Ways of the World: Chapter 2 - First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies (3500 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E.)

Patriarchy

a system in which men are the primary source of power while women have little power

22. Which First Civilization was the "gift of the Nile"? a. Egypt b. Mesopotamia c. Indus Valley d. China

a. Ancient Egypt was utterly dependent on the regular annual rising of the Nile

9. Why did civilizations first emerge so late in human history? a. Only agricultural societies can support large populations and sustain specialized or elite minorities. b. Tools that made it possible to construct cities only developed in c. 3500 B.C.E. c. Human brains were not large enough for abstract, civilized thought until about 3500 B.C.E. d. Only weather improvements after the end of the Ice Age made civilization possible.

a. Civilizations had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution, because civilized societies are not possible without significant food surpluses

25. Which people first domesticated the horse? a. The Indo-Europeans b. The Phoenicians c. The Babylonians d. The Egyptians

a. Indo-Europeans, pastoral peoples living in what is now southern Russia, domesticated the horse by about 4000 B.C.E

28. Scholars have found evidence for which of the following as an important factor in the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization? a. Salinization caused by repeated irrigation b. Foreign invasion and conquest c. Epidemic disease d. Civil war

a. Salinization, the build-up of salt and other minerals in cultivated soil, is a danger in all lands that rely on irrigation. Scholars believe it was a factor in the abandonment of the Indus Valley civilization

5. Which civilization produced the world's earliest written language? a. Sumerian b. Indus Valley c. Egyptian d. Norte Chico

a. Sumerians created the world's first written language, using it at first to record offerings to temples

1. Which of the following civilizations developed earliest? a. Norte Chico b. Indus Valley c. Olmec d. Chinese

a. The Norte Chico civilization developed between 3500 and 3000 B.C.E.

rise of the state

the process of a civilization centralizing under a single ruler

21. Which of the following ruled Mesopotamia at some point in ancient history? a. Egyptians b. Scythians c. Israelites d. Babylonians

d. The Babylonians ruled Mesopotamia between about 1900 and 1500 B.C.E

Way of burial for egyptians

pyramids-more wealth, better burial

Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"

seasonal flooding each year in the areas surrounding the Nile left behind fertile soil which was referred to as the "gift of the Nile"

Mohenjo Daro/Harappa

sister cities in the Indus River Valley which shared many characteristics such as a gridlike street pattern, a complex sewage system, and private wells

Why did some civilizations not succeed?

some resisted (san and chumash) some fought and only one triumphed- warfare

Epic of Gilgamesh

A Mesopotamian writing telling of a man who is part god and searching for immortality

Phoenicians

A civilization in the are of present day Lebanon, creators of the first alphabetic writing system

Nubia

A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE

pharoah

A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers

Xia dynasty (shah)

A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE

Harappa

A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 BCE

Mohenjo Daro

A major city of the Indus valley civilization; flourished around 2000 BCE

Hyksos

A pastoral group of unknown ethnicity that invaded Egypt and ruled in the north from 1650 to 1535 BCE. Their dominance was based on their use of horses, chariots, and bronze technology

Broad Spectrum Diet

Archeologists' term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals.

Political Egypt vs. Mesopotamia

Egypt lasted longer, taken over by conquerors

society Egypt vs. Mesopotamia

Egypt lived up and down the river, few cities, unified Mesopotamia was not unified, 80% in city-states, walled

Nubians

They were independent of the Egyptians. Farther south on the Nile. A lot of Cultural exchanges.

Sanxingdui

They were near the Chinese civilization, but they were independent. Them be havin large bronze statues.

Hierarchies of Gender reason

- labor-intensive work -surplus of food/ children, more time @ home -nature- man's dominance - warfare

Cities and States in Mesopotamia vs. Egypt

--Mesopotamia=dozen or more separate and independent city-states, so urbanized b/c rural peoples fled to walled cities for protection, unity imposed from outside invaders --Egypt=very unified from start, most lived in agricultural villages, focus on pharaoh --pharaoh lost power as nobles gained power and Nile failed to flood properly

Environment and Culture of Mesopotamia vs. Egypt

--Nile=predictable rise, Tigris and Euphrates=unpredictable --Mesopotamia far more vulnerable to invasion due to geography --Mesopotamian outlook than disorderly world faced death without hope of life beyond, Egyptians had cheerful outlook with hope of life after death --Sumer destroyed soil so low crop yields, Egyptians worked with the Nile

