Week 1 Chapter 1

The ability to maintain physiological variables within normal ranges is known as _______.

homeostasis

The term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is Blank______. Multiple choice question. in vivo constancy homeostasis physiology hemostasis

homeostasis

Reflex arcs can include signaling molecules called _______ that are released into the blood by cells of the endocrine system.

hormones

Adaptations are ______. Multiple choice question. -Reversible changes in already-existing body functions that enhance the capacity for homeostatic regulation -Inherited biological characteristics that favor survival in specific environments

inherited biological characteristics that favor survival in specific environments

An increase in glucose concentration in the blood is detected by gland cells in the pancreas (receptor). These same cells then release the hormone _______ (effector) into the blood, which decreases the blood glucose concentration.

insulin

By definition, the " ________ environment" of the body is another name for the extracellular fluid that surrounds cells and the solution present within the cells.

internal

One result of training is that an athlete's nervous system becomes programmed such that heart rate will increase before exercise begins. This is an example of a ______. Multiple choice question. learned feedforward mechanism positive feedback mechanism dynamic equilibrium negative feedback mechanism

learned feedforward mechanism

In general, most reflexes, no matter how simple they may appear to be, are subject to alteration by _______.

learning or practice

Connective tissue found in the meshwork of cells and fibers underlying most epithelial layers is in the subcategory called connective ----tissue.

loose

All muscles are specialized to generate ______ force.

mechanical

The pineal gland hormone that is secreted during darkness but not during daylight is _______.

melatonin

Loose connective tissue is found in the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying Blank______ epithelial layers. Multiple choice question. all most a few

most

A stratified epithelium consists of Blank______. Multiple choice question. a single layer of cells multiple layers of cells numerous types of tissues

multiple layers of cells

Generation of mechanical force is a function that is most characteristic of Blank______. Multiple choice question. muscle tissue epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous tissue

muscle tissue

When the days get shorter or longer, this affects the production of the hormone melatonin by the _______ gland.

pineal

The liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended is called _______.

plasma

The body's readily available quantity of a chemical substance is represented on this diagram by the Blank______, which is often identical to the amount present in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. storage depot; intracellular fluid reversible incorporation; extracellular fluid pool; extracellular fluid pool; interstitial fluid storage depot; extracellular fluid pool; intracellular fluid

pool; extracellular fluid

The total-body (mass) balance matches inputs and outputs of a substance in the body. If there is a net gain, the person is in _______ balance.

positive

The production of sperm and egg is one of the main functions of the _______ system.

reproductive

A hormone is a chemical Blank______. Multiple choice question. -secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells -released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse -released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream -found in the sweat that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body -found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances

secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells

Prolonged exposure to particular environmental stresses generally results in improved functioning of inherited homeostatic adaptations. This type of adaptation is called _______.

acclimatization

Reversible changes in already-existing body functions that enhance the capacity for homeostatic regulation are known as _______.

acclimatization

A neuron is ______. Multiple choice question. a protein that travels in the bloodstream and binds to receptors on target cells, stimulating them to change their function one of the four major tissue types in the body a hollow cavity formed with lobes of the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

- A cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

Which of the following types of chemical communications does NOT involve the secretion of chemical messengers into the extracellular fluid? Multiple select question. -Signaling via gap junctions -Signaling via tight junctions -Exocrine signaling -Paracrine signaling -Juxtacrine signaling

-Signaling via gap junctions -Juxtacrine signaling

Which of the following are effectors in the negative feedback homeostatic reflex involved in thermoregulation? Multiple select question. -Nerves carrying information away from specific neurons in the brain -Skeletal muscle -Smooth muscle in skin blood vessels -Nerves connecting skin receptors to brain cells -Specific neurons in the brain

-Skeletal muscle -Smooth muscle in skin blood vessels

Select all that apply Which of the following accurately describe a general principle observed in the study of physiology? Multiple select question. The functions of organ systems are coordinated with each other. Information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an essential feature of homeostasis and allows for physiological integration. Homeostasis is essential for health and survival. Most physiological functions are controlled by multiple regulatory systems, often working in opposition. Most physiological control systems include positive feedback pathways.

-The functions of organ systems are coordinated with each other. -Information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an essential feature of homeostasis and allows for physiological integration. -Homeostasis is essential for health and survival. -Most physiological functions are controlled by multiple regulatory systems, often working in opposition.

