Vocabulary Comptia A+ 220-1101 & 220-1102

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OLED (organic LED)

A display screen technology used in many monitors, TVs, and mobile devices today. It does not require a backlight like LCDs but has a film of organic compounds placed in rows and columns that can emit light. It is lightweight and has a fast response time, low power usage, and a wide viewing angle.

SDS (safety data sheet)

A document that describes a product, including its toxicity, storage, and disposal procedures, as well as information regarding health or safety concerns.

rollback plan

A documented business process that outlines what to do when an IT change isn't going as planned.

SOP (standard operating procedure)

A documented set of instructions on how to do a specific task.

rogue antivirus

A downloaded application that appears to help someone with a problem but that is, in reality, a virus.

compatibility

A feature of hardware or software that allows functionality on multiple models.

screen lock

A feature on a mobile device that requires a PIN, fingerprint, facial features, security pattern, voice, or something else to unlock the screen of the device so the device can be used.

multisocket

A feature on a motherboard that allows more than one processor to be installed.

Type A-B-C fire extinguisher

A fire extinguisher that can be used on either Type A, Type B, or Type C fires.

backlight

A fluorescent lamp or LEDs that are always on for an LCD.

subfolder

A folder contained within another folder that might also be called a subdirectory.

network share

A folder or network device that has been shared and is accessible from a remote computer.

A folder that has been set so that others can use it. This can be on a computer, printer, or network resource such as a scanner.

Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX)

A form factor for motherboards, cases, and power supplies.

15,000 RPM

A hard drive speed. The faster the drive RPM, the faster the transfer rate.

5,400 RPM

A hard drive speed. The faster the drive RPM, the faster the transfer rate.

docking station

A hardware device that has connections for a monitor, printer, keyboard, and mouse that allows a laptop computer to be more like a desktop system. Sometimes called a mobile docking station or a laptop docking station.

HPA (Host Protected Area)

A hidden part of the hard drive that is used to reinstall the operating system. It sometimes contains applications installed when the computer was sold. Using an HPA reduces the amount of hard drive space available to the operating system.

DVI port

A port on a video adapter that connects a flat panel monitor to a computer.

single-core processor

A processor that has only one core CPU.

RAID (redundant array of independent [or inexpensive] disks)

A redundancy method that writes to multiple hard drives for larger storage areas, better performance, and fault tolerance.

path

A reference that tells where a file is located among drives and folders (directories).

A/V (audio/video)

A reference to sound and visual data, such as movies or stills.

VPN (virtual private network)

A remote computer connection to a remote network that involves "tunneling" over an intermediate network, such as the internet or a LAN.

reboot

A restart of an operating system, also known as a warm start.

security threat

A risk to a business, such as an operating system that is no longer supported by a vendor and that becomes a risk to the business due to lack of security updates.

system image

A saved copy of the operating system and all user files that can be used to restore a damaged or corrupted computer.

hard drive

A sealed data storage medium on which information is stored. Also called a hard disk.

certificate of destruction

A security measure that provides proof that printed material or stored data has been destroyed.

user authentication/strong passwords

A security method used to ensure that a person accessing a device, network, or resource is allowed to do so.

open-ended question

A soft skills technique that results in more information about a problem than questions that have just yes or no answers.

software firewall

A software application or tool provided with a computer or device like an access point that can be configured to permit or block specific types of traffic.

PRL update

A software configuration changed pushed out to a smartphone by a service provider.

SODIMM (small outline DIMM)

A special small DIMM used in laptops and printers.

antistatic wrist strap

A strap that connects a technician to a computer that equalizes the voltage potential between the two to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD).

DIMM (dual inline memory module)

A style of 168-pin, 184-pin, 240-pin, or 288-pin memory chip normally used for RAM on Pentium and higher motherboards.

thermal paste

A substance applied between a processor and its heat sink to provide a thermal pad that disperses heat more evenly.

filament

A supply that a 3-D printer needs for printing instead of using ink or toner.

PoE switch

A switch that has the ability to provide power to devices such as access points or IP phones through the Power over Ethernet standard.

cable management system

A system that helps keep network cables neat and organized. A ladder rack is a type of cable management system.

clean the printhead

A task done through the printer software or manually by using a clean lint-free cloth to softly wipe the print head.

clarify customer statement

A technique in which a technician asks open-ended questions that provide more information than questions that result in just yes or no answers.

drive wipe

A technique that can be used to eradicate personal or corporate data from a hard drive before donating or reusing a computer.

ECC (error correcting code)

A technique that uses a mathematical algorithm to verify data accuracy. ECC is more expensive than parity, and the motherboard or memory controllers must also have additional circuitry to process ECC.

social engineering

A technique used to trick people into divulging information, including their own personal information or corporate knowledge.

TN (twisted nematic)

A technology used with LCDs.

omnidirectional antenna

A type of antenna that has a radiation pattern in all directions.

serial cable

A type of cable that connects to an RS-232 or DB9 port.

copper cabling

A type of cabling used to bring video channels into and throughout a home; with home and business wired networks, it uses electrical pulses to represent data (in contrast to the light pulses used in fiber-optic cabling).

DaaS (data as a service)

A type of cloud service that provides data to a company.

RCA

A type of connector used with coaxial cable.

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)

A type of device that connects in a point-to-point bus. Used in an enterprise environment where high reliability and high mean time between failures are important.

TOSLINK

A type of fiber S/PDIF connection.

memory address

A unique address for memory chips.

toner vacuum

A vacuum that can be safely used inside a laser printer.

environment variable

A variable that describes the environment in which a program runs. It contains a name and a value, where the value is the path to the program identified by the variable name.