The First Civilizations

--Sumer in Mesopotamia (3500-3000 BCE)--first written language --same time w/Nile River Valley--pharaohs and pyramids, Nubia, unified territorial state with few cities --Norte Chico in Peru from 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE--largest city=Caral, small cities, less evidence of economic specialization, based on fishing, no grain-based farming, no pottery/writing, quipu discovered, little evidence of warfare --Indus River Valley (2000 BCE)--elaborately planned cities, massive, irrigation, written language, very egalitarian, environmental degradation led to abandonment in 1700 BCE --China in 2200 BCE--state evident from Wu in the Xia dynasty with flood projects, Son of Heaven ruler by Zhou dynasty, early language, continuity --Oxus/Amu Darya river valley in 2200 BCE--fortified centers, no literate culture, social hierarchy, focal point of "eurasian exchange", brief history --Olmec in 1200 BCE--competing chiefdoms and ceremonial centers, basalt heads, first written language in Americas, "mother civ." of Mesopotamia

Grandeur of Kings

--elaborate burials --lived life to the fullest --Olmec Heads, Maya Temple of Great Jaguar, pyramids

Hierarchies of Class

--greater wealth piled up -upper classes enjoyed wealth, no physical labor, fine items, top positions --free commoners=vast majority of population--surplus production supported elites --bottom=slaves--not primarily agricultural, many children could become free, not associated with "blackness"

"civilization"

--made possible by productivity of Ag. Rev. --concentrated population in big cities --organized and controlled by states --much inequality

Interaction and Exchange

--no one stood alone --Egyptian culture with roots in Africa (divine kingship) and SW Asia (wheat, barley) --long distance trade common --Hebrews and Phoenicians influenced by Mesopotamians --Nubia influenced by Egypt, Kush then invaded Egypt and kept it for 100 years --Egyptian influence seen in Minoan civ. --horse and chariot innovation (Hittites) got to China in 1200 BC for state building --Egypt and Babylon w/diplomatic correspondence, Egypt created own empire

Coercion and Consent

--one basis of authority=recognition that some authority needed in complex cities or territories --protected privileges of upper class--could compel obedience --state authority seen as ordained by the gods --religion also used to restrain established order

Hierarchies of Gender

--patriarchal ideal --origins in animal-drawn plows of new agriculture, women more pregnant than before --associations with nature became degraded, men with new higher culture --men with military--became key and power raised --private property/commerce

Question of Origins?

--roots in Ag. Rev.--sufficient surplus to support large pops. and elite who do not work for food --growing pop. density led to incentives for innovations b/c opps. for territorial expansion not available, competition led to warfare, state was advantage in competition--winning led to civs.

Patriarchy in Practice

--various written laws=sexist --women in Mesopotamia had to wear veils if respectable, no veils if not respectable --former female goddesses gradually relegated to home and hearth--Yahweh (still Istar) --Egypt=most equal

Writing and Accounting

--writing seen as magical/supernatural/gift from gods --defined elite status, gave prestige --used as propaganda --accounting strengthened bureaucracy, weight to laws/orders --became hard to control--rulers feared

Egyptian women

-own and sell property -could initiate divorce -make their own wills

Son of Heaven

Title of the ruler of China, first known as the Zhou dynasty; it acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth

Olmec

1200 BCE. They were located in the Gulf of Mexico, in modern day Mexico. Beans, squash and Maize were their agriculture. Maize had to be crossed bread to make it bigger and stronger than its ancestral counterpart. This would set the stage for future civilizations of the area, including their human sacrifices.

New Kingdom

1550- 1064 BCE

Middle Kingdom

2195-1550 BCE

Old Kingdom

2663-2195 BCE

Pre-History to History

3000 BCE

Norte Chico

A region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E.

quipu

A series of knotted cords, used for accounting and perhaps as a form of writing in the Norte Chico civilization

Code of Hammurabi

A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d. 1750 BCE); not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order

Hebrews

A smaller early civilization whose development of a monotheistic faith that provided the foundation of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam assured them a significant place in world history

What is a ziggurat?

A stepped pyramid topped with a temple

What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilization?

Agricultural Revolutions allowed communities to produce food that would support large populations. This allowed for the development of technology like reading and writing. This gave civilizations an advantage over gather hunters.