In negative feedback, the inhibitor of a biochemical pathway is typically Blank______. Multiple choice question. -a product of another biochemical pathway the substrate of the enzyme inhibited -a substance that is produced toward the middle of the biochemical pathway -the product of the enzyme inhibited -the final product of the biochemical pathway

-the final product of the biochemical pathway

Approximately what fraction of the body weight in an adult is comprised of water? Multiple choice question. 35-40% 20-25% 90-95% 55-60%

55-60%

Epithelial cells that are rectangular and elongated are characterized as ______ , cells that are square and equal on all sides are characterized as ______, and flat epithelial cells are characterized as ______,

Blank 1: columnar, simple columnar, or elongated Blank 2: cuboidal, simple cuboidal, cube-shaped, or cuboid Blank 3: squamous

Which substance would best be defined as a paracrine substance? Multiple choice question. A substance is manufactured inside of a cell, and acts on proteins within that same cell to change its function. A substance is secreted by a cell, travels through the bloodstream, and alters the function of different cells far from the original cell. A substance is secreted by a cell, travels through interstitial fluid, and alters activity of a nearby cell. A substance is released from a neuron onto another neuron.

A substance is secreted by a cell, travels through interstitial fluid, and alters activity of a nearby cell.

The extracellular matrix functions to ______. Multiple choice question. A. provide a scaffold for cellular attachments and transmit information in the form of chemical messengers between cells B. send long-distance signals between organs and regulate whole-body homeostatic mechanisms C. prevent the loss of water from the skin and transmit oxygen from the environment into the body D. provide strong attachment between bones and connect muscles to bones

A. provide a scaffold for cellular attachments and transmit information in the form of chemical messengers between cells

Different compositions of the body fluid compartments reflect the activities of the _______ separating them.

Blank 1: barriers or barrier

The two components of extracellular fluid—the interstitial fluid and the plasma—are separated from each other by the walls of the _______ _______ .

Blank 1: blood Blank 2: vessels or vessel

Most of the body's Ca2+ is present in _______. The control systems for Ca2+ balance target the intestines and kidneys such that the amount of Ca2+ absorbed from the diet is balanced with the amount excreted in the _______.

Blank 1: bone or bones Blank 2: urine or pee

Protein fibers of the extracellular matrix consist of rope-like ______ fibers and rubberband-like ______ fibers.

Blank 1: collagen Blank 2: elastin or elastic

Swings in the concentration of glucose in the blood occur over the course of a day. However, once the concentration of glucose in the blood increases, _________ homeostatic mechanisms restore it toward the concentration it was before the meal.

Blank 1: compensatory

A given variable may fluctuate in the body in the short term but is stable and predictable in the long term. This describes the concept that homeostasis is in a state of _______ _______.

Blank 1: dynamic Blank 2: constancy or consistency

Any change in the internal environment initiates a reaction to correct the change. The compensating mechanisms that mediate such responses are performed by _______ _______ systems.

Blank 1: homeostatic Blank 2: control

Acclimatization refers to the improved functioning of an already existing _______ system.

Blank 1: homeostatic, regulatory, or physiological

The two major aqueous compartments of the body are the _______ fluid compartment and the _______ fluid.

Blank 1: intracellular, intracellular fluid, or ICF Blank 2: extracellular, extracellular fluid, or ECF

A biological response to a stimulus that occurs only in the area of the stimulus (no nerves or hormones directly involved) is termed a(n) _______ _______ response.

Blank 1: local Blank 2: homeostatic or homeostasis

One of the main concepts of physiology states that physiological processes require the transfer and balance of _______ and _______.

Blank 1: matter Blank 2: energy

The four major functional categories of cells are epithelial ______ cells, ______ cells, and _________ -tissue cells.

Blank 1: neuron or neurons Blank 2: muscle Blank 3: connective

The four categories of intercellular chemical messengers that help mediate homeostasis are: hormones, _______ , _______ substances, and autocrine substances.

Blank 1: neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter Blank 2: paracrine

The intracellular fluid is separated from the extracellular fluid by the _______ _______ that surround each cell.

Blank 1: plasma, cell, or cytoplasmic Blank 2: membrane

Plasma and interstitial fluid have virtually identical concentrations of dissolved substances, except for _______ concentration.

Blank 1: protein, proteins, or polypeptide

Cardiac muscle and ______ muscle are involuntary, while ______ muscle is consciously controlled (voluntary).

