week 5
18. In today's hypercompetitive business environment, firms that have strong project management skills have a higher likelihood of success because they are able to:
Adapt processes and systems innovate faster than their competitors.
The change management process requires the involvement of who?
Everyone from project managers, to CIO, to end users
(formula for leading change) _____a new model for the organization;
M
waterfall method Goal - monitor and support the new system to ensure that it continues to meet business goals
Maintain Activities
_____ _______The management of change and development within a business or similar organization; the controlled identification and implementation of required changes within a computer system.
change management
• What two types of rights are defined by governance
decision rights, input rights
How is "success" defined from a change management perspective?
meets the user's' requirements they are happy with using it.
in goverance who has the right and responsibility to make a decision about how IT is used
Decision rights
What is the formula for leading change? o People will not change unless they are dissatisfied with the status quo o Losing confidence in abilities and organizations motivates people and gives them energy to overcome inertia o Impossible to mobilize people to adopt new values, attitudes, and behaviors o Crafting dissatisfaction easier during reactive change (e.g. crisis)
(D X M X P ) > Cost of Change, if Change is to Occur
Why is IT project management unique? (4)
-There are more stakeholders such as end users, business owners and IT. There are Technological challenges: such as integration with architecture and pre-existing software. -There are cost issues: such as knowing who will pay and what happens when it goes over budget. -There is more knowledge: that must interface with all functional areas in the organization and speak their language
water fall method Goal - End users and IT work together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system
Analysis activities and deliverables
Norms, values, and assumption in an organization
Cultural levers
dissatisfaction with the status quo;(formula for leading change)
D
waterfall method Goal - to build a technical blueprint of how the proposed system will work
Design activities
waterfall method:Goal - Transform design documents from the design phase into an actual system
Develop activities and deliverables
waterfall method Goal - to place the proposed system in the organization
Implement Activities
in goverancewho has the right to provide input to a decision, but not make a decision?
Input right
the process for change,(formula for leading change)
P
waterfall method Goal - to create a plan for develop the system
Plan activities
power and resource
Political levers
Individual receptivity to change is a function of what?
Predispositional differences in openness to change o Individual perceptions to the costs and benefits of a change o How people in their networks are disposed to the change effort
Know the steps of the waterfall method
Step 1: Plan Step 2: Analysis Step 3: Design Step 4: Develop Step 5: Test Step 6: Implement Step 7: Maintain
- Design and structure of the company and the processes in the organization
Technical Levers
What are the levers managers have to enact change? (3)
Technical Levers,Cultural levers, Political levers
waterfall method: Goal - verify that the system works and meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis phase
Test Activities
19. Increasing project success requires gaining commitment from stakeholders. All of the following help to sustain that commitment for the life of the project
a. a. Continually reminding stakeholders of the project benefits b. b. Placing key stakeholders on the project team c. c. Encouraging the project sponsor to provide public support for the project e. e. Assigning the right leader to be the project sponsor
Know what inertia tells us
not only learning something new, but also unlearning something that is already present o No change will occur unless there is motivation to change o Organization-wide changes occur only through individual changes in key members of the organization, hence, organizational change is always mediated through individual change o Most change initiatives evoke strong emotions --- fear and uncertainty during the change process o Change is a multi-stage cycle
What are the factors involved in the success of an IS project
o Handle projects with appropriate tools, methodologies, and practices o Get team and customer buy-in (business value, not technology value!) o Understand the sociotechnical view of the firm o If possible, modularize your project and speed up the delivery of the product o Use tools as a guide, not as a rule o Be well informed and optimistic o Pessimism is not the mark of a leader o Understand the strategic importance and convey this to your team o Communicate, communicate, and communicate o Realize that bad news spreads quicker than good news
The introduction of new information systems involves changes in what elements (Hint: STS)
o Users must be involved in all phases of the analysis and design o Involved and participating—not just in action o Users must drive systems effort o This must be driven by functional business unit needs o This must be integrated with business and IT strategic plans o IT can not fall into the few "pitfalls" of implementation o User behavior is not deterministic o The social nature of the organization is crucial o Power and politics play a role in implementation o Users want the innovation to liberate them and set them free from the constraints of their job o Upper management support is crucial
in regards to change management Changing technology has corresponding changes in
people, structures, and task.
___ _____ links strategy to systems. End users and IT work together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system
portfolio analysis