drugs given may also include midazolam - a benzodiazepine which is short acting. Fentanyl - a drug used to produce an anaesthetic effect. The main issues during induced coma are, for us, the safe management of the airway and the prevention of additional complications.

Duck curve

In utility-scale electricity generation, the duck curve is a graph of power production over the course of a day that shows the timing imbalance between peak demand and renewable energy production. The term was coined in 2012 by the California Independent System Operator.[2] In many energy markets the peak demand occurs after sunset, when solar power is no longer available. In locations where a substantial amount of solar electric capacity has been installed, the amount of power that must be generated from sources other than solar or wind displays a rapid increase around sunset and peaks in the mid-evening hours, producing a graph that resembles the silhouette of a duck.[3][4] In Hawaii, significant adoption of solar generation has led to the more pronounced curve known as the Nessie curve.[5][6] Without any form of energy storage, after times of high solar generation generating companies must rapidly increase power output around the time of sunset to compensate for the loss of solar generation, a major concern for grid operators where there is rapid growth of photovoltaics.[7] Storage can fix these issues if it can be implemented. Flywheels have shown to provide excellent frequency regulation.[8] Short term use batteries, at a large enough scale of use, can help to flatten the duck curve and prevent generator use fluctuation and can help to maintain voltage profile.[9] However, cost is a major limiting factor for energy storage as each technique is expensive to produce at scale.

what is considered long term capital gains?

Long-term capital gains are derived from investments that are held for more than one year and that are taxed according to graduated thresholds for taxable income at 0%, 15%, or 20%. A short-term capital gain results from an asset owned for a year or less, which is taxed as though it were ordinary income.

ALH84001

Meteorite found in Allen Hills, Antarctica in 1984, thought to be from Mars. Surface contained suspected nanobacteria. Allan Hills 84001 (commonly abbreviated ALH84001[1]) is a fragment of a Martian meteorite that was found in the Allan Hills in Antarctica on December 27, 1984, by a team of American meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project. Like other members of the shergottite-nakhlite-chassignite (SNC) group of meteorites, ALH84001 is thought to have originated on Mars. However, it does not fit into any of the previously discovered SNC groups. Its mass upon discovery was 1.93 kilograms (4.3 lb). In 1996, a group of scientists claimed to have found evidence for microscopic fossils of bacteria in the meteorite, suggesting that these organisms also originated on Mars. The claims immediately made headlines worldwide, culminating in then-U.S. president Bill Clinton giving a speech about the potential discovery.[2] These claims were controversial from the beginning, and the wider scientific community ultimately rejected the hypothesis once all the unusual features in the meteorite had been explained without requiring life to be present. Despite there being no convincing evidence of Martian life, the initial paper and the enormous scientific and public attention caused by it are considered turning points in the history of the developing science of astrobiology.[3]

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein believed to be important in the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). In humans this protein is encoded by the MOG gene. It is speculated to serve as a necessary "adhesion molecule" to provide structural integrity to the myelin sheath and is known to develop late on the oligodendrocyte. While the primary molecular function of MOG is not yet known, its likely role with the myelin sheath is either in sheath "completion and/or maintenance".[7] More specifically, MOG is speculated to be "necessary" as an "adhesion molecule" on the myelin sheath of the CNS to provide the structural integrity of the myelin sheath.[8]" MOG's cDNA coding region in humans have been shown to be "highly homologous"[9] to rats, mice, and bovine, and hence highly conserved. This suggests "an important biological role for this protein".

Pando

Pando, also known as the trembling giant, is a clonal colony of an individual male quaking aspen determined to be a single living organism by identical genetic markers and assumed to have one massive underground root system. Pando (Latin for "I spread out"), also known as the trembling giant,[1][2] is a clonal colony of an individual male quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) determined to be a single living organism by identical genetic markers[3] and assumed to have one massive underground root system. The plant is located in the Fremont River Ranger District of the Fishlake National Forest at the western edge of the Colorado Plateau in south-central Utah, United States, around 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Fish Lake.[4] Pando occupies 43 hectares (106 acres) and is estimated to weigh collectively 6,000,000 kilograms (6,600 short tons),[5] making it the heaviest known organism.[6][7] The root system of Pando, at an estimated 80,000 years old, is among the oldest known living organisms.[8][9]