Blank 1: smooth, nonstriated, or non-striated Blank 2: skeletal

Differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate and arrange themselves in various combinations to form ______ . Two or more of these arranged in various proportions and patterns, such as sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, and strips, are considered ______.

Blank 1: tissues or tissue Blank 2: organs or organ

Select all that apply Which of the following are considered to be connective tissue or formed by connective tissue? Multiple select question. Skeletal muscle Blood Bone Neurons Tendons Adipose

Blood Bone Tendons Adipose

After a few hours of gardening on a very hot day, a 64 year-old man feels faint and stops sweating. What physiological mechanism explains why the sweating stops? Multiple choice question. -His sweat glands became blocked by salt deposits left there when he first began sweating. -The set point for his body temperature has reset to a higher value, so sweating becomes unnecessary. -Blood vessels to skin have constricted so the brain and heart will remain at cooler temperatures. -Blood pressure has fallen so low that blood vessels to the skin become constricted to maintain pressure and blood flow to the brain and heart.

Blood pressure has fallen so low that blood vessels to the skin become constricted to maintain pressure and blood flow to the brain and heart.

Select all that apply What types of muscle tissue are involuntary? Multiple select question. Cardiac Skeletal Smooth

Cardiac Smooth

Select all that apply Identify the types of muscle tissue from the list below. Multiple select question. Cardiac Connective Smooth Cuboidal Squamous Skeletal

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

______ is the process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized.

Cell differentiation

______ are the simplest structural units into which the human body can be divided and that still retain the functions characteristic of life.

Cells

Which of the following allows the body to anticipate cyclical environmental challenges to a homeostatic variable without the need for specially designed detectors of the variable? Multiple choice question. -Circadian rhythms -Positive feedback systems -Negative feedback systems -Feedforward systems

Circadian rhythms

The number of general categories of differentiated tissues in the body is ____.

four or 4

Select all that apply Consider these five statements. Identify the ones that represent a general principle of physiology. Multiple select question. Controlled exchange of materials occurs between compartments and across cellular membranes. Physiological processes are dictated by the laws of chemistry and physics. Physiological processes require the transfer and balance of matter and energy. Structure is a determinant of--and has coevolved with--function. Most chemical substances exist in a positive total-body balance throughout a person's life span.

Controlled exchange of materials occurs between compartments and across cellular membranes. Physiological processes are dictated by the laws of chemistry and physics. Physiological processes require the transfer and balance of matter and energy. Structure is a determinant of--and has coevolved with--function.

Which of the following is significantly different between the interstitial fluid compartment and the plasma in nearby capillaries? Multiple choice question. Dissolved gas concentration Dissolved ion concentration Water concentration Dissolved protein concentration

Dissolved protein concentration

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous, and ciliated, are terms that describe the shape of _____ cells.

Epithelial

Neurotransmitters are released into the blood like hormones. True false question.

False. Reason: A neurotransmitter diffuses through the extracellular fluid separating the neuron and its target cell; it is not released into the blood like hormones.

Individuals were placed in experimental chambers with typical environmental time cues, including light duration. A few days later, all environmental time cues were eliminated and the subjects were told to control the lights themselves. Immediately, their sleep-wake patterns began to change by about 30 minutes each day. What is the biological rhythm called in this scenario? Multiple choice question. -Free-running -Circadian -Ultradian -Entrainment

Free-running

Which of the following is a physical linkage between the cytosol of adjacent cells, allowing direct cell-to-cell signaling without the need for extracellular signaling molecules? Multiple choice question. Tight junctions Gap junctions Synaptonemal complexes Chiasmata Plasmodesmata

Gap junctions

Which physiological principle is concerned with the processes of feedback and feedforward? Multiple choice question. Compartmentalization Homeostasis Interstitium Differentiation

Homeostasis

Which of the following accurately describe a general principle observed in the study of physiology? Multiple select question. Homeostasis is essential for health and survival. The functions of organ systems are coordinated with each other. Most physiological control systems include positive feedback pathways. Information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an essential feature of homeostasis and allows for physiological integration. Most physiological functions are controlled by multiple regulatory systems, often working in opposition.

Homeostasis is essential for health and survival. The functions of organ systems are coordinated with each other. Information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an essential feature of homeostasis and allows for physiological integration. Most physiological functions are controlled by multiple regulatory systems, often working in opposition.

