Water Concept

Agricultural contaminants

- 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyetic acid - glyphosate - atrazine - simazine (24 GAS)

Water preconditions

- Fundamental Water Quality - Inorganic Contaminants - Organic Contaminants - Agricultural Contaminants - Public Water Additives

sediment filters

- Glass microfiber filters - reverse osmosis filters

Feature 36 Water Treatment

1. Organic Chemical Removal 2. Sediment Filter 3. Microbial Elimination 4. Water Quality Maintenance 5. Legionella Control

Features 35-37

Optimizations

daily

required cleaning frequency to prevent calcium buildup per feature 37 Drinking Water Promotion: - mouthpieces - guards - basins

quarterly

required cleaning frequency to remove debris and sediment per feature 37 Drinking Water Promotion: - outlet screens - aerators

Feature 30 Fundamental Water Quality

sets limits for sediment (1.0 NTU) and microorganisms (no coliforms)

1.5 μm

the required sediment filter size per Feature 36 Water Treatment

Water Additives

- Chlorine - Chloramine - Fluoride (CCF)

Water optimizations

- Periodic Water Quality Testing (B & I) - Water Treatment - Drinking Water Promotion

Disinfectant Byproducts (DBPs)

- Trihalomethanes (THMs) - Haloacetic Acids (HAAs) (TH)

Legionella

- a bacterium that is found in freshwater and can cause a serious form of pneumonia - is easily spread through air in mist or water vapor and can enter the body through the lungs - sources include hot water tanks, cooling towers, large plumbing systems, dental water lines, and aesthetic water features

fertilizer

- a compound that contains nutrients that encourage the growth of a plant - the key compound is typically nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or urea which are converted to nitrate and nitrite by soil bacteria - unused nitrates can find their way into groundwater or through livestock waste and septic tank effluent

Haloacetic acid (HAA)

- a disinfectant by-product formed when chlorine or chloramine reacts with organic matter in water - causes skin and eye irritation and increases the risk of cancer - GAC filters are effective at removing

trihalomethane (THM)

- a disinfectant by-product formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in water - causes skin and eye irritation and increases the risk of cancer - GAC filters are effective at removing

chloramine

- a disinfectant formed when ammonia is added to chlorine and is commonly used a as a secondary disinfectant - not as effective as chlorine, but dissipates into the air slower and allows more time to disinfect - generates fewer byproducts than chlorine - GAC filters can be used to lower levels

chlorine

- a highly irritating, greenish-yellow gaseous halogen that can be introduced into a water supply as a gas, sodium hypochlorite solution, or calcium hypochlorite solid - highly effective at killing microorganisms - can react with other organic matter in water to produce unwanted compounds - GAC filters can be used to lower levels

organic contaminant

- a human-made compound or chemical containing carbon atoms that has leached into ground and surface water from industrial activities, such as the production of plastics - chronic exposure can lead to nervous system damage, kidney damage, and increased risk of cancer

coliforms

- a microorganism that includes bacteria such as E.coli - are naturally found in soil, vegetation, and in the intestinal tract of mammals - although some may cause serious illness, most don't - increased presence in water could indicate other pathogens

benzene

- a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals - is a human carcinogen

fluoride

- a naturally occurring chemical that prevents or helps reverse tooth decay - many municipal water utilities add it to drinking water - excessive consumption can cause dental fluorosis - reverse osmosis or distillation can be effective at removing excess

kinetic degradation fluxion (KDF) filter

- a water filter that contains flakes or granules of a copper and zinc alloy - is up to 98% effective at removing INORGANIC contaminants, but not effective at removing organic chemicals or parasites

reverse-osmosis (RO) filtration system

- a water filtration system that uses a semi-permeable membrane to filter water - pressure forces untreated water through the very fine membrane that primarily only allows water molecules to pass through - often used with several prefilter and postfilter components to minimize fouling of the membrane and remove chemicals - are effective but tend to waste about 50%-80% of the incoming supply water, which is sometimes recirculated to be used as graywater

granular activated carbon (GAC) filter

- a water filtration system that uses oxygen-treated carbon to chemically bond with the organic contaminants in water - are commonly used in homes and point of use filters - are highly effective at removing ORGANIC contaminants, but they are ineffective at removing other substances such as sodium and fluorine

taste affecting solids measured and limited by Feature 37 Drinking Water Promotion

- aluminum - chloride - manganese - sodium - sulfate - iron - zinc

inorganic contaminant

- an element or compound that may b found in a water supply, occurring from natural sources such as geology, resulting from human activities such as mining and industry, or leaching into a water supply through outdated or malfunctioning water supply infrastructure - are linked to developmental delays, high blood pressure, and kidney problems

antimony alloys

- are used in batteries, low friction metals, and type metal and cable sheathing - are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery

minerals that affect water taste

- chloride - iron - zinc - manganese - aluminum - sodium - sulfate (ChIZMASS)

quarterly testing

- copper - arsenic - lead - mercury (CALM)

inorganic contaminants

- copper - lead - arsenic - nickel - antimony - mercury (CLANAM)

four routes of exposure

- ingestion - inhalation - skin absorption - injection

types of water

- potable - nonpotable - process

types of potable water

- safe for human contact - safe for human consumption

places of contamination

- source - supply lines - building connection - piping - plumbing fixtures

0.001 mg/L

- the limit of atrazine levels in water per Feature 33 Agricultural Contaminants

organic pollutants

- toluene - xylenes (m, p, and o) - benzene - ethylbenzene - styrene - tetrachloroethylene - vinyl chloride - PCBs (TX-BEST-VeryPopular)

process water

- water that is used for cooling towers, boilers, and industrial processes - can be either potable or nonpotable - often undergoes filtration and treatment for softening and demineralization