Flue-gas desulfurization

SNOX Flue gas desulfurization removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases; Dry sorbent injection systems that introduce powdered hydrated lime (or other sorbent material) into exhaust ducts to eliminate SO2 and SO3 from process emissions. Nonregenrative systems, where the reagent is used to remove the sulfur oxides from the gas stream is used and discarded; regenerative means that the reagent is recovered and reused. Most FGD systems employ two stages: one for fly ash removal and the other for SO2 removal. Attempts have been made to remove both the fly ash and SO2 in one scrubbing vessel. However, these systems experienced severe maintenance problems and low removal efficiency. In wet scrubbing systems, the flue gas normally passes first through a fly ash removal device, either an electrostatic precipitator or a baghouse, and then into the SO2-absorber. However, in dry injection or spray drying operations, the SO2 is first reacted with the lime, and then the flue gas passes through a particulate control device. Another important design consideration associated with wet FGD systems is that the flue gas exiting the absorber is saturated with water and still contains some SO2. These gases are highly corrosive to any downstream equipment such as fans, ducts, and stacks. Two methods that may minimize corrosion are: (1) reheating the gases to above their dew point, or (2) using materials of construction and designs that allow equipment to withstand the corrosive conditions. Both alternatives are expensive. Engineers determine which method to use on a site-by-site basis.

fast vs slow neutron fission

Slow neutrons are responsible for most of nuclear fission and therefore help sustain the chain reactions. Fast neutrons, on the other hand, play a small role in fission but can transform nuclei of uranium 238 into fissile plutonium 239. Fast fission is fission that occurs when a heavy atom absorbs a high-energy neutron, called a fast neutron, and splits. Most fissionable materials need thermal neutrons, which move more slowly. Fast neutron reactors use fast fission to produce energy, unlike most nuclear reactors. In a conventional reactor, a moderator is needed to slow down the neutrons so that they are more likely to fission atoms. A fast neutron reactor uses fast neutrons, so it does not use a moderator. Moderators may absorb a lot of neutrons in a thermal reactor, and fast fission produces a higher average number of neutrons per fission, so fast reactors have better neutron economy making a plutonium breeder reactor possible. However, a fast neutron reactor must use relatively highly enriched uranium or plutonium so that the neutrons have a better chance of fissioning atoms. Some atoms, notably uranium-238, do not usually undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons, but do split when struck with neutrons of high enough energy.[1] The fast neutrons produced in a hydrogen bomb by fusion of deuterium and tritium have even higher energy than the fast neutrons produced in a nuclear reactor. This makes it possible to increase the yield of any given fusion weapon by the simple expedient of adding layers of cheap natural (or even depleted) uranium. Fast fission of uranium-238 provides a large part of the explosive yield, and fallout, in many designs of hydrogen bomb.

hadal zone

The deepest zone of the ocean, below a depth of 5,000 meters (16,500 feet). The hadal zone (named after the realm of Hades, the underworld in Greek mythology), also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean lying within oceanic trenches. The hadal zone is found from a depth of around 6,000 to 11,000 metres (20,000 to 36,000 ft), and exists in long but narrow topographic V-shaped depressions. The cumulative area occupied by the 46 individual hadal habitats worldwide is less than 0.25 percent of the world's seafloor, yet trenches account for over 40 percent of the ocean's depth range.[3] Most hadal habitat is found in the Pacific Ocean.

how many isotopes exist in nature

There are about 339 naturally occurring nuclides on Earth, of which 286 are primordial nuclides, meaning that they have existed since the Solar System's formation.

icarus

The son of the master craftsman Daedalus. His father gave him wings. He ignored instructions not to fly too close to the sun, and fell to his death In Greek mythology, Icarus (/ˈɪkərəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος [ǐːkaros]) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings nor the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned, sparking the idiom "don't fly too close to the sun". This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon.

red and white pulp in spleen

The spleen contains two main types of tissue - white pulp and red pulp. White pulp is material which is part of the immune system (lymphatic tissue) mainly made up of white blood cells. Red pulp is made up of blood-filled cavities (venous sinuses) and splenic cords Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp.

Deep sea creature

The term deep sea creature refers to organisms that live below the photic zone of the ocean. These creatures must survive in extremely harsh conditions, such as hundreds of bars of pressure, small amounts of oxygen, very little food, no sunlight, and constant, extreme cold. Most creatures have to depend on food floating down from above. These creatures live in very demanding environments, such as the abyssal or hadal zones, which, being thousands of meters below the surface, are almost completely devoid of light. The water is between 3 and 10 degrees Celsius and has low oxygen levels. Due to the depth, the pressure is between 20 and 1,000 bars. Creatures that live hundreds or even thousands of meters deep in the ocean have adapted to the high pressure, lack of light, and other factors. These animals have evolved to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones. The pressure increases by about one bar every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as swim bladders.[1]

thorium decay chain

The thorium series is one of three classical radioactive series beginning with naturally occurring thorium-232. This radioactive decay chain consists of unstable heavy atomic nuclei that decay through a sequence of alpha and beta decays until a stable nucleus is achieved.

Uranyl

The uranyl ion is an oxycation of uranium in the oxidation state +6, with the chemical formula UO²⁺ ₂. It has a linear structure with short U-O bonds, indicative of the presence of multiple bonds between uranium and oxygen. Along with uranyl acetate it is used as a negative stain for viruses in electron microscopy; in tissue samples it stabilizes nucleic acids and cell membranes. Uranyl nitrate was used to fuel Aqueous Homogeneous Reactors in the 1950s as an alternative to the more corrosive uranyl sulfate.