PATH variable

A variable that is used in programming and scripting to tell a program where to find the files that it may need.

ISP (internet service provider)

A vendor that provides a connection to the internet.

WISP (wireless internet service provider)

A vendor that provides internet access.

CIFS (Common Internet File System)

A version of Server Message Block (SMB) that can provide access to shared network devices, files, and printers, especially in a mixed environment of Mac and Windows computers. SMB/CIFS uses port 445.

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

A version of the 4G cellular network generation that optimized the network for video streaming and online games.

LCD (liquid crystal display)

A video technology used with laptops and flat screen monitors. The two basic types of LCD are passive matrix and active matrix.

RAM (random-access memory)

A volatile type of memory that loses its data when power to the computer is shut off.

+12V

A voltage level from the power supply that is used for drive motors, CPU, internal cooling fans, and the graphics card.

secure connection

A website connection that uses HTTPS and security certificates through a browser.

802.11ax (WiFi 6)

A wireless standard that uses the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz ranges, improves wireless connectivity and throughput, and is backward compatible with older 2.4 and 5 GHz devices.

802.11ad

A wireless standard that works in the 60 GHz range and is also known as WiGig.

Z-Wave

A wireless standard used in smart homes that allows a wireless mesh topology where devices can talk to another device until the controller is reached.

Bluetooth

A wireless technology for personal area networks (PANs).

MU-MIMO (multi-user multiple input/multiple output)

A wireless technology used with 802.11ac that allows up to eight simultaneous streams from multiple devices.

smart watch

A wristwatch that is capable of functions such as syncing with a smartphone, downloading apps, and using GPS.

apply update

After an operating system installation, do not forget to download and install the operating system and application updates as well as check for newer device drivers.

ventilation

Airflow, which is crucial for computers. Never block air vents, especially on a laptop.

RAID 1

Also called disk mirroring or disk duplexing, a type of RAID that protects against hard drive failure. See also disk mirroring. It requires two drives at a minimum.

TCP printing

Also known as TCP/IP printing, the ability to connect to and print to a printer that has been assigned an IP address.

802.11g

An IEEE wireless standard that was an upgrade to 802.11b and was backward compatible with it; used the 2.4 GHz range and had speeds up to 54 Mb/s.

gateway

An IP address assigned to a network device that tells the device where to send a packet that is going to a remote network. Also known as a default gateway or a gateway of last resort.

DHCP reservation

An IP address set aside for a specific network device like a router, switch, or printer that needs an IP address that does not change.

An abbreviation for gigabit.

overheating

An issue with a device getting too hot. For a mobile device, power off the device and let it cool. See if you can determine if a specific spot is getting hotter than other places. Check the battery and replace it, if necessary.

ESD strap

An item that fits around a technician's wrist and connects to an electronic component so that the technician and the component are at the same voltage potential, thus preventing an electrostatic discharge event, which can cause damage to electronic components.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

An older 32-bit and 64-bit, 66 MHz local bus standard used in computers.

OS X

An older Apple operating system family that has been replaced by macOS.

Internet Explorer

An older Microsoft browser that is being replaced by Edge.

Microsoft Windows

An operating system used on PCs, tablets, and laptops.

IDE cable

Another name for a PATA cable, an older 40-pin parallel cable that could have two devices attached to the same cable that connects to the motherboard.

thick client

Another name for a computer that contains storage and some applications are installed locally.

back up data

Before making changes to a system, back up the data.

time management

Budgeting and then actually spending time well on doing tasks throughout the workday.

PHI (protected health information)

Certain types of private health-related information that are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

interpreted program

Code that is carried out one line at a time.

PS/2 port

Common name for a keyboard and mouse connector, which is an example of a miniDIN-6 connector.

internet calling

Communicating using the internet and an app such as Skype, Google Hangouts, or WhatsApp.

compression

Compaction of a file or folder to take up less disk drive space.

procurement life cycle

Company processes that are performed in order to obtain equipment or applications.

temperature

Computers should operate at temperatures between 60 and 75 degrees.

IoT (Internet of Things)

Connected technology including sensors and smart devices that provides data, information, warnings, and control of things like lights, cameras, appliances, thermostats, and locks.

authorization

Controls what network resources—such as files, folders, printers, video conferencing equipment, fax machines, scanners, and so on—can be accessed and used by a legitimate network user or device.

HTTPS (HTTP over SSL)

HTTP communication encrypted through an SSL session. With HTTPS, web pages are encrypted and decrypted.

NAS (network-attached storage)

Hardware that contains multiple drives that can be accessed by networked computers and devices.

sandbox testing

Implementing a proposed change in a non-production environment.

assigning/changing drive letter

In Disk Management, right-click on a drive volume > Change Drive Letter and Paths.

In Linux, an advanced command-line interface command that copies and converts files.

ifconfig

In Linux/Unix environments, a command that shows network interface information for Ethernet ports.

iwconfig

In Linux/Unix systems, a command that shows network interface information for wireless adapters.

root

In Unix/Linux, the administrator account. The root user has absolute power on a system, including within macOS.

BSOD (blue screen of death)

In Windows, an error in which the monitor screen displays all blue, and the computer locks or is nonfunctional.

comment

In a script, an explanation of what some part of the code does that is ignored by the computer when running the script.

byte

8 bits grouped together as a basic unit.

secure boot

A BIOS/UEFI setting option that prevents unauthorized software from loading during the boot process.

Passwords [BIOS]

A BIOS/UEFI setting that provides protection of the BIOS menu option by storing one or more passwords to access the Setup program.

A Linux command for copying a file. Short for copy.

chown

A Linux command that changes ownership.

sudo

A Linux command that gives a user temporary root privileges.

chmod

A Linux command that gives the file owner read, write, and execute permissions.