Agricultural Revolution

Aka the Neolithic Revolution,the transformation of human existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of plants and taming of animals

Bantu

An African-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa thanks to their agricultural techniques and, later, their iron working skills

Hittites

An Indo-European civilization established in Anatolia in the 18th century BCE

Minoan civilization

An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 BCE

Sanxingdui (sahnshing-dwee)

An ancient city of China that developed independently from the Shang dynasty

Chinese Civilization

An ancient civilization in China from 2700 b.c. They were controlled by the dynasties. They controlled the floods for their own benefit.

Indus River Valley

An ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River valley (Pakistan), from about 2500 to 1500 b.c. They traded with the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians. They had no political structure. They were controlled by the priests.

State

An area that people inhabit and control that has a leadership set up. Similar to a country.

Austronesian

An asian language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands, thanks to their mastery of agriculture

Olmec civilization

An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 BCE

Catalhuyuk

An important neolithic site in what is now Turkey

hieroglyphs

Ancient Egyptian writing system; literally "sacred carvings" so named because the Greeks saw them prominently displayed in Egyptian temples

Uruk - What's The Significance

Ancient Mesopotamians largest city. The walls were more than 20 feet tall. It had a population ~50,000 people. Uruk is significant because it shows how large the Mesopotamian civilization was.

Which of the following ruled Mesopotamia at some point in ancient history?

Babylonians

Kings in which early state were known as "Son of Heaven"?

China

Banpo

Chinese archaeological site, where the remains of a significant neolithic village have been found

What is the Mandate of Heaven?

Chinese ideology that the monarch is an intermediary between heaven and earth and has divine favor as long as he rules benevolently

Which of the following is necessary for a society to be defined as a "civilization" in the traditional scholarly sense?

Cites

Coercion

Citizens of the community were forced to give up a portion of their land, agree to work on a public project, etc., for the betterment of the community as a whole.

Which of the following is true of the emergence of civilizations on earth?

Civilization developed independently in seven major locations around the world.

Oxus Civilization

Civilization in modern day Afghanistan. Cities contained residential compounds, artisan workshops, and temples, all surrounded by impressive walls and gates. Had Agricultural economy. had architecture, ceramics, special burials etc. Aristocratic hierarchy. Trade center for Eurasia.

cradle of civilization

Commonly used term for southern Mesopotamia (in present day Iraq)

Specialization

Dealing with a specific item of trade

Civilization

Defined as any complex state society with a social hierarchy, communication, and domination over the natural environment. The actual usage of the term is debated from a ethical point of view (ex. the Mongols).

Which First Civilization was the "gift of the Nile"?

Egypt

religion/ worldview of Egypt vs. Mesopotamia

Egypt has positive worldview and afterlife because they are happy Mesopotamia has a negative worldview because they are unhappy; enkidu, darkness and no food in afterlife Both because of rivers- calendar/ unreliable

Economic Egypt vs. Mesopotamia

Egypt has strong, benevolent Nile; bountiful -traded with Mesopotamia and with each other Mesopotamia has Euphrates and Tigris rivers that are unreliable -traded a lot with each other - traded with Indus River Valleys

River Valley Civilizations

First wave civilization all formed on rivers

Scholars have found evidence for which of the following as an important factor in the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization?

Foreign invasion and conquest

Which class made up a large majority of the population in all of the First Civilizations?

Free commoners

In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy?

Gender roles were very common in early civilizations. Men went and did the hard work in the family. They were allowed to have multiple wives and they can control all of them. The women had roles that were easy and most of the times indoors. They were only in control for cleaning, cooking, and having children. The book says most of the time the women were pregnant, trying to increase population. They could not do "manly" work while pregnant.

The Mesopotamian epic hero who went on a quest for eternal life was

Gilgamesh

What body of water is the Olmecs on?

Gulf of Mexico

of the following was a city of the Indus Valley civilization?

Harrapa

How does the use of the term "civilization" by historians differ from that of popular usage? (Big Picture)

Historians view civilizations as the older and first civilizations. The popular usage for this word is viewed as today's societies. I view the term the same way as historians do because of reading this chapter.

Horticulture

Hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies

Pastoral Society

Human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food

Civilizations were held together largely by force- Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer. (Big Picture)

I agree with this statement. It took a lot to keep a civilization together. If it weren't for the people in control and in charge people wouldn't had stuck together.