Feature not applicable to Core and Shell

Feature 35 Periodic Water Quality Testing

30-37

Features in the Water Concept

Quarterly

How often aerators of water dispensers should be cleaned to remove debris and sediment

Features 30-34

Preconditions

agricultural contaminant

a chemical pesticide, herbicide, or fertilizer that can be harmful to humans, animals, or the environment if it leaches into a water supply

disinfectants

a chemical that is used to control or destroy harmful microorganisms as well as prevent their formation on inanimate objects and surfaces or in liquids

pesticide

a chemical that is used to destroy, repel, or control plants or animals

Disinfectant Byproduct (DBP)

a compound that forms when chlorine and, to a slightly lesser extent, chloramine react with organic materials in a water supply

dental fluorosis

a condition in which white spots can form on a tooth surface for mild cases or cause enamel damage in extreme cases

2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

a major herbicide that is likely to run off or leach into ground and surface water sources

microbial cyst

a microorganism in its dormant state that is resistant to typical disinfection methods

glyphosate

a nonselective herbicide that is used in many pesticide formulations and may result in human exposure through its normal use due to spray drift, residues on food crops, and runoff into water sources

atrazine

a pesticide that is among the most widely used in the US to control broadleaf weeds in crops and is among the most commonly detected in drinking water and is a suspected endocrine disrupter

simazine

a popular herbicide that is used to control weeds and can cause weight loss and blood damage with short term exposure

methemoglobinemia

a serious blood disorder in which hemoglobin in the blood carries but is unable to release oxygen effectively to the body tissue

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)

a sterilization method that uses UV light to break down microorganisms by destroying their DNA

herbicide

a type of pesticide that contains chemicals used to destroy or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants

low turbidity

allows certain water purification methods such as UV light treatment to work efficiently

pathogen

an infectious biological agent such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus that is capable of causing disease in its host

NSF rated filters

are rated according to their ability to remove MICROBIAL CYSTS, such as cryptosporidium and giardia which can cause intestinal illness

excessive nitrate exposure

can cause methemoglobinemia

mild dehydration

can lead to muscle cramps, dry skin, headaches

water strategies

ensuring that water is safe, clean, and easily accessible through filtration, treatment, and strategic placement

Water additives

excessive exposure can lead to fluorosis, stomach discomfort, and eye and skin irritation: - chlorine disinfectants - chloramine disinfectants - fluoride to prevent tooth decay

Safe Drinking Water Act

federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation

total coliforms

includes coliforms from all sources

architect

is responsible for providing letters of assurance to document the promotion of drinking water access

Clean Water Act

legislation that protects the quality of surface water in the U.S

severe dehydration

life-threatening condition that can cause confusion, rapid heartbeat and breathing, shock, and delirium

private wells

not regulated by federal law, but there may be state or local regulations concerning the quality; treatment occurs where the water enters to building or at the point of use

primary supply

sources such as surface water (rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) or municipal wells

2 million

the amount of annual deaths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene according to the WHO

2 million

the amount of annual deaths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene according to the World Health Organization

turbidity

the amount of cloudiness in a liquid caused by suspended solids that are usually invisible to the naked eye

8

the amount of features within the water concept

1 billion

the amount of people who lack access to safe drinking water worldwide

2.7 liters

the amount of water recommended for females to consume per day

3.7 liters

the amount of water recommended for males to consume per day

3

the amount of years that detailed water data records must be kept per Feature 35 Periodic Water Quality Testing

appropriate water filters

the key to continuously delivering high quality water

0.1 NTU

the level of turbidity most water utilities attempt to maintain

4.0 mg/L

the limit of fluoride levels in water per Feature 34 Public Water Additives

0.7 mg/L

the limit of glyphosate levels in water per Feature 33 Agricultural Contaminants

0.06 mg/L

the limit of haloacetic acid (HAA) levels in water per Feature 34 Public Water Additives

4 mg/L

the limit of residual chloramine in drinking water per Feature 34 Public Water Additives)

0.6 mg/L

the limit of residual chlorine in drinking water per Feature 34 Public Water Additives

500 mg/L

the limit of total dissolved solids in water per Feature 37 Drinking Water Promotion

0.08 mg/L

the limit of trihalomethane (THM) levels in water per Feature 34 Public Water Additives

0.01 mg/L

the limits of lead and arsenic in water per Feature 31 Inorganic Contaminants

100 feet

the maximum distance from all parts of the regularly occupied floor space to at least one drinking water dispenser per floor

50 mg/L (10 mg/L as nitrogen)

the maximum level of Nitrate in drinking water allowed by Feature 33 Agricultural Contaminants

5.0 NTU

the maximum turbidity for public drinking water

nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)

the unit of measure for the tubidity of water

water safe for human contact

water in water closets and urinals but may also be consumed

potable water

water that is fit for human consumption; can be used for any function within a building, but it is the only type of water that has been made safe for drinking

nonpotable water

water that is not fit for human consumption

water safe for human consumption

water that is used for drinking, bathing, cooking, dishwashing, oral hygiene, ice-making, and food production