A Linux command that lists the contents of the current directory.

A Linux command that moves a file.

A Linux command that switches from one user account to another.

touch

A Linux command used to create a file.

Network

A Windows File Explorer link found in the left panel that allows access to other network devices.

Safe boot

A Windows System Configuration option available on the Boot tab.

spanned volume

A Windows term that describes hard drive space created from multiple hard drives.

format

A command that prepares a disk for use.

robocopy

A command used to copy files. It has more parameters than COPY or XCOPY.

taskkill

A command used to halt a process or task.

help

A command used to list all of the available commands.

gpupdate

A command used to refresh local and Active Directory-based Group Policy settings.

regsvr32.exe

A command used to register .dll files in the Windows registry.

sfc

A command used to start the System File Checker utility, which verifies operating system files.

antenna

A component that attaches to a wireless device or is integrated into it. An antenna radiates or receives radio waves.

S-video port

A composite video port, coded yellow, that uses a 7-pin mini-DIN connector.

memory card reader

A device that accepts varied types of memory cards so that data can be copied or read.

flashing screen

A display issue that could be caused by cabling not being inserted fully or having bent/broken pins.

system attempts to boot to an incorrect device

In this situation, change the boot order in BIOS/UEFI.

electrical fire safety

Knowledge of how to extinguish an electrical fire using a Type A-B-C or Type C fire extinguisher.

proprietary vendor-specific ports

Ports primarily for power connections or used as communication options.

pickup rollers

Printer feed rollers.

roll back the device driver

Use Device Manager and right-click on a particular piece of hardware > Properties > Driver tab > Roll Back Driver button to take a device driver back to a previous version.

default printer

When a computer can use multiple printers, the one printer that all applications use by default. A computer user can change the printer to a different one through the Print dialog window. To mark a printer as default, right-click the printer icon and click the Set as Default option.

trackpad

A part of a laptop or keyboard that allows cursor control.

browser extension

Downloadable code that provides an enhanced browser feature or functionality.

Keychain Access

A macOS utility for managing saved passwords securely.

nano

An easy-to-use Linux text editor.

EMI (electromagnetic interference)

Electronic noise generated by electrical devices.

feeder

On a printer, a device that rolls the paper through the paper tray.

Administrator Password

A BIOS/UEFI Setup option used to prevent access and changes made to BIOS.

A record

A DNS address record, which holds the IPv4 address of a particular web address.

AAAA record

A DNS record that holds the IPv6 address of a particular website.

ActiveSync

A Microsoft product that allows data including contacts, email, and calendar synchronization between a mobile device and a Windows desktop computer.

Advanced Boot Options

A Windows boot menu used to access tools used for troubleshooting. Press when the computer is booting (and before Windows loads) to access the Advanced Boot Options menu.

APIPA (automatic private IP addressing)

A Windows option that enables a computer to automatically receive an IP address from the range 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254.

alphanumeric character

A character that can be a letter of the alphabet (uppercase or lowercase), a digit from 0 through 9, or a punctuation mark or symbol, such as @, #, or !.

3.3V

A common desktop power supply output voltage.

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

A company that makes processors, graphics processors, and chipsets. AMD is the largest rival of Intel for PC processors.

access point (AP)

A component of a wireless network that accepts associations from wireless network cards.

20-pin to24-pin motherboard adapter

A device that connects an older power supply to an ATX motherboard.

ADF (automatic document feeder)

A feature on a printer or multifunction device that allows paper to be fed into the device to be copied, scanned, or faxed, depending on the model and task.

APK

A file format that can be used to distribute and install Android apps.

2.4 GHz

A frequency commonly used for 802.11 wireless networks.

10,000 RPM

A hard drive speed. The faster the drive RPM, the faster the transfer rate.

7,200 RPM

A hard drive speed. The faster the drive RPM, the faster the transfer rate.

access control list (ACL)

A list of the permissions for a specific object (such as a file or directory), such as what is allowed to be done to the object by particular users or operating system processes. An ACL provides a security filter where traffic is allowed or denied based on configured parameters.

antistatic bag

A plastic enclosure that protects electronic gear from being affected by static charges if the equipment is left exposed.

acceptable use policy (AUP)

A policy that defines rules regarding using a company network, data, and a specific application.

4-pin 12V,

A power supply connector that is sometimes labeled AUX or 12V and used to provide extra power to the processor.

6-pin PCIe

A power supply connector used to provide power to a video adapter.

8-pin PCIe

A power supply connector used to provide power to a video adapter.

application log

A record of an application's crashes and failures to operating properly. In Windows, use Event Viewer to see such information.

administrative privileges

A security function in Windows that requires elevated security rights in order to execute specific commands. Use the Run as administrator option if blocked.

Active Directory (AD)

A service used on Microsoft Windows Server to manage network accounts and devices.

AFP (Apple Filing Protocol)

A set of rules for file services on an Apple device that uses macOS. AFP uses port 548.

administrative share

A share created by Microsoft for drive volumes and the folder that contains the majority of Windows files. An administrative share has a dollar sign at the end of its name.

App Store

A site or app where Apple users shop for various applications to download on a device.

application crash

A situation in which a specific program quits working. In the Windows environment, use Task Manager to quit a crashed application.

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

A specification for encryption used in wireless networks that uses 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit encryption keys.

1.8-inch drive

A storage device form factor.

2.5-inch drive

A storage device form factor.

3.5-inch drive

A storage device form factor.

activation clock

A timer for the Windows operating system. When creating an image, a technician must reset or re-arm the activation clock if a single activation key is used. This gives a 30-day (Windows 7) or 90-day (Windows 8/10) grace period before the product key must be re-entered.

