Week 1 Chapter 17

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces A. white blood cells. B. sodium chloride. C. pancreatic juice. D. endorphins. E. prostaglandins.

C

The thyroid gland is located A. anterior to the atria of the heart. B. immediately anterior to the trachea. C. immediately superior to the larynx. D. immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage.

B

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is A. the G protein. B. the second messenger. C. the first messenger. D. the hormone-response element. E. the phospholipase.

C

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the A. pineal gland. B. cerebral cortex. C. spinal cord. D. hypothalamus. E. adrenal cortex.

D

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? A. Zona reticularis B. Zona glucosa C. Zona papillarosa D. Zona fasciculata E. Zona glomerulosa

D

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Somatostatin D. Pancreatic polypeptide E. Pancreatic lipase

A

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is A. insulin. B. glucagon. C. glucocorticoid. D. somatostatin. E. epinephrine.

B

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color. A. anterior, brown B. anterior, yellow C. posterior, brown D. posterior, yellow

D

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?a: Primary plexusb: Secondary plexusc: Hypophyseal portal veins A. a - b - c B. a - c - b C. c - a - b D. b - a - c E. c - b - a

B

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas? A. It is located posterior to the stomach, between the small intestine and the spleen. B. It is a heterocrine, or mixed, gland. C. It is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular. D. The majority of cells in the pancreas are pancreatic acini. E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

E

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express A. more receptors for sex hormones. B. fewer receptors for sex hormones.

A

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary. A. somatotropic B. gonadotropic C. thyrotropic D. mammotropic E. corticotropic

A

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates A. phospholipase C. B. protein kinase A. C. calmodulin. D. adenylate cyclase.

A

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? A. Melatonin B. Insulin C. Melanin D. Cortisol E. Oxytocin

A

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably A. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. B. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate. C. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. D. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

D

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________. A. anterior, liver B. anterior, spleen C. posterior, liver D. posterior, spleen

D

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones? A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary

A

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A. Thyroid follicles B. Ovaries and testes C. Mammary glands D. Uterus E. Hair follicles

B

How does aging affect the endocrine system? A. Secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases. B. Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease. C. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions. D. Endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient? A. Blood calcium levels will drop. B. His kidneys will decrease the loss of calcium in the urine. C. He will lose bone mass due to excessive bone erosion. D. His blood sugar will increase.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a A. glycoprotein. B. steroid. C. monoamine. E. oligopeptide.

A

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone A. the more frequently it must be replaced. B. the less frequently it must be replaced.

A

Growth hormone A.stimulates gluconeogenesis. B. decreases blood glucose. C. increases lipogenesis. D. has few target cells in the body.

A

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of A. down-regulation. B. up-regulation. C. increasing sensitivity to a hormone. D. increasing specificity to a hormone.

A

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose. A. increase, increase B. increase, decrease C. decrease, decrease D. decrease, increase

A

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that A. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many. B. each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control. C. enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze.

A

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to A. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. B. up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. C. down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. D. down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

A

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time. A. temporary; large B. temporary; small C. permanent; large D. permanent; small

A

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. B. thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. C. prolactin and growth hormone. D. prolactin and vasopressin. E. follicle-stimulating hormone and leutenizing hormone.

A

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be A. purely neural. B. both hormonal and humoral. C. both antagonistic and synergistic. D. both neural and synergistic. E. purely hormonal.

B

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause A. Graves disease. B. acromegaly. C. pituitary gigantism. D. pituitary dwarfism. E. Cushing syndrome.

B

Protein hormones are A. lipid-soluble. B. water-soluble. C. soluble in both water and lipids. D. soluble in neither water nor lipids.

B

The half-life of a hormone is A. one-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule. B. the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted. C. half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves. D. half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body.

B

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary A. are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary. B. are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. C. are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus. D. are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system.

B

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is A. cortisol. B. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). C. vasopressin. D. adrenal follicle-stimulating hormone. E. cortical stimulating factor (CSF).

B

The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________. A. superior, thalamus B. inferior, infundibulum C. inferior, epithalamus D. posterior, infundibulum

B

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to A. regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. B. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. C. stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. D. stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. E. stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain.

B

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by A. adrenocorticotropic hormone. B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. C. follicle-stimulating hormone. D. growth hormone. E. thyrotropic hormone.

B

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. A. autocrine B. paracrine C. allomone D. pheromone

B

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore A. steroids. B. biogenic amines. C. proteins. D. catecholamines.

C

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the A. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. C. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. D. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. E. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland.

C

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates A. the G protein. B. adenylate cyclase. C. protein kinase. D. the receptor. E. transcription of a mRNA.

C

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells. A. colloid B. thyroxine C. triiodothyronine D. thyroglobulin E. tetraiodothyronine

D

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? A. Pancreatic polypeptide B. Somatostatin C. Glucagon D. Insulin E. Somatotropin

D

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells B. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours C. Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks D. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level E. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

D

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? A. GH affects most body cells. B. GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis. C. GH is also known as somatotropin. D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin. E. GH is a tropic hormone.

D

Which of the following is false? A. The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus. B. The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain. C. The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion. D. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

D

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? A. Autocrine hormone B. Water-soluble hormone C. Oligopeptide D. Lipid-soluble hormone

D

Endocrine glands A. are ductless glands. B. are the organs of the endocrine system. C. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. D. help maintain homeostasis. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? A. Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone B. Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone E. Hyposecretion of calcitonin

d