What qualities do you feel describe people as "civilized" and which as "barbarian"? (Reflections: Civilizations: Whats in a Word?)

I think being civilized means you know how to behave. Being barbarian I see is crazy. Being civilized means being put together. Civilized people know how to act correctly, while barbarian people do not.

Cahokia

Important agricultural chiefdom of North America that flourished around 1100 C.E.

What river is Mohejo-Daro near and Harappa?

Indus River

Which early civilization may have housed a sophisticated civilization without developing a political hierarchy or centralized state?

Indus valley

Mesopotamians

Inhabitants of Mesopotamia, in modern day Iraq. The first people to inhabit the land were the Sumers, which created the first written language, Cuneiform. Founded between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the fertile crescent.

What modern state occupies the territory that was once Sumer? a. Iran

Iraq

Which of the following statements is true of long-distance trade in both Egypt and Mesopotamia?

It dealt mostly in luxury goods for the elite

of the following statements is true of literacy in the First Civilizations?

It gave enormous prestige to those who could read and write.

Which of the following statements is true about ancient Mesopotamia?

It was much more vulnerable to invasion than Egypt.

End of Egypt Conquerors

Kush Assyrian Persian

patriarchy

Literally, "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance

Which of the following statements is true of women in early civilizations?

Men claimed the right to regulate the social and sexual lives of the women of their families.

Epic of Gilgamesh - What's The Significance

Mesopotamia's ancient epic poem. The poem talks about how great Uruk was, encouraging people to come. This is important because this poem probably made lots of people move to Uruk.

Code Of Hammurabi - What's The Significance

Mesopotamia's rules. Mainly said punishment or death will happen if someone breaks a rule. There are slaves rules, and rules that wives cannot sleep with other men. This is important because these are the rules they must follow.

In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?

Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations are very different from each other. Although both civilizations rivers flooded, the Egyptians could predict when the Nile river would flood. This prevented their crops from being destroyed. However the Mesopotamians would not predict the floods. The Egyptians were protected from invasion, while the Mesopotamians were not, The Mesopotamians had strict rules for the women as Egyptian women had more control. Cities in Egypt were not very important while they were to the Mesopotamians.

How did Mesopotamian and Egyptian patriarchy differ from each other?

Mesopotamians and Egyptians viewed women very differently. In Mesopotamian civilizations, men were in control of the women. Women who were married must wear a veil. Women who were slaves or prostitutes would not wear a veil. Egyptians allowed women to make major decisions for themselves and others. They could sign their marriage and divorce papers and they did not have to wear a veil.

pyramid

Monumental tomb for an Egyptian pharoah; mostly built during the Old Kingdom; pyramids are also found in Meroe to the south of Egypt

Norte Chico/Caral

Nort Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 BCE; Caral was the largest of some 25 urban centers that emerged in the area at that time

The three earliest civilizations, all developing between 3500 and 3000 B.C.E., were Sumer, Egypt, and

Norte chico

Which of the First Civilizations provided the most opportunities to women?

Norte chico

Which of the following civilizations developed earliest?

Norte chico

Native Australian's

Often called aboriginals, the natives of Australia continued to live by hunting and gathering, despite the transition to agriculture in nearby lands.

This early civilization of the Americas made a number of lasting contributions to later Mesoamerican civilizations, including ritual sacrifice, sacrificial bloodletting by rulers, and a game played with a rubber ball.

Olmec

Which was the latest of the seven First Civilizations?

Olmec

Egyptians

One of the earliest civilizations that settled along the mouth of the Nile River in northern Africa.

Why did civilizations first emerge so late in human history?

Only agricultural societies can support large populations and sustain specialized or elite minorities.

What body of water is Norte Chico on?

Pacific Ocean

Paneb - What's The Significance

Paneb was a story about a guy who was orphaned as a young boy and ended up having a bad and cruel life.

Zhou dynasty (joe)

Period of Chinese history from 1122 to 256 BCE

Shang dynasty

Period of Chinese history from 1766 to 1122 BCE

Mesopotamia

Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates river in present day Iraq

Intensification

Process of getting more in return for less; e.g., growing more food on a smaller plot of land

End of the last ice age

Process of global warming that began around 16,000 years ago and ended about 5,000 years later, it lead to an increased population and it helped pave the way for agriculture

Ziggurat

Pyramid like structures built in Mesopotamia, structure was massive with a lot of stories/ levels.