Activity Monitor

A troubleshooting tool in a macOS system that sees what processes and services are running, as well as what system resources are used.

3-2-1 backup

A type of backup that involves creating three copies of the data (one primary and two copies) using two different types of media and keeping at least one copy off site.

ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL)

A type of digital subscriber line (DSL) that provides speeds up to 150 Mb/s; it provides faster downloads than uploads.

3-D printer

A type of printer used to create 3-D solid objects out of various materials, including plastic, metal, clay, and ceramics.

analog signal

A type of signal used mainly by older video ports, modems, and sound devices; its signal strength varies in amplitude.

ad hoc mode

A type of wireless configuration in which two 802.11 wireless devices can make a wireless network without the use of an access point.

+5V

A voltage level from the power supply that is used for electronics, the motherboard, adapters, ports, and peripherals.

802.11e

A wireless quality of service standard.

802.11i

A wireless security standard.

568A/B

An ANSI/TIA/EIA Ethernet network cabling standard.

AirPrint

An Apple print server.

active listening

An effective communication technique that ensures what the speaker says is accurately received.

adapter

An electronic circuit card that can be inserted into an expansion slot. Also called a controller, card, controller card, circuit card, circuit board, or adapter board.

AGP (accelerated graphics port)

An extension of the PCI bus (a port) that provides a dedicated communication path between the expansion slot and the processor. AGP is used for video adapters.

AND operator

An operator used with two or more conditions that returns true only if all expressions are true.

account recovery option

An option used when a Microsoft account or password has been forgotten.

Apply button

An option within the Windows OS that makes any changes take effect immediately.

ACL

See access control list.

AP (access point)

See access point and wireless access point.

account settings

Settings required when putting a thick client or thin client onto a network.

amp

Short for ampere, a measurement of electrical current.

ad blocker

Software that is made specifically to not show advertisements that appear in certain websites.

antivirus

Software that protects the operating system and applications from malware.

anti-malware

Software used to protect the operating system and applications.

ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface)

Technology that allows the motherboard and operating system to control the power needs and operation modes of various devices.

application spoofing

The act of masquerading a mobile app as being from a trusted source.

802.11b

The first IEEE wireless standard to hit the market; used the 2.4 GHz range and supported speeds up to 11 Mb/s.

The fourth generation of cellular technology, which supports IP telephony, gaming services, mobile TV, and video conferencing at speeds up to 1 Gb/s.

24-pin motherboard connector

The main ATX motherboard power connector.

app fails to close

The process to go through on a mobile device to manually stop an app. May require rebooting the device.

2G/3G/4G/5G

Types of cellular networks shown by generation, with 5G being the latest generation type.

Airplane Mode

A mode on smartphones and tablets that enables users to disable all wireless communication but still view a movie or play a game that does not require internet connectivity.

cable modem

A modem that connects to the cable TV network.

fTPM (firmware trusted platform module)

A module used to store security data such as passwords, digital certificates, and encryption keys using protected space and the CPU instead of a separate TPM chip.

TPM (Trusted Platform Module)

A motherboard chip used for hardware and software authentication. TPM increases security by generating and storing cryptographic keys, passwords, and other authentication information, as well as digital certificates. TPM can authenticate hardware devices. Applications can use TPM for file and folder encryption, local passwords, email, VPN/PKI authentication, and wireless authentication.

SATA connector

A motherboard connector used to attach a cable between the motherboard and a SATA device. This connector can also be used to connect an adapter that contains one or more additional external SATA ports.

mini-DIN

A motherboard connector, sometimes called a PS/2 connector, that connects keyboards and mice.

ITX (Information Technology eXtended)

A motherboard form factor size that is smaller than ATX which is the most common form factor. Comes in mini-ITX, nano-ITX, and pico-ITX sizes.

Balanced Technology eXtended (BTX)

A motherboard form factor that is larger than ATX.

expansion slot

A motherboard socket to which adapters are connected.

mobile device motherboard

A motherboard that tends to be proprietary and must be replaced with one from the same manufacturer.

server motherboard

A motherboard that tends to be proprietary and that cannot be replaced with a desktop motherboard.

DNS (Domain Name System)

A naming system that translates internet names into IP addresses. DNS uses port 53.

DMZ (demilitarized zone)

A network area that is separate from the corporate network but contains servers that are accessible to outside devices. Also known as a screened subnet.

straight-through cable

A network cable that uses twisted pair copper wires and RJ45 connectors at each end. The cable uses the same pinout at each end and is also known as a patch cable.

speed (NIC property)

A network card configuration property that is normally configured automatically, but manual options include 10 Gb/s, 1 Gb/s, 100 Mb/s, and 10 Mb/s.

repeater

A network device that boosts the network signal. Network switches are repeaters. Wireless repeaters boost the wireless signal to extend the wireless network.

router

A network device that determines the best path for sending a packet. A router works at Layer 3 of the OSI model.

home folder

A network folder that allows users to store their files and have access to them from any device that they log onto within the same domain.

dial-up network

A network formed by using a modem that connects to the traditional phone network. The modem connects to a remote network device.

virtual NIC

A network interface card used in a virtual environment. Each virtual NIC has its own MAC address and can have an IP address assigned.

PAN (personal area network)

A network of personal devices such as cell phones, laptop computers, and other mobile devices that can communicate in close proximity through a wired network or wirelessly. A Bluetooth wireless keyboard and mouse form a PAN.

DNS server

A network server that is used to translate internet names into IP addresses.

Ethernet

A network system that carries computer data along with audio and video information. Ethernet adapters are the most common network cards.

ping

A network troubleshooting command used to test TCP/IP communications and determine whether a network path is available, whether any delays exist along the path, and whether a remote network device is reachable.

