Week 27 amphibians and reptiles

Reptiles shed their skin the outer layer of the skin doesn't grow with the rest of their body

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Cloaca

common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Order Testudines

turtles and tortoises

Plastron

ventral part of a turtle's shell

Excretion in amphibians

Basically, just like us as far as I know, food goes in it gets digested the kidneys deal with the liquid waste which goes to the bladder the intestines deal with the non-liquid waste, which goes out. They both exit through the cloaca.

Systemic circuit

Circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Feeding in amphibians

It depends on the type of amphibian. Larval, frogs tadpoles are either filter, feeders, or herbivores. All adult and Fabians are carnivores. Larva salamanders are carnivores like their adult form. Basically if it moves and can fit in the adults mouth, it's lunch they are not very picky eaters. Some have evolved long tongues to capture prey.

The digestive system of amphibians

It looks basically a lot like her own food goes through the mouth, then goes to the stomach where it gets digested he gets absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestines and the leftovers move through the large intestines and exits through the cloaca

Lungfish

It's a load of thin fish. It has basic lungs that are basically modified swim bladders it can also use gills

pulmocutaneous circuit

It's a part of the amphibians heart it picks up deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and takes it to the lungs and skin where it drops off the CO2 and picks up O2 now we have oxygenated blood that flows back to the heart just trying to entering the left atrium

Nictitating membrane

It's kind of like a protected eyelid that lives under the main eyelid. It's pretty see-through so frogs can see through it. They normally have it on underwater to protect their eyes. They do sometimes use it out of the water, but that's mainly to keep their eyes moist.

The sub classes

Number one salamanders a newts. Number two frogs and toads. Number three caecilians

Excretion

Photos

Feeding in reptiles

Photos

Reproduction

Photos. If the temp hotter then normal the baby crocs r guys

Kind of important

Phylum, Chordata kingdom Animalia in class amphibia. The three major groups are sub classes, but we're not gonna worry about the names.

The differences between salamanders and newts

Salamanders tend to be more terrestrial than newts- which are mainly aquatic. Based on their preferred habitat, as you would expect, we see differences in their body traits. Newts tend to have webbed feet and paddle like tails to aid in swimming (left image). Salamanders tend to have toes for digging burrows and a long, round tail (right image). Newts tend to have bumpy skin, salamanders tend to have smooth skin.

Amphibians are oviparous

The eggs have a yoke that nourishes the developing embryo. Most amphibians will abandon their eggs after their late, but if you do care for the eggs, and or tadpoles by carrying them in their mouth, on their back, or even in their stomach or vocal cords.

Darwins frog

from Chile puts the tadpoles in its vocal sac for development

Tuatara

lizard-like reptile with a parietal eye. Look at photo for more deets

Order Squamata

lizards and snakes. Stuff about them in photos

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine. A a lot of reptiles produces because it's what they turned the ammonia into.

Carapace

shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.)

Urinary bladder

stores urine

amniotic egg

A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land. It was a game changer for reptiles

Ammonia

A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Crocodilian also produce this.

Respiration looks t photos

HHHHHHHH

The differences between frogs and toads

Honestly, it's a lot like the newt/salamander face off! Frogs tend to have smooth skin and live in or very near water. Toads tend to have very bumpy skin, and be terrestrial- they can even be found living in deserts (they still have to have water to reproduce, though!). Frogs have very long back legs that allow them to jump log distances. Toads have short back legs and prefer to kind of walk/hop. Frogs tend to lay their eggs in big clumps, toads tend to lay theirs in strands.

Circulation in amphibians

I genuinely don't get that much. You should probably just look at the picture.

Respiration in amphibians

It's obviously going to be different if you're talking about the larva or adult form. The larvae are aquatic, so they need gills. They can also respire through the skin like we saw on worms. As the larva develops the gills weekend to disappear, and lungs begin to grow. when they're adults, lungs are fully grown and they can now be on land full-time. Some salamanders actually never get lungs. They just respire through their skin.

tympanum

It's used to pick up vibrations to process into sound. Frogs have them.

Movement in amphibians

Larva thought tend to move like fish the adults, most of them have legs move completely differently. Salmon, just walk, frogs and toads use their back legs to jump some frogs have suction discs on their toes that allow them to climb easily.

The general characteristics of amphibians

Larval stage is in the water adults live on land. Breathe with gills as lava, with lungs as adults. Has moist, scaly skin. Does not have claws on limbs.

Circulation

Look at photos

Therapsids

Mammal like reptiles. They are referred as that because they have some mammalian characteristics like their limb, skull and jaw/tooth structure. They eventually gave rise to mammals. They were there before dinosaurs, but mainly all died during the Permian Triassic extinction event, which was the largest mass extinction to date.

Stuff about caecilians

The last group are the caecilians (suh-sill-ee-uns), and probably the group you know the least about. You may have never even heard of these things! They might look like a worm, eel, or snake, but they are amphibians through and through! However, they are the amphibian exception to the "limbs" trait rule. They live in water or burrow in the soil. And they have another decidedly un-amphibian like trait. some of them have fishlike scales in their skin. They have toxic skin, and some have tentacles. You can watch a video here https://vimeo.com/393557041/73ae96f57f

Reptiles

The things that make a reptile, a reptile are scaly skin, lungs throughout the entire lifecycle and amniotic eggs

Ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Ectotherms

They cannot internally, control their body temperature. But they can manually control it. If they're cold, they go on Bascom the sun to warm up. If they're hot, he'll move into shade or water or go underground.

Response in amphibians

They have the same basic brain structure as fish. You can see differences in the photo. They have very well developed sense organs.

Reproduction in amphibians

They mainly all have external sexual reproduction some have in ternal, mainly salamanders. And frogs the male climb onto the females back and squeeze the eggs out of her. The eggs exit in the mail, puts the sperm on them. They have to be in water to keep them wet. They asked to get jelly around them to keep them wet and to stop predators from eating them

allantois

This area gathers waste from the embryo in the form of CO2 in metabolic waste. As the embryo gets bigger, this area gets bigger as well.

Shell

This can be leathery or hard. Even though it appears to be a solid, it is extremely porous, allowing 02 to enter and CO2 to exit.

Amnion

This is a fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo

Chorion

This is a thin membrane underneath the show that waste CO2 from the embrio and fresh 02 from the outside pass through

Yolk sac

This is the food store for the embryo, get smaller as the embryo develops

Lifecycle of a frog

What I'm about to tell you could be wrong so you should probably just watch the video. https://vimeo.com/393521499/c1029f93c7 Eggs are laid Tadpole, hatches Hind legs grow Gills disappear Gill, slits disappear Tadpole breathes through lungs Front legs grow Froglet emerges onto land Tail disappears Grows into adult frog 🐸

Dinosaurs were around during the Mesozoic era. It was called the age of the reptiles

Ye

Salamanders and newts can grow back their limbs

Yeah

Fish can see much better than frogs if you look at the optic lobe that is what processes site

Yee

The reasons that reptiles have scales is because they need to hold water in, so they tend to have a tough layer of leather scales

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