How Geothermal Energy Works

There are three main types of geothermal energy plants that generate power in slightly different ways. Dry steam plants are the most common types of geothermal power plants, accounting for about half of the installed geothermal plants. They work by piping hot steam from underground reservoirs directly into turbines from geothermal reservoirs, which power the generators to provide electricity. After powering the turbines, the steam condenses into water and is piped back into the earth via the injection well. Flash steam plants differ from dry steam because they pump hot water, rather than steam, directly to the surface. These flash steam plants pump hot water at a high pressure from below the earth into a "flash tank" on the surface. The flash tank is at a much lower temperature, causing the fluid to quickly "flash" into steam. The steam produced powers the turbines. The steam is cooled and condenses into water, where it is pumped back into the ground through the injection well. In these binary cycle plants, the main difference is that the water or steam from below the earth never comes in direct contact with the turbines. Instead, water from geothermal reservoirs is pumped through a heat exchanger where it heats a second liquid—like isobutene (which boils at a lower temperature than water.) This second liquid is heated into steam, which powers the turbines that drives a generator. The hot water from the earth is recycled into the earth through the injection well, and the second liquid is recycled through the turbine and back into the heat exchanger where it can be used again. https://www.saveonenergy.com/how-geothermal-energy-works/

Tholin

Tholins (after the Greek θολός (tholós) "hazy" or "muddy"; from the ancient Greek word meaning "sepia ink") are a wide variety of organic compounds formed by solar ultraviolet irradiation or cosmic rays from simple carbon-containing compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) or ethane (C2H6), often in combination with nitrogen (N2) or water (H2O). Tholins are disordered polymer-like materials made of repeating chains of linked subunits and complex combinations of functional groups. Tholins do not form naturally on modern-day Earth, but they are found in great abundance on the surfaces of icy bodies in the outer Solar System, and as reddish aerosols in the atmosphere of outer Solar System planets and moons. In the presence of water, tholins can be raw materials for prebiotic chemistry, i.e. the non-living chemistry that forms the basic chemicals which form life. Their existence has implications for the origins of life on Earth, and possibly on other planets. As particles in an atmosphere, tholins scatter light, and can affect habitability.

why is it so hard to produce enamel?

Tooth enamel is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is a mineral form of calcium phosphate. The apatite group of minerals scores a five on the Mohs hardness scale; which makes enamel the hardest biological material. Tooth enamel is harder than steel, but a lot more brittle. Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals (at 96%)[2], with water and organic material composing the rest.[3] The primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate.[4] Enamel is formed on the tooth while the tooth develops within the jaw bone before it erupts into the mouth. Once fully formed, enamel does not contain blood vessels or nerves. Remineralisation of teeth can repair damage to the tooth to a certain degree but damage beyond that cannot be repaired by the body. The maintenance and repair of human tooth enamel is one of the primary concerns of dentistry.

stellar engine

Weird as it may sound, an astrophysicist has designed a stellar engine that could theoretically move the entire solar system* from one part of the Milky Way to another. (*If the Sun is moved, the planets need to follow, right?) And he calls it the "Caplan Thruster" named after the Russian physicist Leonid Shkadov (1927-2003), who proposed the megastructure concept in 1987. There is a scientific paper on the subject available here. According to the paper, Stellar engines may be used to manipulate a star's position and alter its galactic orbit. It works like a gigantic rocket. From a position near the Sun, it uses a Dyson sphere to collect some of the star's mass and split it into hydrogen and helium. The helium is fused to generate thrust behind it. At the same time, it shoots a jet of accelerated hydrogen particles at the Sun. This would allow the Thruster to push the Sun to a new location at a speed of about 50 light years per one million years. I suggest you watch the following video showing how the Caplan Thruster sits close to the Sun, using electromagnetic fields to gather its fuel in the form of hydrogen and helium from the solar wind.

White phosphorus munitions

White phosphorus munitions are weapons which use one of the common allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination and incendiary munitions, and is commonly the burning element of tracer ammunition. The Goldstone report accepted that white phosphorus is not illegal under international law but did find that the Israelis were "systematically reckless in determining its use in built-up areas". It also called for serious consideration to be given to the banning of its use in built-up areas. The use of white phosphorus is not banned under international convention when it is used as an obscurant - to make a smokescreen or to illuminate a target (white phosphorus glows green when exposed to oxygen). To use it for incendiary weapons in civilian areas is banned under the Geneva convention

Why does white phosphorus ignite when it makes contact with air?