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

A networking protocol that is used to access, maintain, and distribute directory and database-type information. LDAP uses port 389.

Telnet

A nonsecure application protocol that allows connection to a remote network device. Telnet uses port 23. Commonly replaced by the more secure SSH.

subnet mask

A number a computer uses to determine which part of an IP address represents the network and which portion represents the host.

floating-point number

A number that can be written in the form x÷y, which means it includes a decimal value, even if that value is 0. For example, the number 7 is an integer, but the number 7.0 is a floating-point number.

ESD mat

A pad that is placed on a surface to prevent electrostatic discharge events. Such a mat commonly has a place to attach an antistatic wrist strap.

streak

A paper issue in a printer caused by the drum, toner cartridge, dirty or damaged fusing assembly, or the paper.

thermal pad

A part applied between a processor and a heat sink to provide consistent heat dispersion.

transfer belt

A part located at the bottom of a laser printer used to move paper through the printer.

System Configuration utility

A Windows utility that allows boot files and settings to be enabled/disabled for troubleshooting purposes. The command that brings up this utility is msconfig.exe.

regedit.exe

A Windows utility that can modify and back up the registry.

Disk Cleanup

A Windows utility that helps free up hard drive space by emptying the Recycle Bin, removing temporary files, removing temporary internet files, removing offline files, and so on.

batch file

A Windows-based script that can only be interpreted by the Windows operating system. A batch file has the extension .bat.

Task Scheduler

A Windows-based utility that allows applications or tasks to be executed periodically or at a specific date and time. This can include a systemwide message.

Task Manager

A Windows-based utility that displays memory and processor usage data and also displays currently loaded applications as well as currently running processes.

grandfather-father-son backup

A backup method in which a full backup (grandfather) is done relatively infrequently, such as once a month. Then another full backup (father) is done once a week followed by incremental backups (son) daily.

incremental backup

A backup method in which only files that have changed since the last backup are backed up. This type of backup is therefore faster than a full backup.

synthetic backup

A backup method that uses a full backup and incremental backups.

differential backup

A backup that backs up files that have changed since the last full backup (files that have the archive bit set to on) but in which the backup software does not reset the archive bit, as an incremental backup does.

separation pad

A bar or pad in a laser printer that can have a rubber or cork surface that rubs against the paper as it is picked up.

string

A basic data type that is simply a string of characters.

server-based network

A basic type of LAN in which users log in to a controlling computer, called a server, that knows who is authorized to connect to the LAN and what resources the user is authorized to access. This type of network is usually used in businesses that have 10 or more computers.

disable AutoRun

A best practice for security is to disable this option, which dictates whether software or programs start automatically from discs, USB, or other drives.

disable AutoPlay

A best practice for security is to disable this option, which is used to control what happens when you insert media.

disable Windows application

A best practice is to use the System Configuration utility Startup tab to disable applications that start automatically.

log off when not in use

A best practice when not using a computer, which involves configuring a screen saver to appear or locking the computer after a period of non-use.

palmprint scanner

A biometric security device that is more secure than a fingerprint reader and scans the hand and possibly provides vein analysis.

fingerprint scanner

A biometric security device that requires a finger to be placed on a reader and compared against a stored image.

retinal scanner

A biometric security device that scans the eye for authentication and access.

Boot Camp

A boot loading utility designed to assist with partitioning, installation, and support in running Windows on a Mac.

optical disc (boot option)

A boot method that uses a CD, DVD, or Blu-ray disc that has an operating system on it.

tailgating

A breach of physical security that occurs when an unauthorized person enters a secure space behind an authorized person. Training and diligence by all employees are the only ways to stop tailgating. Also known as piggybacking.

dictionary [attack]

A brute-force security attack that tries to determine a password by using words in a dictionary in order to gain access to data.

swollen battery

A bulging battery, which requires immediate replacement as it may not hold a charge and could soon leak.

capacitor swelling

A bulging end or top of a capacitor that indicates it is time to change it or the component of which it is a part, including the motherboard.

Time Machine

A bundled application in macOS that performs full and incremental system backups to an external hard drive. It gets its clever naming from the capability to navigate past backups as if traveling backward through time.

double image

A burn-in; an image seen on a display screen when an LCD or a plasma display has been left on too long.

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

A bus that allows 127 devices to be connected to a single computer port.

third-party vendor [security]

A business commonly used for security measures such as shredding corporate documents or destroying data on storage devices.

Start button

A button, located in the lower-left corner of the Windows desktop, that is used to access and launch applications, files, utilities, and help, as well as to add/remove hardware and software.

eSATA cable

A cable that attaches to an eSATA port located on the outside of a device such as on a motherboard or card. The maximum length of such a cable is 6 feet (2 meters).

SATA cable

A cable used to connect a SATA device to a motherboard SATA port.

compressed air

A can of air whose top can be pressed to direct high-powered air to remove dust from hard-to-reach places such as under keys, under motherboards, and inside power supplies and devices.

This PC

A category shown in Microsoft Windows that contains local drives and quick access to the desktop, documents, music, and downloads.

processor

A central 32-bit or 64-bit electronic chip that determines the processing power of a computer. Also known as a microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU).

registry

A central Windows database file that holds hardware and software configuration information.

pipe symbol

A character (|) used at the command prompt that allows control of where or how the output of the command is processed.