Probably the least developed of the methods of writing developed in the First Civilizations in terms of ability to express all human thought, this writing system consisted of a complex system of knotted cords that recorded mostly numerical data, but may also have been used to record words and ideas.

Quipu

Fertile Crescent

Region that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture

Jericho

Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present day Israel

In what ways was social inequality expressed in early civilizations?

Social inequality was expressed in many early civilizations. For example, the early Mesopotamians were subdivided into different categories. Social inequality was expressed through class, hunting and agriculture, technology, and etc. This caused the upper class to be treated better. A free-born commoner were punished if they stuck a man higher than himself.

Chiefdom

Societal grouping governed by a chief who relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people

What was the first civilization?

Sumer- also first to have agricultural revolution first to develop written language(known as fertile crescent)

Which civilization produced the world's earliest written language?

Sumerians

Pharoah

Term given to the Egyptian king.

"Secondary products revolution"

Term used to describe the series of technological changes as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals

early collection of laws lays down punishment for crimes based on the social rank of the offender and the victim.

The Code of Hammurabi

In what ways were the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors?

The Egyptian agriculture drew upon wheat and barely. The Egyptians received wheat and barely from the Mesopotamia. They also received domesticated donkeys, cattle, and watermelons. The Hitties influenced both Egypt and Mesopotamia by bringing domesticated horses, carts with wheels, and technology.

The Gift Of The Nile - What's The Significance

The Egyptians were "Gifted" from the Nile river. They could predict when it flooded and received many uses from it. It was significant because the Nile was their source of water and food. (Extra note- "gift of the Nile" was a common name for the Nile, because of such it brought to the Egyptians.)

Which people first domesticated the horse?

The Indo-Europeans

Which early civilization invented alphabetic writing, developing it from Sumerian cuneiform?

The Phoenicians

salinization

The buildup of minerals in soil, decreasing its fertility; can be caused by long-term irrigation

When and where did the first civilizations emerge?

The first civilizations emerged around 3500 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E. The three civilizations that emerged were the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, and the Norte Chico civilizations.

Diffusion

The gradual spread of agriculture without extensive population movement

Mandate of Heaven

The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently

Teotihuacan (teh-o-tee-WAH-kahn)

The largest city of ancient Mesoamerica; flourished around 500 BCE

Uruk (OOH-rook)

The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia

Epic of Gilamesh

The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.

What is the "Old Kingdom"?

The period of Egyptian history between 2663 and 2195 B.C.E.

Bantu migration

The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa in a process that started ca. 3000 BCE and continued for several millennia

Bantu Migration

The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started in ca. 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia.

What were the sources of state authority in the First Civilization?

The state solved many problems in the First Civilizations. They organized the irrigation systems of the river valley civilizations. They defended the city/territory against aggressive outsiders. They also broke up fights and conflicts that people caused.

Domestication

The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind

Teosinte

The wild ancestor of maize

Stateless Societies

Village- based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups that functioned without a formal government apparatus

Which of the following means of authority was available to the states of the First Civilizations that was not available to earlier chiefdoms?

Violence

cuneiform

Wedge-shaped writing in the form of symbols incised into clay tablets; used in Mesopotamia from around 3100 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era

Gift of the Nile

When Spring starts, snow on the mountain would melt leading the Nile river to flood. When the flood waters would receded, it then leaves behind fertile soil. Crops than would be able to grow easily. (Egyptian Civilization)

Urban Revolution

When cities developed: government, currency, architecture Party town: music, women, no sleep walled-off ex. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

Patriarchy - What's The Significance

Where the father or eldest male is head of the family. This was how Mesopotamia civilizations were like.

Uruk

a Mesopotamian city that had walls more than twenty feet high; the center of the city featured a ziggurat with a temple on top

15. Which of the following means of authority was available to the states of the First Civilizations that was not available to earlier chiefdoms? a. Violence b. Persuasion c. Prestige d. Gifts

a. The right to use violence marked off the first states from earlier chiefdoms

Babylonian Empire

after akkadians took over by conquering

12. Which class made up a large majority of the population in all of the First Civilizations? a. Slaves b. Free commoners c. Priests d. Artisans

b. Free commoners, including artisans, soldiers, and farmers, formed the vast majority of all early civilized populations

17. Which of the following statements is true of literacy in the First Civilizations? a. It spread rapidly to most of the population. b. It gave enormous prestige to those who could read and write. c. It developed in only two of the First Civilizations. d. It was used only to keep records, not to produce literature.