Why does any reaction occur? Because the products are at a lower energy than the reactants. P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s) We don't think about room temperature being "hot" enough to cause a chemical reaction, but when it comes to the activation energy needed for white phosphorous to react with the oxygen in the air, room temperature air is plenty hot. Red phosphorus does not ignite in air at temperatures below 240 °C (464 °F), whereas pieces of white phosphorus ignite at about 30 °C (86 °F). Under standard conditions it is more stable than white phosphorus, but less stable than the thermodynamically stable black phosphorus.

Thomson structures

Widmanstätten patterns, also known as Thomson structures, are figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites. They consist of a fine interleaving of kamacite and taenite bands or ribbons called lamellae.

how fast can woodpeckers peck

Woodpeckers are known to peck trees insearch of insects and other forms of food within trees, theres are over 180 species of woodpeckers. They can peck up to 20 times per second, or a total of 8,000-12,000 pecks per day and without ever getting a headache. With woodpeckers, the answer's in the question -- true to their name, they peck wood. And when they do, they peck hard -- with each peck, the bird undergoes a force of 1,200 to 1,400 g's. By comparison, a measly force of 60-100 g's can give a human a concussion

wonderpus

Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration. 'Wunderpus' from German "wunder" meaning 'marvel or wonder'. Due to the appearance and behavior of the wunderpus, it is frequently confused with its close relative, the mimic octopus. The animal is usually orange-brown or red-brown in color, with sharply defined white spots on its body and white bars on its arms. The colors and pattern become more dramatic when the animal is alarmed. Its "head" is branched Octopus that can inflate or deflate its arms.

noir

a genre of crime film or fiction characterized by cynicism, fatalism, and moral ambiguity. Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the "classic period" of American film noir.

pipe dream

a hope, wish, or dream that is impossible to achieve or not practical an unattainable or fanciful hope or scheme. You might be convinced that one day you'll buy a private island and turn it into a cat sanctuary — but your parents will probably call it a pipe dream, or an unrealistic, wild scheme.

Inertial Mass

a measure of an object's resistance to any type of force the ratio of the net force exerted on an object to its acceleration Inertial mass is a mass parameter giving the inertial resistance to acceleration of the body when responding to all types of force. Gravitational mass is determined by the strength of the gravitational force experienced by the body when in the gravitational field g. Essentially a higher mass will have more gravity acting upon the object which in turn will make it more difficult to move i.e accelerate.

Nuclear shell model

a model which represents nucleons as existing in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus The shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom, in that a filled shell results in greater stability. When adding nucleons (protons or neutrons) to a nucleus, there are certain points where the binding energy of the next nucleon is significantly less than the last one. This observation, that there are certain magic numbers of nucleons (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126) which are more tightly bound than the next higher number, is the origin of the shell model. The shells for protons and for neutrons are independent of each other. Therefore, "magic nuclei" exist in which one nucleon type or the other is at a magic number, and "doubly magic nuclei", where both are. Due to some variations in orbital filling, the upper magic numbers are 126 and, speculatively, 184 for neutrons but only 114 for protons, playing a role in the search for the so-called island of stability. Some semi-magic numbers have been found, notably Z = 40 giving nuclear shell filling for the various elements; 16 may also be a magic number. In order to get these numbers, the nuclear shell model starts from an average potential with a shape something between the square well and the harmonic oscillator. To this potential, a spin orbit term is added. Even so, the total perturbation does not coincide with experiment, and an empirical spin orbit coupling must be added with at least two or three different values of its coupling constant, depending on the nuclei being studied. Nevertheless, the magic numbers of nucleons, as well as other properties, can be arrived at by approximating the model with a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator plus a spin-orbit interaction. A more realistic but also complicated potential is known as Woods-Saxon potential.

pockmark

a pitted scar or mark on the skin left by a pustule or pimple

harpy

a predatory person or nagging woman; from harpy, a foul creature that was part woman, part bird , a harpy is a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds A harpy is a mean, foul-tempered woman. You might quietly refer to your cranky math teacher as a harpy.

Electric field

a region around a charged object where the object's electric force is exerted on other charged objects Electric fields are created by electric charges, or by time-varying magnetic fields. Electric fields are important in many areas of physics, and are exploited practically in electrical technology. On an atomic scale, the electric field is responsible for the attractive force between the atomic nucleus and electrons that holds atoms together, and the forces between atoms that cause chemical bonding. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces (or interactions) of nature.

beyond a shadow of a doubt

having certain knowledge Absolutely sure

Ivy Mike

first hydrogen bomb Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion. device was not suitable for use as a deliverable weapon. It was intended as a "technically conservative" proof of concept experiment to validate the concepts used for multi-megaton detonations. As a result of the collection of samples from the explosion by U.S. Air force pilots (one of whom died), scientists found traces of the isotopes plutonium-246 and plutonium-244, and confirmed the existence of the predicted but undiscovered elements einsteinium and fermium.