BIOS (basic input/output system)

A chip that contains computer software that locates the operating system, POST, and important hardware configuration parameters. Also called ROM BIOS, Flash BIOS, or system BIOS. Replaced with UEFI BIOS.

metered service

A cloud computing service for which a company pays an amount based on how much of the service is used on an hourly or monthly basis.

knowledge base

A collection of documents used to answer commonly asked IT questions or describe IT procedures.

maintenance kit

A collection of items commonly used for technical support that includes a portable vacuum, toner vacuum, compressed air, swabs, monitor wipes, lint-free cloths, general-purpose cloths, general-purpose cleanser, denatured alcohol, antistatic brush, optical drive cleaning kit, gold contact cleaner, safety goggles, and an air filter or mask.

SAN (storage area network)

A collection of storage media that is centrally managed and available to a multitude of network devices, such as servers, network-based applications, virtual machines, and users.

QoS (quality of service)

A collection of techniques that ensure that the most important corporate data, voice, and/or video is sent before other noncritical data that may get dropped as a result.

firmware

A combination of hardware and software attributes. An example is a BIOS chip that has instructions (software) written into it.

convert

A command issued from a command prompt that changes an older file system into NTFS.

A command issued from a command prompt that creates a directory (folder) or subdirectory.

del

A command issued from a command prompt that deletes a file or folder.

command

A command issued from the Run utility in Windows to bring up a command prompt window.

command /?

A command issued from the Run utility in Windows to list commands and options that are available for that particular command. Replace command with a particular command, such as dir /?.

services.msc

A command that brings up the Services snap-in Computer Management tool so that you can start and stop services.

gpedit.msc

A command that brings up the group policy editor, which is used to control various Windows functions, apps, and what specific groups are allowed to do.

prompt

A command that changes how the command prompt appears. See also command prompt.

attrib

A command that designates a file as hidden, archived, read-only, or a system file.

gpresult

A command that displays Group Policy settings. A group policy determines how a computer is configured for both system and user (or user group) settings.

type

A command that displays a file's contents on the screen.

net user

A command that is used to create, delete, or make changes to user accounts from a command prompt on a Microsoft-based machine.

netdom

A command that is used to manage workstations in a domain environment.

net use

A command that is used to map a network share to a drive letter or to view mapped drives on a Microsoft-based machine.

netstat

A command that is used to view current network connections and the local routing table for a PC.

net

A command that manages almost everything on a network. It can be followed by a number of options, each of which has different parameters.

notepad [command]

A command that opens the Windows Notepad text editor app.

pathping

A command that provides output similar to the ping and tracert commands and that includes network latency and loss information between source and destination IP addresses.

xcopy

A command that transfers files from one place to another in the command prompt environment.

ipconfig

A command used from a command prompt in Windows to view the current IP configuration settings.

dir

A command used from a command prompt to display the contents of a directory.

echo off

A command used from a command prompt to prevent characters from displaying on the screen.

copy

A command used from a command prompt to transfer one or more files from one place to another.

explorer

A command used on a Windows device to bring up File Explorer.

kill

A command used through the Terminal application on a Mac or in Linux to halt a program that has frozen or is not responding. An example is kill -9, where 9 is the process_id.

diskpart

A command-based utility used in preparing hard disk partitions and volumes for use.

A command-line text editor used on macOS and Linux.

ZIF socket (zero insertion force socket)

A common CPU socket that has a lever that provides easy access for CPU removal.

grep

A common Linux utility that searches output for a specified term.

liquid damage

A common hazard of mobile devices.

less

A common macOS and Linux command that shows the contents of a file.

Wi-Fi calling

A common mobile device capability used to make phone calls using a Wi-Fi connection rather than a cell phone network.

PC (personal computer)

A common name for a computer, derived from the IBM PC brand.

intermittent projector shutdown

A common safety precaution for a projector when it has been used for a long period of time and needs to cool. If this occurs when the projector has only been powered a short period of time, check the filter.

impact print head

A component of an impact printer that holds tiny wires called print wires.

menu bar

A component of the macOS GUI that is anchored to the top of a screen and is a dynamically changing bar that presents contextual drop-down menu options on the left side, depending on which window is active. On the right side, it provides shortcuts such as for connecting to a Wi-Fi network or changing volume. It is also informative, displaying information such as battery life on laptops and the time.

web server

A computer configured to provide web-based content that is accessed through a web browser.

gaming PC

A computer design that includes a powerful processor, high-end video or specialized GPU, an SSD, a good sound card, and high-end cooling due to the demands placed on hardware when playing computer-based games.

database system

A computer or server that has software on it that provides for a structured way of collecting, analyzing, sorting, and displaying data.

sleep-and-charge USB port

A computer port that provides power to an attached device (power to charge the device) even when the computer is powered off.

embedded system

A computer that has a specific function within a larger system, such as in medical, manufacturing, or airport industries.

smartphone

A device that has more capabilities than a cell phone, such as internet connectivity, GPS tracking, apps, camera functions, music options, and wireless connectivity to other devices.

redundant power supply

A device that has two or more power supplies that provide power in the event that one power supply fails.

surge suppressor/protector

A device that helps protect power supplies from overvoltage conditions. Also known as a surge strip.

cellular card

A device that is used to connect a laptop to a cell phone network.

line conditioner

A device that protects a computer from overvoltage and undervoltage conditions as well as adverse noise conditions. Also known as a power conditioner.

digitizer

A device that provides input into documents such as architectural drawings, technical plans, and photos. It can also be used to draw electronic pictures.

UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

A device that provides power for a limited time to a computer or device during a power outage.