b. Literacy defined elite status and gave enormous prestige

18. Which of the following statements is true about ancient Mesopotamia? a. Its agriculture was based on the predictable annual rise of its rivers. b. It was much more vulnerable to invasion than Egypt. c. Its people had a cheerful, hopeful outlook on the world. d. Its people believed in a happy afterlife.

b. Mesopotamia was an open environment without serious obstacles, so it was much more open to attack than Egypt

4. The three earliest civilizations, all developing between 3500 and 3000 B.C.E., were Sumer, Egypt, and a. Indus Valley. b. Norte Chico. c. China. d. Olmec.

b. Norte Chico was one of the three earliest civilizations, developing along the coast of Peru between 3000 and 1800 B.C.E

20. The Mesopotamian epic hero who went on a quest for eternal life was a. Enheduanna. b. Gilgamesh. c. Enkidu. d. Sargon.

b. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a great Mesopotamian classic that describes its hero's failed quest for eternal life.

7. What is the Mandate of Heaven? a. An Indian belief that the gods created humans and organized them into castes b. A Chinese ideology that the monarch is an intermediary between heaven and earth and has divine favor as long as he rules benevolently c. An Egyptian belief that the ruler was the son of a god d. A Mesopotamian ideology that the monarch is an intermediary between heaven and earth and has divine favor as long as he rules benevolently

b. The Mandate of Heaven is a uniquely Chinese ideology, elevating the ruler but at the same time making him or her socially responsible

10. What is a ziggurat? a. The tomb of an Egyptian king b. A stepped pyramid topped with a temple c. A ceremonial bath d. A great carved-stone head

b. Ziggurats, distinctive features of early Mesopotamian cities, were stepped pyramids topped with a temple

Meroe

bottom of Egypt, city inside of Nubia

Kush

bottom of Egypt, state, influenced by Egyptians with art, straight-faced statues and pyramids

oracle bones

bottom portion of turtle shell carve questions into shell how the shell would crack would answer the questions by the gods

26. This early collection of laws lays down punishment for crimes based on the social rank of the offender and the victim. a. The Seventeen-Article Constitution b. Deuteronomy c. The Code of Hammurabi d. The Laws of Manu

c. Compiled by order of King Hammurabi of Babylon in the eighteenth century B.C.E., the Code of Hammurabi is a collection of laws that strongly defines both crime and punishment in terms of social class

14. Which of the First Civilizations provided the most opportunities to women? a. Mesopotamia b. China c. Egypt d. Norte Chico

c. In Egypt, women were recognized as legal equals to men and sometimes held significant political power

19. What is the "Old Kingdom"? a. The earliest Sumerian state, based on the city of Ur b. The Shang dynasty in China c. The period of Egyptian history between 2663 and 2195 B.C.E. d. The first civilization in Babylon

c. Modern historians have divided ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, with Intermediary Periods between them

23. Which of the following statements is true of long-distance trade in both Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. It dealt primarily in staple foods like grain. b. It was almost completely local, dealing in goods that could be found no more than 50 miles away. c. It dealt mostly in luxury goods for the elite. d. They traded exclusively with each other.

c. Small, precious items were by far the most profitable trade goods for merchants, and they dominated trade in both Mesopotamia and Egypt

11. Which of the following was a city of the Indus Valley civilization? a. Uruk b. Teotihuacán. c. Harappa d. Babylon

c. The Indus Valley civilization is sometimes known as the "Harappan civilization" after Harappa, a major city of this culture

29. This early civilization of the Americas made a number of lasting contributions to later Mesoamerican civilizations, including ritual sacrifice, sacrificial bloodletting by rulers, and a game played with a rubber ball. a. Norte Chico b. Veracruz c. Olmec d. Maya

c. The Olmec can be regarded as the "mother civilization" for Mesoamerica, providing many features that continued to be part of succeeding civilizations for millennia

6. Which early civilization may have housed a sophisticated civilization without developing a political hierarchy or centralized state? a. Egypt b. Sumer c. Indus Valley d. China

c. The possibility that the Indus Valley created a sophisticated civilization without a state has fascinated scholars

2. Which of the following is true of the emergence of civilizations on earth? a. Civilization developed in Mesopotamia, the "cradle of civilization," and spread from there by diffusion. b. Civilization developed independently in two places, the Andes and Mesopotamia, and spread from those locations. c. Civilization developed independently in seven major locations around the world. d. All human cultures are civilized, and it is old-fashioned and prejudiced to say that some are not.

c. The seven major "cradles of civilization" were Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, the Indus Valley, Central Asia, Mexico, and the Andes.