Which of the following correctly describes how a local homeostatic response is different from a reflex arc? Multiple choice question. -In a local homeostatic response, nerve pathways must bring afferent information to the brain before effectors are activated. -In local homeostatic responses, effectors take action in the absence of an initial stimulus. -In a local homeostatic response, the stimulus and effector actions occur entirely within a discreet area of the body. -In local homeostatic responses, when there is a change in a variable, the effectors act to amplify that change.

In a local homeostatic response, the stimulus and effector actions occur entirely within a discreet area of the body. Reason: The word "local" means that no information must leave or re-enter the tissue; the stimulus and response occur without outside processing.

Select all that apply Which three of the following include epithelial cells as part of their structure? Multiple select question. Intestines Airways Bone Skeletal muscle Skin

Intestines Airways Skin

Which of the following body fluid compartments has the greatest percentage of total-body water? Intracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid

One type of cell signaling is of particular importance in the growth and differentiation of tissues, and involves a plasma membrane-bound molecule on one cell that stimulates a second cell when the two come into physical contact. This type of signaling is referred to as _______ signaling.

Juxtacrine

Select all that apply Which of the following are the four major functional categories of cells? Multiple select question. Neurons Stem cells Connective-tissue cells Muscle cells Blood cells Epithelial cells

Neurons Connective-tissue cells Muscle cells Epithelial cells

Many organs contain small structures called _______ units, each of which performs the main processes of that organ.

functional

Identify the positive feedback example. Multiple choice question. -Shivering during body temperature regulation -Platelet activation during the blood clotting process -Glucose uptake into cells after a meal

Platelet activation during the blood clotting process

In a homeostatic control system, the normal target value (or level) of a variable that the system works to maintain is called the _______ _______ .

Set Point

In the negative feedback homeostatic reflex involved in thermoregulation, where does the comparison between the normal set point and the current temperature status occur? Multiple choice question. -Peripheral nerves traveling between the brain and effectors -Temperature-sensitive receptor neurons in the skin -Specific integrating neurons in the brain -Smooth muscles in skin blood vessels -Skeletal muscles

Specific integrating neurons in the brain

Select all that apply Which of the following are composed primarily of nervous tissue? Multiple select question. Spinal cord Brain Nerves Muscle Heart

Spinal cord Brain Nerves

Which of the following is a specific collection of neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain that functions as the principal time clock for circadian rhythms? Multiple choice question. -Epithalamus -Suprachiasmatic nucleus -Basolateral alternator -Pons -Substantial nigra

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

In an experimental subject observed for a period of several weeks, the total amount of calcium is measured in ingested food, in the urine, and in the feces. If during this time the amount of calcium in the urine plus the amount of calcium in feces is greater than the amount of calcium ingested, which of the following is most likely true? Multiple choice question. The amount of calcium removed from bones is greater than the amount of calcium ingested in the food. The amount of calcium removed from bones is greater than the amount of calcium deposited in bones. The amount of calcium in the feces is equal to the amount of calcium in the urine. The amount of calcium deposited in bones is greater than the amount of calcium removed from bones.

The amount of calcium removed from bones is greater than the amount of calcium deposited in bones.

What information is required to define whether a specific intercellular messenger is a hormone, a neurotransmitter, or a paracrine substance? Multiple choice question. -The pathway it travels (e.g., through the interstitial fluid or through the blood) is all that is needed to define its type. -The cell type it is released from defines its type. -The cell type it is released from, the pathway it travels, and the location of its target cells all need to be known to define its type. -The location of its target cells defines its type.

The cell type it is released from, the pathway it travels, and the location of its target cells all need to be known to define its type.

______ are extracellular barriers that hold epithelial cells together along their lateral surfaces between the apical and basolateral membranes.

Tight junctions

True or False: A neuron, endocrine gland cell, and other cell types may all secrete the same chemical messenger.

True Reason: The same chemical can be released from different cell types and act in one place as a hormone, in another as a neurotransmitter, and in another as a paracrine agent.

Who coined the term homeostasis? Multiple choice question. Claude Bernard Hippocrates Walter Cannon Aristotle Oliver Kahn

Walter Cannon

Which example is a local homeostatic response? Multiple choice question. -When blood pressure falls, stretch receptors in blood vessels send signals to the brain that stimulate an increase in the heart rate. -When the blood glucose concentration increases, insulin is released by the pancreas and causes increased uptake of glucose into muscle cells. -When temperature receptors detect a drop in body temperature, shivering of skeletal muscles is stimulated. -When a tissue is metabolically active, blood vessels within that tissue dilate to allow more blood to flow into it.