SPS (standby power supply)

A device that provides power to a computer only after it first detects an AC voltage power-out condition.

battery backup

A device that provides power to a computer when a brownout or a blackout occurs.

wireless access point

A device that receives and transmits data from multiple computers that have wireless NICs installed. The access point can be a standalone unit or can be integrated into an ADSL router.

projector

A device that takes input from a device such as a computer, laptop, camera, and so on and sends an image to a screen or wall.

key fob

A device used for keyless entry.

drawing pad

A device used to draw, annotate an existing document or drawing, type, or write. Also known as a drawing tablet or graphics tablet. Commonly used by teachers, graphic artists, space planners, and engineers.

laptop docking station

A device used to provide increased connectivity, such as to one or more displays, full-sized keyboard, mouse, and so on, as well as wired network connectivity.

syslog server

A device used to receive information from multiple network devices and that provides a historical record of events such as devices losing power, a particular interface going down, or access (login/logout) to the device.

magnetometer

A device used to scan for firearms/weapons that might also be used for location tracking.

vacuum

A device used to suction dust and debris from computers and wiring closets.

hub

A device used with Universal Serial Bus or in a star network topology that allows multiple device connections. A network hub cannot look at each data frame coming through its ports as a switch does. It forwards data frames (packets) to all ports.

subdirectory

A directory contained within another directory. Subdirectories are also called subfolders.

GParted

A disk management tool bundled with Ubuntu that allows the creation, deletion, and resizing of partitions on a physical disk.

initialize disk

A disk option available through the Windows Disk Management tool that enables a disk so that data may be stored on it.

dynamic storage

A disk that has been configured for the Windows operating system that can be resized and managed without rebooting and that contains primary partitions, extended partitions, logical drives, and dynamic volumes.

formatted (disk)

A disk that has been prepared to accept data.

fuzzy image

A display issue that can be caused by faulty electronics or broken/bent pins on a cable.

logical drive

A division of an extended partition into a separate unit, which appears as a separate drive letter.

logical partition

A division of an extended partition. A logical partition can be assigned a drive letter, formatted, and used for storage.

drive partition

A division of space on a hard drive that is recognizable by the operating system.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

A division of the U.S. Department of Labor that promotes safe and healthy working conditions by enforcing standards and providing workplace safety training.

launcher

A dock-like shortcut bar that allows manipulation of the graphical user interface (GUI) so that multiple apps and/or commands are easily deployed. It has the functionality of being an application launcher shortcut as well as having a universal search feature built in to it.

USB Type-B

A downstream male connector on a USB cable that connects to a Type-B connector on the downstream device.

factory recovery partition

A drive partition that contains files and folders including the operating system, drivers, and preinstalled programs that is used when a system must be rebuilt, restored, or re-created or when troubleshooting Windows problems.

SSHD (solid-state hybrid drive)

A drive that contains both a mechanical hard drive and flash memory used as an SSD.

SSD (solid-state drive)

A drive that uses non-volatile flash memory and no moving parts to store data. It is faster but more expensive than a mechanical hard drive.

NAS drive

A drive used in a network-attached storage device that costs more than a drive of the same capacity used in a PC, for example, because a NAS drive is built to run 24/7.

scareware

A fake message that warns of a virus or computer problem.

client-side DNS

A form of Domain Name System (DNS) in which individuals or businesses configure their computer to use one or more DNS servers to translate uniform resource locators (URLs) into IP addresses.

safety goggles

A form of personal protection that should be worn when working on equipment to protect the eyes from debris, chemicals, and liquids.

whaling

A form of phishing attack that targets senior executives.

vishing

A form of phishing that uses a voice call in order to obtain personal information.

username and password

A form of security in which a device or an authentication server has a specific unique identifier and associated characters to allow access.

5 GHz

A frequency commonly used for 802.11 wireless networks.

function key

A function ( ) key that, when used with another key, provides a specific function such as turning up speakers, connecting to an external monitor, or turning on the wireless adapter. This key is commonly found on laptops.

cmdlet

A function used and associated with a particular operation when creating tasks within PowerShell.

comparison operator

A function used in scripting to evaluate two values.

hash

A function used in security encryption and for file transfers to ensure that a file did not get changed during the download.

PCI (payment card industry)

A generic term for the entities surrounding businesses using payment cards, such as debit and credit cards, for transactions.

Python

A good language for writing scripts because it is easy to learn and can be run on most operating systems. The extension .py is used for Python files.

proactive

A good trait to have as a technician that involves implementing measures to avoid problems rather than waiting for problems to occur before implementing measures.

be on time

A good work habit to have. If you are going to be late for work, contact your supervisor. If you are going to be late for a customer appointment, notify the customer.

maintain a positive attitude

A great idea for professionalism and good rapport with customers.

developer mode

A mode on a mobile device that allows for the device to be customized or apps to be developed. App customization and development can pose a security risk and/or the device operating system to be unstable so be careful using this mode.

equality operator

A method in scripting that is used to compare two values. Another name for comparison operator or equals operator.

asset tag

A method of IT inventory used on hardware and network items.

full backup

A method of backing up a hard drive in which the archive attribute is used. The backup software backs up all selected files and sets the archive bit to off.

NAT (network address translation)

A method of conserving public IP addresses. NAT uses private IP addresses that become translated to public IP addresses.

shredding

A method of destroying documents for security reasons.

TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)

A method of encryption that is an improvement over WEP because the encryption keys periodically change.

IT automation

A method of implementing change where changes to devices or applications can occur without a human making repetitive changes to multiple systems.

unattended installation

A method of installing Windows in which the remote computer does not have to be touched. It can be conducted using Microsoft Deployment Toolkit with Configuration Manager or another imaging product.

FAT (File Allocation Table)

A method of organizing a computer's file system.

PoE (Power over Ethernet)

A method of powering a remote device through an Ethernet switch or a patch panel.

multithreading

A method of processing that allows an operating system to be more efficient as it can perform multiple tasks to keep the processor busy.

continuous ink system

A method of providing extra ink for heavily used inkjet printers.