27. Which of the following is necessary for a society to be defined as a "civilization" in the traditional scholarly sense? a. A written language b. Defensive walls c. Cities d. Grain-based farming

c. The very word "civilization" comes from the Latin civitas, a city. The population concentration of cities leads to the specialization and hierarchy that defines civilization

Indus Valley civilization

civilization that was highly specialized, coordinated, and complex without evidence of a political hierarchy

Sargon of Akkad

conqueror creates world's first empire by conquering Sumerians

30. Probably the least developed of the methods of writing developed in the First Civilizations in terms of ability to express all human thought, this writing system consisted of a complex system of knotted cords that recorded mostly numerical data, but may also have been used to record words and ideas. a. Cuneiform b. Hieroglyphs c. Indus Valley script d. Quipu

d. A quipu is a series of knotted cords, later used in the Andes for accounting; the discovery of a quipu in Norte Chico suggests that this civilization had a least the beginnings of literacy

16. Kings in which early state were known as "Son of Heaven"? a. Egypt b. Sumer c. Nubia d. China

d. Ancient kings in China were known as the Son of Heaven

13. Which of the following statements is true of women in early civilizations? a. They gained greater equality with men as cities offered them new public roles. b. They did not work outside the home. c. Although not usually involved in public life, they continued to rule their families. d. Men claimed the right to regulate the social and sexual lives of the women of their families.

d. Early civilizations were patriarchal, the men of the family claiming sweeping rights over their womenfolk

3. What modern state occupies the territory that was once Sumer? a. Iran b. Pakistan c. Ethiopia d. Iraq

d. Thanks to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the territory that is now Iraq gave rise to a number of civilizations, the first of which was Sumer.

8. Which was the latest of the seven First Civilizations? a. Indus Valley b. Sumer c. Central Asian d. Olmec

d. The Olmec civilization of Mexico only developed around 1200 B.C.E., making it the latest of the independently developing First Civilizations

24. Which early civilization invented alphabetic writing, developing it from Sumerian cuneiform? a. The Romans b. The Nubians c. The Akkadians d. The Phoenicians

d. The Phoenicians adapted Sumerian cuneiform into an alphabetic writing system, besides adopting many other elements of Mesopotamian civilization

Different between civilizations in east and west

east all on rivers, west on great bodies of water

Code of Hamurabi

first written law ex. on class and slavery fines are based on social class EX. EYE FOR AN EYE, 196

ex. of cultural diffusion

flood story phoenicians by cuniform

Indus Valley

home of a major civilization that emerged in what is now Pakistan during the third millennium BCE in the valleys of the Indus and Saraswati rivers, noted for the uniformity of its elaborately planned cities over a large territory

Olmec head

huge carved heads in mesoamerica used to show powers of kings

Why are Mohenjo- Daro and Harappa good examples of Urban Revolution?

indoor plumbing air conditioning centralized authority- planned city currency/ trade- with mesopotamia written language- symbols, indecipherable

cultural egypt vs. Mesopotamia

influenced by ziggaruts, egyptians built pyramids Hebrews got flood story from Gilgamesh/ Mesopotamia influenced by Sumeria, Phoenicians are from Phoenicia- traded purple cloth, built boats from cedar trees

Hamurabi

king of Babylon wrote the first written law codes

Divine Right Ttheory

people believed it is a god-given right to rule

What river does the civilization of China lie on?

the Yellow River

Social Hierarchy

the different levels of class in the First Civilizations. There were slaves, commoners, and people with higher rankings. Upper class got fancier things while the commoners and slaves provided them with such.

King Nebuchadnezzar

took jews from Judah to Babylon

Assyrians

took over babylonians conquered Israel based out of Ninevah cut off noses built world's first library

Cuneiform

wedge-shaped writing, FIRST written language sumer, used for taxes

Patriarchy in government(mesopotamia)

women at home, men making laws - could be put to death for going into a tavern -marriage not valid without consecration -husband decides if wife lives -wife must kill herself if her husband accuses

8 characteristics of civilization

writing cities organized government complex religion public works arts social classes job specialization