When a tissue is metabolically active, blood vessels within that tissue dilate to allow more blood to flow into it.

An inherited physiological characteristic of an organism that has evolved to favor survival in a specific environment is referred to as an Blank______. Multiple choice question. accident adaptation autoclave invention acclimatization

adaptation

Reflex arcs must include both Blank______. Multiple choice question. -positive and negative feedback loops -excitatory and inhibitory nervous pathways -afferent and efferent nervous pathways

afferent and efferent nervous pathways

Chemical X is secreted by a cell into the extracellular fluid and then acts upon the very cell that secreted it. Chemical X is known as a(n) _______ substance.

autocrine

The ______ membrane is a layer of proteins and polysaccharides that anchor epithelial cell membranes to underlying connective tissue. Multiple choice question. basolateral basement plasma outer

basement

Multiple choice question. Epithelial cells rest on an extracellular protein layer called the Blank______. junctional complex basement membrane capsular network gap junction

basement membrane

The side of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces and is anchored to the basement membrane is referred to as the _______ side.

basolateral or basal

Homeostatic variables Blank______. Multiple choice question. can undergo oscillations around an average value but still be considered to be in balance do not vary from their normal value except in cases of disease vary constantly throughout the day, so there is really no such thing as a normal range of values

can undergo oscillations around an average value but still be considered to be in balance

The simplest structural units into which a complex organism still retain the functions characteristic of life are called ______ .

cells

Adipose, cartilage, and bone are all in the category of ______ tissue, which is one of the four general tissue types.

connective

The extracellular matrix that is formed around body cells is formed by cells of ______ tissues.

connective

Tendons and ligaments are examples of ______. dense connective tissue dense muscle tissue loose connective tissue loose muscle tissue neural tissue

dense connective tissue

The process of thermoregulation involves a negative feedback homeostatic reflex arc. The nerves to the muscles are the ______ pathway, and the muscles are the ______.

efferent; effectors

A gland that produces hormones that travel through the bloodstream and act on distant target cells is called a(n) _______ gland.

endocrine

The process by which the internal biological clock is reset or synchronized with environmental cues is termed _______.

entrainment

The type of tissue that covers the body surface and lines the inner surface of tubular and hollow structures such as the trachea and gut is Blank______. Multiple choice question. connective tissue nervous tissue epithelial tissue muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

When a particular extracellular fluid variable is not changing and no input of energy is required to maintain the constancy, it is said to be in _______

equilibrium

A homeostatic control system regulates the activities of cells, tissues and organs so that any change in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. extracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change intracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change intracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change extracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change

extracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change Reason: The extracellular fluid is the main target of organ-system level homeostasis.

An important function of some connective tissue is to form a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and in some cases minerals that provides a scaffold for cellular attachments between cells. This material is called the ______ ______.

extracellular matrix

In Blank______, an animal's body begins to prepare for a change in a physiological variable before the change even occurs. Multiple choice question. -feedforward regulation -negative feedback loops -positive feedback loops -dynamic activation

feedforward regulation

After ingested glucose enters the bloodstream, hormones stimulate body cells to absorb more glucose. This is an example of _______ feedback.

negative

When a particular substance is lost from the body faster than it enters the body, a person is said to be in ______ balance for that substance. Multiple choice question. -stable -negative -equilibrium -positive

negative

An elongated structure composed of a group of neuronal extensions packaged with connective tissue that carries signals between the nervous system and other parts of the body is called a(n) ______.

nerve or nerves

The basic fundamental unit of the nervous system is the ______.

neuron

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances, is called a(n) _______.

neuron or nerve cell

Multiple Choice Question Simple epithelium tissue differs from stratified epithelium in the fact that simple epithelium consists of Blank______ layer(s) of cells while stratified epithelium consists of Blank______ layer(s) of cells. Multiple choice question. one; multiple multiple; one

one; multiple

According to the levels of cellular organization, a kidney is best described as a(n) ______.

organ

A group of organs that together perform an overall function is known as a(n) ______ _______ .

organ system

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain is the location of the internal _______ that sets biological rhythms.

pacemaker

Epithelial cells are held together along their lateral surfaces between the apical and basolateral membranes by extracellular barriers called ______ junctions.

tight

Acclimatizations are Blank______. Multiple choice question. usually reversible impossible permanent

usually reversible

The primary component of intracellular and extracellular fluid is ______.

water