PoE injector

A method of providing power to a remote device using an injector when a PoE switch or patch panel is not available.

encryption

A method of securing data from unauthorized users in which data is converted into an unreadable format.

access control vestibule

A method of separating a nonsecure area from a secure area to prevent unauthorized access and tailgating. Also known as a mantrap.

in-place upgrade

A method of upgrading Windows when an older Windows version is already installed.

virtual RAM

A method of using storage space on the hard drive as if it were memory.

sandbox

A method of using virtualization or non-production equipment to test code or app changes before deployment.

prefix notation

A method used to describe a subnet mask. It includes a forward slash followed by a number, such as /24. The number is how many consecutive bits are set in the subnet mask.

WPS (WiFi Protected Settings)

A method used to easily configure a wireless device for SSID and WPA2 security.

IP addressing scheme

A methodical way of setting up network numbers within an organization. Within a company, the IP addressing scheme tends to be private IP addresses.

IRQ (interrupt request)

A microprocessor priority system that assigns a number to each expansion adapter or port to facilitate orderly communication.

Android

A mobile device operating system.

Android OS

A mobile device operating system.

broken screen

A mobile device part that might have to be replaced. Replacing a screen might require removing the keyboard, drive, memory, and motherboard.

tablet

A mobile device with a touch screen, camera(s), microphone, and possibly one or more ports.

headset

A mobile wearable device that commonly includes a microphone and headphones.

logical operator

An operator used in scripting to allow for two or more conditions to be tested in one statement. Examples of logical operators include AND, NOT, and OR.

secured print

An option available on some printers that requires a passcode in order to send/retrieve a print job.

duplexing assembly

An option available on some printers to allow two-sided printing.

maintenance counter

An option on a laser printer that counts the number of pages until the message to apply the maintenance kit appears again.

remote backup

An option on a mobile device to allow the device or specific data—such as personal contacts, videos, pictures, and/or music—to be backed up to remote storage.

PXE (Preboot Execution Environment) boot

An option some computers have that can be modified to search for the network device that holds the computer image.

file synchronization

An option sometimes available with cloud file storage or a program that you can download that allows you to access files that have been placed in a special folder.

factory reset

An option to reset a computing device back to original settings.

Force Quit

An option used on an Apple device to close an unresponsive app.

command switch

An option used when working from a command prompt that allows a command to be controlled or operated on differently.

recovery partition

An optional partition provided by some vendors that contains the operating system, files, and applications installed on the system when purchased.

legacy system

An outdated computer system or piece of network equipment that needs to be replaced or updated.

power surge

An overvoltage condition that is like a spike but that has a longer duration.

high latency

An undesired network characteristic where packets are dropped frequently and network systems respond slowly to network requests.

dust cleanup

An unsafe condition for technicians to work in without an air filter or mask.

OS update [mobile]

An upgrade to an operating system that is important on mobile devices because the update commonly contains security patches; a device should be connected to power if possible during an update.

HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface)

An upgraded digital interface that carries audio and video over the same cable.

bollard

An upright post that tends to be set in front of a door and is used as a security deterrent.

USB Type-A

An upstream male connector on a USB cable that connects to an upstream Type-A port on a host computer or other hub.

Cat 5

Another name for Category 5 twisted pair cable, which has a bandwidth maximum of 100 MHz, a maximum transmission speed of 100 Mb/s, and a 100-meter (328-foot) maximum cable distance.

Cat 5e

Another name for Category 5e twisted pair cable, which has a bandwidth maximum of 100 MHz, a maximum transmission speed of 1,000 Mb/s, and a 100-meter (328-foot) maximum cable distance. This type of cable reduces crosstalk found in Cat 5 cable.

Cat 6

Another name for Category 6 twisted pair cable, which, with the Cat 6a specification, has a bandwidth maximum of 500 MHz, a maximum transmission speed of 10,000 Mb/s, and a 100-meter (328-foot) maximum cable distance.

disk striping

Another name for RAID 0, in which data is alternately written on two or more hard drives, thus providing increased system performance.

wireless extender

Another name for a wireless repeater that increases the size of a wireless network.

suspend mode

Another name for sleep mode, used to conserve power in a computing device.

checkpoint

In a virtualization environment, a copy or backup of the virtual machine (VM) at a particular point in time that is used to revert the VM to that point in time.

snapshot

In a virtualization environment, a copy or backup of the virtual machine (VM) at a particular point in time that is used to revert the VM to that point in time. It is similar in concept to a restore point.

Type 1 hypervisor

In a virtualization environment, a hypervisor that has the operating system running on top of the hypervisor. Also known as a native hypervisor.

Type 2 hypervisor

In a virtualization environment, a hypervisor that runs on top of a host operating system to manage and oversee the virtual machine. Also known as a hosted hypervisor.

host machine

In a virtualization environment, a real computer.

hypervisor

In a virtualization environment, the software that creates the virtual machine (VM) and allocates resources to the VM. Also called a virtual machine monitor or virtual machine manager (VMM).

purpose of the change

In change management, the part of the planning process that involves documenting why a change is needed.

external shared resources

In cloud computing, resources such as servers, applications, hardware (for example, CPUs and RAM), data storage, and network infrastructure equipment shared between organizations through an external vendor.

shared resources

In cloud computing, resources such as servers, applications, hardware (such as CPUs and RAM), data storage, and network infrastructure equipment shared among people within an organization or between organizations.

Console

In macOS, a centralized place to find system and application logs and messages. It allows parsing manually or by searching for something specific.

Vocabulary Comptia A+ 220-1101 & 220-1102

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